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• 2005 NEC Requirements
Topics
• 2005 NEC Requirements
Topics
• 2005 NEC Requirements
MAIN SWITCHBOARD A
CB M1
B FAULT DEVICE THAT SHOULD
LOCATION OPERATE FOR
SELECTIVE
CB F1
COORDINATION
A UTILITY PROTECTIVE
DEVICE
B CB M1
C
C CB F1
LIGHTING PANEL CB PM1
"LP1" D
CB B1
D CB PM1
E
E CB B1
⇒ CB M1 Trips CB M1 PRIMARY
PROTECTIVE
ZONE
CB F1
CB PM1
No overlapping of primary
protective zones ⇒ system is
selectively coordinated CB PM1 PRIMARY PROTECTIVE ZONE
100K
10K
100
1K
10
1000 1000
• Time-Current
CB M1 Characteristic (TCC) plot
100
CB F1
100 of previous example
CB PM1
10
CB B1
10
• No overlap for devices
with time-current band-
TIME IN SECONDS
1 1
type characteristics up to
the available fault at the
downstream device
0.10 0.10
=>selectivity
0.01 0.01
100K
10K
1K
100
10
G CB 1
CB 1
PANEL 2
CB 2
SWITCHBOARD
CB 1
a.) b.)
Topics
• 2005 NEC Requirements
– For the service and additional level of ground-fault protection in this scenario to
coordinate with the essential electrical system devices, additional levels of
ground-fault protection would typically be required.
– All proposals to amend NEC 517.17(B) for the 2008 NEC have been rejected.
Topics
• 2005 NEC Requirements
100K
10K
100
1K
1000 1000
• Fuse displays an extremely
inverse time current
characteristic
100 100
TIME IN SECONDS
coordination.
1 1
100K
10K
100
1K
10
1000 1000
10 10
• In this case, the maximum fault
current level for coordination is
TIME IN SECONDS
8200A.
UTILITY BUS
1 1
FU 1
• Above 8200A, coordination
must be determined by energy
0.10
FU 2
0.10
comparison (minimum melting
energy of upstream fuse vs.
total clearing energy of
downstream fuse) => fuse ratio
0.01 0.01
tables
100K
10K
1K
100
10
8200A
IEEE IAS Atlanta Chapter – April 17, 2006
Selective Coordination for Emergency/Legally-Required Standby Power Systems
100K
10K
100
1K
10
1000 1000
• Thermal-magnetic
circuit breaker TCC
100 100
is similar to fuse
TCC, except for
10 10
instantaneous
current levels
TIME IN SECONDS
1 1
• This particular
example is not a
0.10 0.10
current-limiting
circuit breaker
0.01 0.01 Maximum Instantaneous clearing time
100K
10K
1K
100
10
100K
10K
100
1K
10
1000
• Some electronic-trip circuit
1000
Long-Time Pickup
breakers have a minimum
tripping time above 0.01s
100
Long-Time Delay associated with the
100
instantaneous function.
• This time delay helps to
10 coordinate with downstream
10
TIME IN SECONDS
• However, there is typically
1 also a selective
1
instantaneous override,
above which the
Short-Time Delay
0.10
instantaneous characteristic
0.10
10
100K
10K
100
1K
10
1000 1000
• If the instantaneous function
Long-Time Pickup
is turned off, the
instantaneous selective
100
Long-Time Delay100 override remains.
TIME IN SECONDS
turned off.
1 1
0.01 0.01
10
100K
10K
100
1K
10
1000 1000
TIME IN SECONDS
2600A.
1 1
0.10 0.10
0.01 0.01
100K
10K
1K
100
10
2600A
Current Scale X 10^0 IEEE IAS Atlanta Chapter – April 17, 2006
Reference Voltage: 480
Selective Coordination for Emergency/Legally-Required Standby Power Systems
100K
10K
100
1K
10
1000 1000
TIME IN SECONDS
1 1
0.10 0.10
0.01 0.01
100K
10K
1K
100
10
2600A
Current Scale X 10^0
Reference Voltage: 480
IEEE IAS Atlanta Chapter – April 17, 2006
Selective Coordination for Emergency/Legally-Required Standby Power Systems
100K
10K
100
1K
10
1000 1000
TIME IN SECONDS
required above 5200A
1 1
0.10 0.10
0.01 0.01
100K
10K
1K
100
10
5200A
Current Scale X 10^0
Reference Voltage: 480
IEEE IAS Atlanta Chapter – April 17, 2006
Selective Coordination for Emergency/Legally-Required Standby Power Systems
100K
10K
100
1K
10
1000 1000
• Coordination between an
electronic-trip circuit breaker
100 100
with .02s-delayed
instantaneous characteristic
is even better – up to the
selective override level of the
10 10
circuit breaker
TIME IN SECONDS
• In this case, that level is
21.6kA
1 1
0.10 0.10
0.01 0.01
100K
10K
1K
100
10
21.6kA
Current Scale X 10^0
IEEE IAS Atlanta Chapter – April 17, 2006
Reference Voltage: 480
Selective Coordination for Emergency/Legally-Required Standby Power Systems
– If a given ratio is kept between two fuses of given types, they will
always selectively coordinate.
100K
10K
100
1K
10
1000 1000
CB PM1
• But, per the selectivity tables
10
CB B1
10 they coordinate up to the
available fault current of
TIME IN SECONDS
25kA at CB PM1.
1 1
0.10 0.10
0.01
21.6kA 25kA 0.01
100K
10K
1K
100
10
Topics
• 2005 NEC Requirements
ENGINE-GENERATOR SET
PANEL 1
G CB 1
PRIMARY CB
CB 1
PANEL 2
CB 2
TRANSFORMER
SWITCHBOARD
CB 1
SECONDARY CB
a.) b.)
G CB 1
Be careful in
this situation: PANEL 2
Some AHJ’s
may not allow
due to
interpretation SWITCHBOARD
of NEC CB 1
445.18
a.) b.)
IEEE IAS Atlanta Chapter – April 17, 2006
Selective Coordination for Emergency/Legally-Required Standby Power Systems
CB 1 CB 2
CB 3 CB 4 CB 5
CB 1 CB 2
CB 1 PROTECTIVE ZONE CB 2 PROTECTIVE ZONE
CB 3 CB 4 CB 5
CB 3
PROTECTIVE
ZONE
AUTOXFER E N E N AUTOXFER E N AUTOXFER
SW SW SW
Zones
overlap
⇒ Selectivity CB 6
issues
CB 6 PROTECTIVE ZONE
CB 1
• Expensive!
AUTOXFER E
SW
N E N AUTOXFER
SW
E N AUTOXFER
SW • Reliability issues
CB 6
CB 6 PROTECTIVE ZONE
• Not always practical
CB’s on CB3 CB 6
level provide CB 6 PROTECTIVE ZONE
short-circuit
protection
for
generators
IEEE IAS Atlanta Chapter – April 17, 2006
Selective Coordination for Emergency/Legally-Required Standby Power Systems
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