Cha 2

,e;j mj;jpahaj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk;
Ø fzpdpapd; gpujhd gzpfs;

Ø fzpdpapd; gpujhd gFjpfs;
Ø fzpdpapy; Gwj; Jizf; fUtpfisg; nghUj;Jjy;
Ø juTj; njhlu;ghly;
Ø fzpdp tiyaikg;G
Mfpad gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
2.1 fzp d p i a ,dq; f hz; N ghk;
fzp d p f s; gy; N tW Jiwfsp y ; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; tp j k; gw; w p f ; fle; j

mj; j p a haj; j p y ; fw; W s; s P u ; f s; . ,e; j mj; j p a haj; j p y ; fzp d p g ; nghwp i aAk;
mjd; gzp f isAk; gw; w p Muha; N thk; .
fzp d p gw; w p a mwp K fk;
juTfisAk; mwpTWj; j y; f isAk; cs; s P L nra; a j; j f; f Jk;

Nrkpf;fj;jf;fJk; Kd;du; Nrkpj;J itj;j juTfis kWgbAk; ngw;W mtw;iw
Kiwtopg;gLj;jp jfty;fisj; njuptpg;gpapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jj;jf;fJk; L( .M
my;yJ mr;rplj;jf;fJkhd kpd;DgfuzNk fzpdp MFk;.
,jpypUe;J fzpdp vd;gJ juTfisj; jfty;fshf khw;Wk; kpd;Dgfuz

nkd;gij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;.
23
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
fzp d p a p d ; rp w g; g p a y; G fs;
juTfisj; jfty; f shf khw; W tjw; F kdp j d; gy; N tW nghwp f is

mikj; j hd; . ,tw; w p y ; fzp d p Kf; f p a ,lj; i j tfp f ; f p d ; w J. ,t; t hW
miktjw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; gpd;tUtd
Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
fjp ;) <
fzp d p vd; g J kp f tp i uthfr; nraw; g lj; j f; f xU nghwp a hFk; .

ifKiwahy; mjpf Neuk; vLf;Fk; xU gzpiaf; fzpdp %yk; rpy nrf;fd;fspy;
nra;J Kbf;fyhk;.
nrk;ik ;
<
fzpdp kpf cau;e;j nrk;ikAld; nraw;gLk; cgfuzkhFk;. fzpdpapd;

nraw; g hl; b y; ahjhap D k; jtW Vw; g l; l hy; > mjw; F f; fhuzk; kdp j dhy;
toq;fg;gLk; mwpTWj;jy;fspYk; juTfspYk; Vw;gLk; jtNw MFk;. mjhtJ>
fzpdpf;Fj; Njitahd nra;epuy;fisj; jahupf;ifapy; toq;fg;gl;l mwpTWj;jw;
Nfhitapd; nrk;ikia cWjpg;gLj;JtJ mwpTWj;jy;fisj; jahupg;gtu;fspd;
mbg;gilg; nghWg;ghFk;.
tp i dj; j p w d; ; ""(( <
rupahd #oypy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s fzpdpia vt;tpj Xa;Tkpdw ; pj; njhlu;rr

; pahf
xNu fjpapy; my;yJ xNu tpidj;jpwDld; Njitahd msT Neuj;jpw;Fr;
nraw; g Lj; j yhk; . (kdp j Df; F Vw; g Lk; fisg; G > ftdf; FiwT Nghd; w
gpur;rpidfs; fzpdpf;F Vw;glhik ,jw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;.)
gy;gzpr; nra;gzp ;.
(-(<
gy gzpfspy; <LgLk; Mw;wy; ,Ug;gJ fzpdpapd; xU rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.

mjhtJ fzpdp xU gzpia Kbj;jTld; mjpypUe;J Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;l
NtnwhU gzp a p y ; Kd; d u; ,Ue; j mNj tp i dj; j p w Dld; <Lglf; $ba
Mw;wiyf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
24
Nrkpj;jYk; kP;l;Gk; ;)
($88'
(($<
fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Njitahd

msT fhyj;jpw;F mjpy; Nrkpj;J itj;J> NjitahdNghJ fzg;nghOjpy;
mtw; i w jp U g; g p g ; ngw; W f; nfhs; S k; jp w d; ,Ug; g J fzp d p a p d ; kw; n whU
rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.
Ez; k jpapd; i k ;8 %<
,Jtiuf; F k; Ez; k jp A s; s fzp d p mikf; f g; g ltp y ; i y. Mdhy; >

vy; y hf; fzpdpfSk; kdpjdhy; toq; f g; g Lk; fl; l isfspd; %yk;
nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. kdpjd; jdJ Ez;kjpiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jPu;khdq;-
fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;Ls;shd;. ,j;jifa Mw;wy; fzpdpf;F
,y;iy.
czu;r;rpapd;ik ^8 -($&
fzpdp vd;gJ ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; xU tifg; nghwpNaahFk;. fzpdpf;F

kdpju;fisg; Nghy; jdpik> ntWik> fisg;G Nghd;w czu;r;rpfs; ,y;iy.
MfNt> vkJ tpUg;g j;jpw;Nfw;g fzpdpia cgNahfpj;J gy;NtW Njitf
Sf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
2.2 fzp d p a p d ; gp u jhd ghfq; f Sk; mtw; w p d ; gzp f Sk;
fzpdpapd; gpujhd gzpfs; ;(8 (8 "8 8 /

<
fzpdp %yk; Ie;J gpujhd gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd mitahtd :
1. cs;sPL LM
2. Kiwtopahf;fk; L$! M
3. tUtpisT L"M
4. Njf;fy; L)!M
5. fl;Lg;gLj;jy; L.M
25
cs;sPL
Njitahd juTfisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; fzpdpf;F toq;Fjy;

cs;sPL vdg;gLk;.
Kiwtop a hf; fk;
cs;sPL nra;ag;gl;l juTfisj; Njitahd tpjj;jpy; jahu; nra;tjw;F>

mjhtJ jfty; f shf khw; W tjw; F Nkw; n fhs; s g; g Lk; eltbf; i f
Kiwtopahf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
tUtpisT
jahu; n ra; a g; g l; l juTfisAk; jfty; f isAk; Gwj; N j toq; f y;

tUtpisT vdg;gLk;.
Njf;fy;;
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; NjitahdthW ntspNa vLf;fj;jf;f

tpjj;jpy; Nrkpj;J itj;jy; Njf;fy; vdg;gLk;.
fl;L g;g Lj;j y;
fzpdp Kiwikapd; gzpfis Kiwahff; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.

,J fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
26
2.3 fzpdpf; fl;likg;G ^/
8
&(
&
jug;gl;l cU 2-1 MdJ

fzpdpapd; mbg;gilf;
fl;likg;gpidf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
cU 2.1: fzpdpf; fl;likg;G

fzpdpapd; gpujhd gFjpfs; ;(8 / 8 "8 8 /
<
fzpdp Kf;fpakhf ehd;F gFjpfisr; Nru;j;J cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mit gpd;tUtdthFk;.
1. cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; BBBBBBBBBLB!(! M
2. tUtpisTr; rhjdq;fs; BBBBBBBBBL"B!(! M
3. ika Kiwtopahf;fy; myF L!.B$! (%B-(M
4. Njf;ffr; rhjdq;fs; BBBBBBBBBL)%!B!(! M
27
cs; s P l ; L r; rhjdq; fs;
fzpdpf;Fj; Njitahd juTfisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; ^BB6
( & cs;sPL nra;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; JizAWg;Gfs; cs;sPl;Lr;
rhjdq; f s; vdg; g Lk; . juT cs; s p l Yf; F g; gy rhjdq; f s; gad; g Lj; j g;
gLfp d ; w d. mjp f stp w ; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; rp y rhjdq; f s; cU 2.1 ,y;
fhzg;gLfpdw ; d.
tpirg;gyif
^!& EZf;Fg; gd;dp
Rl;b
^ !& ^(&!&
tUb tiyaikTf; fkuh xspg; Ngid

^)!& ^1!B0!& ^(%&B$!&
gl;ilf; FwpKiw ,af;fg; gpb ,yf;fKiwf; fkuh

thrpg;ghd; ^B (,& ^(%(.B0!&
^!B'!!& cU 2.1
cs;sPl;Lf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjdq;fs; rpy
tUtp i sTr; rhjdq; f s;

fzpdp %yk; jahu; nra;ag;gl;l juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Gwj;Nj
ngWtjw;Fg; gad;gLk; rhjdq;fs; tUtpisTr; rhjdq;fshFk;. ,jw;Fg; gy
rhjdq; f isg; gad; g Lj; j j; j f; f jhf ,Uf; f pd; w NghjpYk; mjpfstpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rpy rhjdq;fs; cU 2.2 ,y; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
28
mr;Rg; nghwp
njuptpg;gp xypngUf;fp
^$(!&
^(& ^)!,!&
cU 2.2 rpy tUtpisTr; rhjdq;fs;
ika Kiwtopa hf;f y; myF

ika Kiwtopahf;fy; myif fzpdpapd; %is vdTk; miog;gu;. ,J
1. fl;Lg;ghl;L myF L.B-(MBBL-M
2. vz;fzpj> ju;f;f myF ^(&0!(BB%(B-(MBBL-M
3. epidtfg; gjpNtLfs; ^!0B'!%( ! &
vd;Dk; %d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
fl; L g; g hl; L myF

fzpdpapd; vy; y hf; fl; L g; g hl; L g; gzpfSk; ,t; t yfpd; %yk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtrpakhd tpjj;jpy;
fl;lisfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L fzpdpapd; rfy gFjpfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
,e;j myfpd; %yk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
vz;fzpj> ju;f;f myF

vy;yh tpjj;jpYk; mike;j vz;fzpjg; gzpfSk; ju;ff
; g; gzpfSk; ,e;j
myfpd; %yk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
ep i dtfg; gjp N tLfs;

epidtfg; gjpNtLfs; Kiwtopahf;fy; myfpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vz;fzpjk; kw;Wk; ju;f;f myfpy; eilngWk; nraw;ghLfSf;Fj; Njitahd
juTfs; mwpTWj;jy;fs; Mfpad ,q;F itj;jpUf;fg;gLk;.
29
fzpdpapd; fjp ^ ) 8 "8 8 /
&&
ika Kiwtopahf;fy; myF njhlu;ghff; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ mjd; fjp

^)!!& kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd xU fhuzpahFk;. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; fzpdpapd;
fjp mjd; fbfhuf; fjp ^.,B !!& vdTk; miof; f g; g Lk; . ika
Kiwtopahf;fy; myfpd; fjpia msg;gjw;F N`w;]; ^!MBBLM vd;Dk; myF
gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; mNjNtis jw; f hyf; fzp d p f sp d ; fjp i a msg; g jw; F
nkfhN`w;]; ^!%B!MBLM [pfhN`w;]; ^(%B!MBBLM vd;Dk; myFfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,U fzpdpfis xg;gpLtjw;F mit nraw;gLk; fjpia
xU fhuzpahfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
;:::B I ;B
;:::B I ;B
;:::B I ;B
xU Neuj; j py; > fzpj; j iy my; y J Njf; f j; i j Nkw; n fhs; S k; N ghJ
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mjp$ba gpw;Wf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNa ika Kiwtopahf;fy;
myfpd; nfhs;ssTBL(MBMff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ . ,J fzpdpapd; nrhy;ypd;
gUkd; L1B (!MBvdg;gLk;.
ika Kiwtopahf;fy; myFfis cw;gj;jpnra;Ak; Kd;Ndhb epWtdq;fSf;F
cjhuzq;fshf !.4BBB^!B(B!(! & Mfpaw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
Njf; f fr; rhjdq; f s; ^ )

$ 8 ( &&
Gwj;Njf;ffk; ^,(%B %!& my;yJ Jiz epidtfk; ^(..(B0!0&

vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Njf;ffr; rhjdk;> juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Njf;fp
itf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jw;fhf td;tl;L LB( M" ,Wtl;L L0
( MB,yf;fKiwg; gy;jpwthw;wy; tl;L L(%(.B/! (.!B( M Mfpad ngUk;ghYk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
;7 NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fSf;F ^

xg;gil 2'1 !(! & Nkyjp f khff; fzp d p Kiwikfsp y ;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NtW cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fspd;
gl;baiy tupg;glq;fSld; jahupf;Ff.
30
<7 NkNy Fwpg; g pl; l tUtpisTr; rhjdq; f Sf; F L"B !(! &
Nkyjpfkhff; fzpdp Kiwikfspy; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; NtW
tUtpisTr; rhjdq;fspd; gl;baiy tupg;glq;fSld; jahupfF ; f.
>7 jw;NghJ fhzg;;gLk; fzpdpfspd; ika Kiwtopahf;fy; myF gw;wpa
gpd;tUk; tptuq;fis ml;ltizapy; Nru;;f;Ff.
gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; fbfhuf; fjp nrhy;ypd; gUkd; tpiy
Ez;Kiw topahf;fp ^.,B)!!& ^1B (!& ^$(!&
^(! &
2.4 Gwj; Jizg; ghfq;fisg; nghUj;JjYf;fhd Jiwfs; 8 Fijfs;
fzpdpj; jha;g;gyif ^ /

8 &

&&
ika Kiwtopahf;fy; myF> epidtf myF Nghd;w rhjdq;fs; Nghd;w

rhjdq;fisg; Nghy; fzpdpapd; Mw;wy;fis Nkk;gLj;jg; nghUj;jg;g Lk;
Nkyjpf Rw;Wfis my;yJ rpy Gwf;fUtpfis my;yJ JizAWg;Gfisg;
nghUj;jj; Njitahd trjpfs;
fzpdpj; jha; g ; g yifapy;
cs; s d. jha; g ; g yif kP J
Nkyjpf Rw; W fisg;
nghUj;Jtjw;fhd ,lq;fis
Vw; g Lj; J k; myFfs; tpupT
Jisfs; ^
(B . &
vdg;gLk;. jw;fhyf; fzpdpj;
jha; g ; g yif cU 2.3 ,y;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
cU 2.3 etPd fzpdpj; jha;g;gyif
31
fzpdpAld; nghUj;jg;gLk; Gwr; rhjdq;fisg; ^
!.B !(! & nghUj;jj;
Njitahd ngUk;ghyhd Fijfs; 8 Jiwfs; ^$ & jha;g;gyif kPNj
mike;Js;sd. fzpdpj; jha;g;gyifia ePq;fs; Gwj;Nj ghu;f;f ,ayhJ. rpy
Fijfs; 8 Jiwfs; rpy fzpdpfspy; gpw;gf;fj;jpYk; NtW rpy fzpdpfspy;
Kw; g f; f j; j pYk; ,Ug; g ijf; fhzyhk; . ,e; j f; Fijfs; 8 Jiwfs;
vy;yhtw;iwAk; mtjhdkhfg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ njspthff; fhzKbAk;
(cU 2.4 Ig; ghu;f;f).
(Rl;bf; Fij) (kpdt

; Y ,izg;G)
(tpirg;gyiff; Fij) (njhlu;; Fij)
(-) Fij)
(rkhe;ju Fij)
(njuptpg;gpf; Fij) (n
(tiyaikg;G
Fij)
(xypj; JizAWg;Gf; Fij)
(njhiyg;gd;dp Fij) (Nkhnlk;; Fij)
cU 2.4 fzpdpapd; gpw;gf;fj;Njhw;wk;
kp d ; t lq; f s; nghUj; j g; g Lk; ,lk

,lk;
fzpdpf;Fj; Njitahd kpd;id toq;Fk;

kpd; t lk; ^$!B (! 8 & ,t; t plj; j py;
nghUj;jg;gLk; (cU 2.5 ,idg; ghu;f;f). cU 2.5
kpd;tlk; nghUj;jg;gLk;
,lk;
32
8 #)358 8 tiff; Fijfs; ^ #)358 #
&&
$)8<B tiff; fzpd p tpi rg; g yifiaAk;

$)8<B tifr; Rl; b iaAk; nghUj; J tjw; F ,f;
Fijfs; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lfp d ; w d (cU 2.6 Ig;
ghu;f;f). xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; ,j;jifia
,uz;L FijfSk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W mz;ikapy;
,Uf; F k; mNjNtis tpirg; g yifiaAk; cU 2.6 fzpdpapy;
Rl; b iaAk; cupa Fijfspy; nghUj; J tjpy; tpirg;gyifAk; Rl;bAk;
nghUj;jg;gLk; Fijfs;
ftdkhf ,Uf; f Ntz; L k; . ,jw; f hf ,e; j f;
Fijfspy; cs;s epwq;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. tpirg;gyiff;fhd Fijf;F
fgp y ep w Kk; L%!MB Rl; b f; f hd Fijf; F g; gr; i r epwKk; ^!!M
gad; g Lj; j g; g Lfp d ; w d. ngUk; g hyhd jha; g ; g yiffsp y ; ,f; F ijfis
,dq;fhz;gjw;F trjpahf jha;g;gyifapy; mtw;Wf;F mz;ikapy; FwpaPLfs;
cs;sd.
njhlu;f; Fijfs; ^ )
(-8 #
&&
njhlu; r ; rhjdq; f isf; ^)!(.B !(! & fzp d p A ld;

,izg; g jw; F ,e; j f; Fijfs; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lfp d ; w d.
tpNrlkhfg; Gwj; N j nghUj; j g; g Lk; Nkhnlk; ^"
&
cgfuzj;ijg; nghUj;Jtw;F ,J gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Kd;du; gad;gLj;jpa njhlu;r; Rl;bia ^)!(.B0 !& ,izg;
gjw;Fk; ,e;jf;Fij gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,j;njhlu;f; Fij
,U tpjq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk;> xU tpjj;jpy; ,ize;j 9 CrpfSk;
cU 2.7 njhlu;f;
L$( MBkw;iwa tpjj;jpy; ,ize;j 25 CrpfSk; ,Ug;gijf;
Fij
fhzyhk;.
rkhe;juf; Fij ^#

-- -8 #
&
mr; R g; n ghwp ^$(!& " tUb ^)!M

Nghd; w rkhe; j ukhf ,izf; f g; g Lk;
cgfuzq; f isf; ^$..!.B !(! &
cU 2.8 njhlu;f; Fij
fzpdpAld; ,izg;gjw;F ,e;j rkhe;juf;
Fij gad;g Lj;j g;g Lfpd;wJ. nghJthf ,J mr;Rg; nghwp nghUj;j g;g Lk;
Fijnad miof;fg;gLk;. ,jpy; ,ize;j 25 Jisfs; ^<@B$( & ,Ug;gijf;
fhzyhk;.
33
tiyaikg;Gf; Fij ^
+8 #
&&
fzpdp tiyaikg; i g cUthf; F tjw; F g; gy

fzpdpfis xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,izj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW
gy fzp d p f is xd; N whnlhd; W ,izf; f j; Njitahd
njhLg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; tlq;fisj; (tiyaikg;G tlq;fis)
njhLg;gjw;F ,e;jf; Fij gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. (cU 2.9)
cU 2.9
tiyaikg;Gf;
Fij
njuptpg;gpf; Fij ^(

8 #
&
fzpdpfspd; %yk; jahu; nra;ag;gLk; jfty;fisg;

Gwj;Nj toq;Fk; gpujhd cgfuzkhfpa fzpdpj; jpiuiaf;
fzpdpAld; njhLg;gjw;F ,e;jf; Fij gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ
(cU 2.10). ,q;F 15 Jisfs; 3 epiufspy; ,Uf;Fk;.
cU 2.10
fzpdpj; jpiuf;
Fij
8 ,) Fij ;,(

-8 )
(-8 8 #
<
jw;fhyf; fzpdpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kpfg; gpurpj;jp

ngw; w Fij -) FijahFk; . ,d; W fzpdpfspy;
gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; ngUk; g hyhd JizAWg; G fisf;
fzp d p f Sld; njhLg; g jw; F ,e; j -)B tiff; Fij
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ (cU 2.11). ,e;j -)Btiff; Fijiag;
gad;gLj;jp tpirg;gyif ^!&" Rl;b ^ !&" mr;Rg;
nghwp ^$(!& " ,yf; f Kiwf; fkuhf; f s; ^(%(.B 0! M4 cU 2.11
-)Btiff;
Nkhnlk; ^"
& Nghd; w gy cs; s P l ; L > tUtpisTr; Fij
rhjdq;fis kpf vspjhff; fzpdpAld; njhLf;fyhk;.
34
Vida Fijfspy; ,y;yhj rpy rpwg;g pay;G fs; ,) Fijfspy ; cs;s d.
mitahtd:
gy -) tifj; JizAWg;Gfis -) Fijapd; %yk; fzpdpAld;
njhLj;jTld; mj;JizAWg;Gfisr; nraw;gLj;jyhk;. ,q;F ,af;Fepuy;
jhgpf;Fk; Njit vOtjpy;iy. ,e;j Kiwtop $.%BB$.Bvdg;gLk;.
-) tpjj;jpy; mike;j gy JizAWg;GfSf;Fj; Njitahd kpd;idg;
ngWtjw;F ,e;j -) njhLg;gpD}lhf eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sy; ,jd;
rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.
fzpdpia epWj;jhky; -) tifj; JizAWg;Gfisg; nghUj;Jtjw;Fk;
njhLg;gfw;Wtjw;Fk; cs;s Mw;wy; ,q;F fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba
tpNrl mk;rkhFk;;. ,e;j Kiwtop 9B$.%%.!J my;yJ 9B).!J
vdg;gLk;.
xU -) Fijapy; gy;NtW tpjkhd 127 JizAWg;Gfisj; njhLf;Fk; trjp
cs;sJ.
-)B<7: tpjj;jpy; mike;j Fijfspy; 480 nkfhgpl;fs; 8Bnrf;fd; ^?D:B &
fjpapy; juTfisj; njhlu;ghLk; Mw;wy; cz;L.
xypj;JizAWg;Gf; Fij ^ )8 #
&&
fzpdpf; F j; NjitahdthW xypngUf; f pfs; ^)!,! & "
EZf; F g; g d; d pfs; ^(&! M4B Gw xyp gpwg; g pf; F k;
JizAWg; G fs; Mfpatw; i wg; nghUj; J tjw; F ,f; F ij
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ (cU 2.12). rpy fzpdpfspy; mt;thwhd
Fijfs; fhzg; g lhJ. mj; j ifa re; j u; g ; g q; f spy; xypj;
JizAWg;Gfisj; njhLg;gjw;Fr; Rw;W L.(0!(B ,(8((&
Ntwhf nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;L fzpdpAld; nghUj;jg;gLk;. cU 2.12
xypj;
Nkhnlk; Fij ;! 8 #
< JizAWg;Gf;
Fij
fzpdpia ,izaj; J ld; njhLg; g jw; F k;

fzpdpiag; gad; g Lj; j pj; njhiyefiy ^! &
mDg;Gtjw;Fk; Nkhnlk; JizAWg;Gf; Fij (cU 2.13)
gad; g Lj; j g; g Lfpd; w J. fzpdpAs; nghUj; j g; g Lk;
Nkhnlk; mf Nkhnlk; ^!.B "
& vdg; g Lk; .
fzpdpf;Fg; Gwj;Nj nghUj;jg;gLk; Nkhnlk; Gw Nkhnlk;
cU 2.13
^
!.B"
& vd miof;fg;gLk;.
Nkhnlk; Fij
35
ngUk; g hyhd re; j u; g ; g q; f spy; Nkhnlk; JizAWg; g pd; njhiygd; d pf;
fk; g pfisg; nghUj; J tjw; f hf ,U Fijfs; ,Ug; g ijf; fhzyhk; .
njhiygd;dpf; fk;gp fzpdpAld; njhLf;fg;gLk; ,lk; (!B ( MFk;. $&!
vd;gJ Gwj;Nj nghUj;jg;gLk; njhiyg;gd;dpf;fhd njhLg;ghFk;. fzpdp
,izaj; J ld; njhLf; f g; g lhj re; j u; g ; g q; f sp Y k; fzp d p f ; F f; FWf; N f
njhiyefy; nry;yhj re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; ,jd;%yk; toikahd Kiwapy;
njhiygd;dp miog;Gfisg; ngwyhk;.
;7 rpy fzpdpfspd; gpw; g f; f j; Njhw; w j; i j (Fij

njspthfj; njupaj;jf;fjhf) tiue;J> mjpy; cs;s
xg; g il 2'2 vy;yhg; gFjpfisAk; FijfisAk; ngaupLf.
<7 fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jp xU njhiyefy; nra;jpia mDg;g nraw;gl

Ntz; b a tpjj; i j tupg; g lj; i jg; gad; g Lj; j p ckJ tFg; g py;
vLj;Jiuf;f.
2.5 juTfisj; Njf;fp itj;jy; ^)

$ &
Njf;ffj;ij ,U gFjpfshf NtWgLj;jyhk;> (cU 2.14).
1' Kjy; Njf;ff myF ^$(0B %!&

2' Jizj; Njf;ff myF ^)!B %!&
Njf;ffk;
L)%!M
Kjy; Njf;ffk; Jizj; Njf;ffk;

(Kjy; epidtfk;) (Jiz epidtfk;)
(Kjd;ik epidtfk;) )!B)%!
$(0B)%! L(.(B!0M
L$(0B!0M c3k; :
L(B!0M td;tl;L LB( ,M
c3k; : jw;Nghf;Fg;
ngWtop epidtfk; L'M
cU 2.14
Kjy; Njf;ff myFfs; > Fiwflj;jpfisg; ^)!0(B & gad;gLj;jp
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; . Jizj; Njf;ff myFfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Ff; fhe;jj;
njhopDl; g tpay; ^%!(B !&.%& my; y J xspj; njhopDl; g tpay;
^"(.B!&.%& gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
36
Kjy; Njf;ffj;jpd; mbg;gilg; gzp> ika Kiwtop myfpw;Fj; Njitahd
juTfis toq;Ftjw;fhf mtw;iwj; jw;fhypfkhfj; Njf;fp itj;jyhFk;.
Jizj; Njf;ffj;jpd; mbg;gilg; gzp vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Njitg;gLk;

juTfs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> jfty;fs; Mfpatw;iwj; Njf;fp itj;jyhFk;.
fzpdp epidtfk; ^ /

8 /
&&
Kjy; Njf;fk;> fzpzp epidtfk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
fzpdp epidtfj;ij %d;W tpjq;fshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
epidtfk;
!0
jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop thrpg;G kl;Lk;

epidtfk; gJf;F epidtfk;
epidtfk;
L'0B! L&!B!0M
L'!B".B!0M
!0M
cU 2.15
fzpdp epidtfj;jpy; cs;s jw;wpwd;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L mtw;iw

cU 2.16 ,y; cs;sthW ,U tpjq;fspy; tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
epidtfk;
!0
mopjF epidtfk; mopTwh epidtfk;

L/.(.!B!0M L 6.(.!B!0M
cU 2.16
mopjF epidtfk; ^.-(- 8 /
&
mopjF epidtfj; j pd; rpwg; g pay; G ahnjdpy; mjpy; Njf; f p

itf; f g; g l; L s; s juTfSk; jfty; f Sk; fzpdpapd; kpd;
njhLg;gfw;wg;gLk;NghJ mope;J NghFk; vd;gjhFk;. ehk; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l
jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfk; ,e;j mopjF epidtf tpjj;jpw;F cupajhFk;.
mjhtJ> jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfj;jpy; Njf;fp itf;fg;gl;Ls;s vy;yhj;
juTfSk; my;yJ jfty;fSk; fzpdpapd; kpd; njhLg;G mfw;wg;gLk;NghJ
mope;J Ngha;tpLk;;.
37
mopTwh epidtfk; ^8 18 .-(- 8 /
&
,q;F cs;s juTfSk; jfty;fSk; epiyahf ,Uf;Fk; me;jNtis

kpd;idj; njhLg;gfw;Wk;NghJ mtw;wpy; vt;tpj jhf;fKk; Vw;glhJ. NkNy
Fwpg;gpl;l thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk; ,e;j mopTwh epidtf tiff;F cupaJ.
jw; N ghf; F g; ngWtop epidtfk; ^'/8 8 /

&
' B vd; D k; FWf; f j; j p d hy; miof; f g; g Lk; jw; N ghf; F g; ngWtop

epidtfj;jpd; mbg;gilg; gzp ika Kiwtopahf;fy; myfpw;Fj; Njitahd
juTfisj; jw;fhypfkhf itj;jpUj;jyhFk;. mopjF epidtff; $l;lj;jpw;Fupa
jw; N ghf; F g; ngWtop ep i dtfj; j p d ; vy; y h tp l aq; f Sk; fzp d p a p d ; kp d ;
njhLg;gfw;wg;gLk;NghJ mope;J NghFk;. ,jd; tpisthf Kf;fpakhditahff;
fUjg;gLk; vy;yhj; juTfisAk; my;yJ jfty;fisAk; Jiz epidtf
myfpy; fl;lhak; Njf;fp itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fzpdpapd; nrayhw;Wifapy; ^$!#0!B#BB0!& ,e;j jw;Nghf;Fg;

ngWtop ep i dtfj; j p d ; nfhs; s sT kp f Tk; Kf; f p a j; J tk; tha; e ; j jhFk; .
Njitf; N fw; g epidtf myFfisr; Nru; j ; J j; jw; N ghf; F g; ngWtop
epidtfj;jpd; msit (nfhs;ssit)f; $l;lyhk;.
jw;Nghf;F ngWtop epidtfk; gpujhdkhf ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.

® khwh jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfk; L)'B6B)(B'0B! B!0M
® ,aq;Fepiy jw;Nghf;F ngWtop epidtfk;
L'B6B0(B'0B! B!0M
thrpg; G kl; L k; epidtfk; ^' 8 !-8 /

&
'" vd;Dk; FWf;fj;jpdhy; miof;fg;gLk; mopTwh epidtff; ^ 6

/.(.!B!0& $l;lj;jpw;Fupa ,t;thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfj;jpy; cs;s juTfs;
my;yJ jfty;fs; fzpdpapd; kpd;tYitj; njhLg;gfw;Wk;NghJ moptjpy;iy.
fzp d p cw; g j; j p ep W tdj; j p d hy; Njitahd vy; y h tp t uq; f Sk;

,t;thrpg ;G kl;L k; epidtfj;j pd; L'"M kPJ Njf;fp itf;fg;g l;b Uf;F k;
mNjNtis jw; f hyf; fzpdpfspy; Njitnadpd; ,e; j epidtfj; i j
,w;iwg;gLj;Jk; L-!BMBMw;wYk; cz;L.
38
thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk; gy tifg;gLk;
nra;epuy;gLj;jf;$ba thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk;
L$%00.!B'!B".B!0B6B$'"M
mopjF nra;epuy;gLj;jf;$ba thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk;
L
.!B$%00.!B'!B".B!0B6B
$'"M
kpd;dpay; uPjpahf mopjF nra;epuy;gLj;jf;$ba thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk;
L
.!(..B
.!B$%00.!B'!B".B!0B6B
$'"M
gJf;F epidtfk; ^ & 8 /

&&
fzpdpapy; ika Kiwtop myfpw;Fj; Njitahd juTfs; jw;Nghf;Fg;

ngWtop epidtfj;j pD }lhfr; nry;fpd;wd. Mdhy;> jw;Nghf;F g; ngWtop
epidtfk; ika Kiwtop myfpw;Fj; Njitahd msT fjpapy; juTfis
toq; F k; Mw; w iyf; nfhz; b Ug; g jp y ; i y. ,jw; F f; fhuzk; jw; N ghf; F g;
ngWtop ep i dtfj; j p d ; fjp ika Kiwtop myfp d ; fjp a p Y k; Fiwthf
,Uj; j yhFk; . ,f; F iwghl; i lj; jtpu; g ; g jw; f hfg; gJf; F epidtfk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
gJf;F epidtfk; gpujhdkhf %d;W tifg;gLk;.

1' Kjy;epiyg; gJf;F epidtfk; ^$(0B&!B0!08!!.B;BL;M&
2' Jizepiyg; gJf;F epidtfk; ^)!B&!B0!08!!.B<BL<M&
3' %d;whk; epiyg; gJf;F epidtfk; ^!!.B>BL>M&
Kjy; epiyg; gJf;F epidtfk; ^#

(/
8 & 8 /
3 -8 48 ;4<&
Kjy;epiyg; gJf;F epidtfk; cupa ika Kiwtop myfpDs;Ns
mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mjd; nfhs;ssT kpfr; rpwpa ngWkhdj;ijf; nfhz;b
Uf;Fk;. ika Kiwtop myfpw;Fj; juTfSk; mwpTWj;jy;fSk; Njitahd
NghJ mit ,Uf;fpdw ; dth vd;gJ ,k;Kjy; epiyg; gJf;F epidtfj;jpDs;Ns
Kjypy; Njlg;gLk;.
Jizepiyg; gJf;F epidtfk; ^)
8 & 8 /
3 -8 58 ;5<&
ika Kiwtop myfpw;F kpf mz;ikapy; jha;g;gyif kPJ nghUj;jg;

gl;Ls;s Jizepiyg; gJf;F epidtfk; Kjy;epiyg; gJf;F epidtfj;jpYk;
$Ljyhd nfhs; s sit cilaJ. mNjNtis Jizepiyg; gJf; F
ep i dtfk; nraw; g Lk; fjp Kjy; ep i yg; gJf; F ep i dtfj; j p d ; fjp a p Y k;
FiwthdJ.
39
%d;whk;epiyg; gJf;F epidtfk; ^ -8 68 ;6<<
etPd fzpdpfspy; kl;LNk %d;whk;epiy epidtfk; fhzg;gLk;. ,J

jha;g;gyifapy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
Jizep i yj; Njf; f f myF (Jiz ep i dtfk; )

^)
8)
$ 8,(8;(-(
8 /
M&
NjitahdthW juTfis epiyahf xU Fwpj; j fhyj; j pw; F g;

ghJfhg;ghfj; Njf;fp itg;gjw;Fj; Jizj; Njf;ff myF gad;gLj;jg;gL
fp d ; w J. ,t; t hW juTfisj; Njf; f p itg; g jw; F g; ngUk; g hYk; Jizj;
Njf; f f myFfs; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; ,t; t hwhd rp y mbg; g il myFfs;
fPNo tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
nefpo; tl;L ^-8 (+&&
fhe;jj; njhopDl;gtpaiyg; ^%!(B!&.%& gad;gLj;jpj; juTfis

thrp;g;gJk; vOJtJk; ,jpy; eilngWk;. ,d;W ,e;j nefpo;tl;bd; gad;ghL
mUfp tUfpd;wJ. ,q;F kpff; Fiwe;j fjpapy; juTfis thrpg;gJk; vOJtJk;
eilngWk;. nefpo;tl;Lfspd; nfhs;ssT Vida juTj; Njf;ff myFfSld;
xg;gpLk;NghJ kpfr; rpwpajhFk;. nefpo; tl;Lfs; 8 mq;Fyk;> 5.25 mq;Fyk;> 3.5
mq;Fyk; vd;Dk; msTfspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,d;W 3.5 mq;Fyk;
^>B;8<E& mstpyhd nefpo; tl;LfNs gad;ghl;bYs;sd.,jd; nfhs;ssT 1.44
nkfhigw;Wf;fshFk;.
nefpo; tl;Lfis ,lj;jpw;fplk; vLj;Jr; nry;yj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;
rpwg;gpay;ghFk; vdpDk;> nefpo; tl;Lfspd; nfhs;ssT kpfTk; rpwpajhifahy;>
,d;W gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ngupa mstpyhd Nfhg;Gfis mtw;wpd; %yk; nfhz;L
nry;yy; vspjd;W.
88888:(8(+78 kw;Wk;8 :8(+7
(B( , kw;Wk; B( ,B vd;gd ngUk;ghYk; nefpo; tl;Lfis xj;jpUf;Fk;

mNjNtis mtw;wpy; Njf;fp itf;fj;jf;f jutpd; msT nefpo;tl;bd; gy
klq;fhFk;. (B( ,Bfspd; nfhs;ssT 100 nkfhigw;W L;::BM njhlf;fk; 750
nkhfhigw;W ^750 & tiuf;FkhFk;. mjhtJ> 500 nkfhigw;wpYk; $ba
juTfis xU (B( ,BB ,y; Njf;fp itf;fyhk;. B( , ;B4B<BBB Mfpa
nfhs;ssTfspYk; cs;sd.
40
td;tl;L ^
8(+&
fzpdpapy; juTfisj; Njf; f pitf; f g; ngUk; g hYk; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk;
JizAWg; G td; t l; l hFk; . fzpdpapDs; N s %ba myfhfg; nghUj; j g;
gl;bUf;Fk; td;tl;bd; Gwmikg;igAk; mf mikg;igAk; ePq;fs; gpd;tUk;
cUf;fspypUe;J mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
cU 2.18: td; tl;bd; mfmikg;G

cU 2.17: td;tl;bd; Gw mikg;G
td;tl;L;fspd; nfhs;ssT gy;NtW ngWkhdq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

mtrp a j; j p w ; N fw; g Njitahd nfhs; s stpy ; td;t l;L fisf; nfhs; t dT
nra;ayhk;.
,e; j td; t l; L ; f sp y ; juTfs; fhe; j j; jl; L f; f sp y ; ^$.! & Njf; f p
itf;fg;gLk;. td;tl;by; ,t;thW xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l jl;Lfs; ,Uf;fyhk;.
mit vy;yhk; Roy;jz;by; ^)(.!& nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,j;jl;Lfs; xNu
jlitapy ; xNu fjpapy; RoYk; mNjNtis mj;j l;L ;fs; xt;nthd;W f;Fk;
jdpj;jdpahd thrpg;G -vOj;Jj; jiy ^B'!81(!B&!& nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
td; t l; b d; fjp > mjd; ngWtop Neuj; i jf; ^! B (0!& nfhz; L
msf;fg;gLk;. ,g;ngWtop Neuk; kpfr; rpwpa ngWkhdj;ij vLf;Fk;. ,e;Neuk;
kpy;ypnrf;fdpy; L(..( !M msf;fg;gLk;.
,Wtl;Lk; ;/8 (& ,yf;fg; gy;jpwthw;wy; tl;Lk; ^($(-8 .
(- 8 (&
fzpdpfspy; juTfisj; Njf;fp itg;gjw;Fk; ,lj;jpwf ; plk; nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fk;

,d; W mjpfstpy; ,Wtl; L k; ,yf; f g; gy; j pwthw; w y; tl; L k;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk;> ,e;j ,Wtl;Lk; ,yf;fg; gy;jpwthw;wy; tl;Lk;
,irj; Jiwf;fhfNt jahupf;fg;gl;ld. gpd;du; > ,it fzpdpfspy; juTfisj;
Njf; f p itg; g jw; F k; gad; g Lj; j g; g lyhapd. Gw mikg; g pypUe; J
,Wtl;LfisAk; ,yf;fg; gy;jpwthw;wy; tl;LfisAk; NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz
KbahJ. nghJthf ,Wtl;bd; nfhs;ssT A@:B B - F::B Mf ,Uf;Fk;
Mdhy;> ,yf;fg; gy;jpwthw;wy; tl;bd; nfhs;ssT ?7CB6B;CBBtiuBBMFk;.
41
2.6 cs;sPl;L> tUtpisTr; rhjdq;fs; ^8 8 !8 ( &
fzpdpj; njhFjpapd; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd ,U gzpfshfpa cs;sPL> tUtpisT

Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; gy JizAWg;Gfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mjpf mstpy;
gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; rp y JizAWg; G fs; gw; w p a tp t ukhd tp l aq; f s; fP N o
jug;gl;Ls;sd.
cs; s P l ; L r; rhjdq; f s
s;
Rl;b ^ &
fzpdpapy; juTfis cs; s plg; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; gpujhd cs; s P l ; L j;

JizAWg;ghf miof;fg;glj;jf;f Rl;b> ,uz;L mbg;gil njhopDl;gj;jpy;
,aq;ff; $bajhf ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. mit nghwpKiw ^!&(.&
tpjKk; nghwpKiwaw;w ^ B !&(.& tpjKk; MFk;. nghwpKiway;yhj
tpjj;jpy; mike;j gy Rl;bfs; ,d;W xspj; njhopDl;gtpaiyg; ^"(.B!&.6
%& gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;jifa Rl;bfs; nghJthf Nyru;
^ !& tpjr; Rl;bfs; vdg;gLk;.
tp i rg; g yif ;

<
,J juTfisAk; mwpTWj; j y; f isAk; fzpdpapy; cs; s plg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjdkhFk;. ,jid jl;nlOj;Jr; rhtpfspd; Nkk;gl;l
mikg;ghff; fUjKbAk;. tpirg;gyifapYs;s rhtpfs; ,yj;jpudpay; Mspfs;
Nghd;W njhopw;gLk;.
,yf;ff; fkuh ^($(-8 /

&&
fzpdpapy; vspjhfg; nghUj;jpr; nraw;gLj;jj;jf;f ,yf;ff; fkuhTk; ,d;W
fzpdpf;Fj; juTfis (tpNrlkhf xspg;glj;ij 8B glj;ij 8B tpk;gj;ij)g; L$(6
! 80%! & GFj;jg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. rhjhuz epiyj;j fkuhf;fs;
Nghyg; gly kiwfis ^(.0B !%(! & g; gad; g Lj; j y; ,yf; f f; fkuhtp y ;
,y;yhikAk; xspg;glk; ,yf;f tbtj;jpy; gjpag;ngw;wpUj;jYk; ,jpy; cs;s
tpNrl mD$yq;fshFk;. ,yf;ff; fkuhtpy; epiyj;j glq;fisg; Nghd;W
^)(..B$(! & tPbNah ehlhf;fisAk; ^/(!& gjpT nra;ayhk;.
42
tiyf; fkuh ^0 8 /
<
tpNrlkhf tiyflg;gplj;jpD}lhf ,izaj;jpD}lhf ciuahly; mku;Tfis

Nkw;nfhs;s L&B )! (MB Njitahd Jizg;ghfNk ,JthFk;. ,J mjpfstpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
xspg; Ngidfs; ^($&8# <
xsp czu; j p w Ds; s fzp d p cs; s P l ; L myfhfp a xsp g ; Ngidfs;

fzp d p A ld; njhlu; G gl; l tiutp Y k; LB 6B 0!B (!B #(%M
fzpdpAld; njhlu;Ggl;l cw;gj;jp B 6B ^B 6B 0!B(!B #(%&
KiwtopapYk; mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
tUb ^)
&
mr;rpl;l glq;fisf; L$(! B 8B (0%! MB fzpdpg;gLj;Jtjw;F my;yJ

vOj;J tbtj;ij L+!M fzpdpf;F toq;Ftjw;F tUb gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
thrfj;ijg; GFj;Jtjw;F xspapay; vOj;JU mwpif ^"'B6B"(.B&!
'!%((& vspjhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
ntsp a P l ; L r; r hjdq; f s;
njup t p g ; g p ^(
&
fzpdpj; jpiuapd; gpupjpwDk; L'! .(MBmjpy; Njhd;wj;jf;f epwq;fspd;
vz; z pf; i fAk; fzpdpj; jpiuapd; jd; i kia mstplg; gad; g Lk;
fhl; b fshFk; . fzpdpj; jpiuapd; gpupjpwd; vd; g J mjpy; xU jlit
jdpj;jdpahf topg;gLj;jj;jf;f gl %yfq;fspd; ^$(!B
.!0! & vz;zpf;if
iaf; fUJfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; fzpdpj; jpiuapdpd;Wk; ntsptUk; fjpu;g;Gk;
^'((& fzp d p j ; jp i uap d ; jd; i kia msg; g jw; f hd msTNfhyhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfp;d;wJ.
njuptpg;gp > mbg;gilapy; ,U tpjq;fspy; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.

1' fNjhl;Lj; fjpu;f; Foha;fisg; ^&!B'B+! B6B'+M gad;gLj;jp
mikf;fg;gl;l njuptpg;gp (cU 2.19).
2' jputg; gspq;F fhl;Lk; ^( (B .B( .B6BM njhopDl;gtpaiyg;

gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l njuptpg;gp (cU 2.20). ,J jl;ilg; gly;
^.B!. & vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
43
jputg; gspq;Fj; njhopDl;gtpaiyg; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l njuptpg;gpia
fNjhl; L f; fjpu; f ; Fohiag; gad; g Lj; j p mikf; f g; g l; l njuptpg; g pAld;
xg;g pL ifapy ; gpd;t Uk; NtWghLfs; ,Ug;g ijf; fhzyhk;.
= Fiwe;j msT ,lk; Njitg;gLjy; ^! B !&
= kpff; Fiwe;j msT kpd;tY Njitg;gLjy; ^! B!B 0(&
= jpiuapy; rpkpl;L ,y;yhik ^,B#B#.(,!&
= xg;gPl;lstpy; tpiy $Ljyhf ,Uj;jy; ^
! (!&
= fhl;rpfs; tiuaWj;j tPr;rpy; ,Uj;jy; ^(0(!B(!(%B%.!&
= Jyq;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;F mjpf Neuk; vLj;jy; ^).!B! !B(0!&
gpd; t Uk; ,U cUf; f spYk; ,uz; L tifg; g l; l njuptpg; g p
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;iw mtjhdpj;J mtw;wpd; msitAk; ,ay;igAk; gw;wpa
tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwyhk;.
cU 2.19 cU 2.20
fNjhl;Lf;fjpu;f; Foha;j; njuptpg;gp jputg; gspq;Fj; njuptpg;gp
mr;Rg;nghwpfs; ^#
(
&
juT> jfty; tUtpistpw;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fspilNa mr;Rg;

nghwp tpNrl ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wJ. mr;Rg; nghwpapypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; gpujpfs;
td; gpujpfs; ^B(! & vdg;gLk;. njuptpg;gpapypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; gpujpfs;
nkd; gpujpfs; L)#B(! M vdg;gLk;.
njhopDl;gtpay; uPjpahf mr;Rg; nghwpfis Kf;fpakhf ,U tiffshfg;
ghFgLj;jyhk;.
1' NkhJifiag; gad;gLj;jp mr;rpLk; jhf;f mOj;j mr;Rg; nghwpfs; ^06
B$(! &
2' NtWtpj njhopDl;gtpay; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp mr;rpLk; mr;Rg;

nghwpfs; ^ 6(0B$(! &
44
jhf;f mOj;j mr;Rg;nghwpfs; ^/8 #
(
&
,q;F ik cs;s ehlhit ^,!B(& xU Fwpj;j tpjj;jpy; jl;Ltjd;
^00!(%& %yk; mr;rLP eilngWfpdw
; J. ,q;F jl;Lg;gLfpdw
; ikahy; ehlhtpy;
cs;s ik jhs; kPJ gl;Lj; NjitahdthW vOj;Jfs;> Fwpfs;> cUtq;fs;
Mfpad tiuag;gLfpdw ; d.
jhf;fj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpr; nraw;gLk; gy tif mr;Rg; nghwpfs; ,Ug;gijf;

fhzyhk;. mit tUkhW
- nla;rpr; rpy;Y mr;Rg; nghwp ^( B1&!!.B$(! &
- Gs;sp mikTU mr;Rg; nghwp ^B(B$(!&
- tup mr;Rg; nghwp ^(!B$(!&
jw;NghJ nla;rpr; rpy;Y mr;Rg; nghwp ^( B&!!.& gad;ghl;by; ,y;iy.

,e; j mr; R g; n ghwpapy; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; nla; r pr; rpy; Y cU 2.21 ,y;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
cU 2.21 nla;rpr; rpy;Y mr;Rg; nghwpapy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nla;rpr; rpy;Y
ngUk;ghyhd epWtdq;fspy; mr;rPl;Lg; gzpfSf;fhfg; Gs;sp mikTU

mr;Rg; nghwp ^B0(B(!& gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. gpujpf;fhff; Fiwe;j
msT gzk; nrythfpd;wikAk>; NjitahdthW fhgd;jhisg; gad;gLj;jp xU
jlitapy; gy gpujpfisg; ngwj;jf;fjhf ,Ug;gJk; ,e;j mr;Rg; nghwpapd;
mD$yq;fshff; Fwpg;gplg;glyhk;. mr;rpLifapy; $Ljyhd xyp cz;lhtJk;
mr;rpLk; fjp Fiwthf ,Ug;gJk; ,jd; gpujp$yq;fshFk;.
NtWtifj; njhopDl; g tpay; Kiwfisg; gad; g Lj; j p mr; r pLk;

mOj;jh mr;Rg; nghwpfs; ^ 8 (/8 #
(
&&
,q; F gytifj; njhop D l; g tp a y; Kiwfisg; gad; g Lj; j p mr; r P L

eilngWk;. ,J gpd;tUk; Kf;fpa tiffisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
45
= ik gPr;R (my;yJ Fkpo;g; gPr;R) mr;Rg;nghwp ^,B!BB.!B!MB(!&
= Nyru; mr;Rg; nghwp ^ !B(!&
= ntg;g mr;Rg; nghwp ^+&!0.B(!&
= gjq;fkhjy; %yk; rhak; gug;gg;gLk; mr;Rg; nghwp L!B).(0(B$(!M
kpff; Fiwe;j msT xyp cz;lhjy; mOj;jh tif ( 6(0M mr;Rg;

nghwpfspd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.
ik gPr;R mr;Rg; nghwpfs;
,t;tif mr;Rg; nghwpfspy; jput ik ^.( (B(,& xU

nghjpAiwapy; ^ (%! & ,lg; g l; b Uf; F k;
mNjNtis mjpy; cs; s JisfspD}lhf
(,j;Jisfs; .! B vdg;gLk;) Njitf;Nfw;g
jhspd; kPJ ik tprpwg;gl;L L)MBgpujpfs; ngwg;gLk;7
epw mr;Rg; gpujpfisg; ngWtjw;F ,t;tif mr;Rg;
nghwp f s; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; . epw mr; r P l ; L f; F g;
gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; epwq; f s; ntt; N tW
cU 2.22 ik gPr;R mr;Rg;
nghjpAiwfspy; ^(%! & ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.
nghwpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
,q; F epw mr; r P l ; L f; F ehd; F tif epwq; f s; ikg; nghjpAiw
gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; . ikgP r ; R mr; R g; nghwpfspy;
gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; ,k; ikg; nghjpAiw L,B (%!M B cU 2.22 ,y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ vt;thnwdpDk; epwg;gpujpfSf;fhff; $Ljyhd gzr; nryT
Vw;gLk;.
Nyru;j; njhopDl;gtpay; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mr;Rg; nghwp ;
8 #
(
<
,j; j ifa mr; R g; n ghwp xsp g ; g p u jp n aLf; F k;

nghwp i a xj; j tp j j; j p y ; nraw; g Lk; . Nyru;
mr;Rg;nghwpapd; gf;fj; Njhw;wk; cU 2.24 ,y;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
cU 2.24 Nyru; mr;Rg;nghwpapd;

gf;fj; Njhw;wk;
( 46
re;ijapy; cs;s gpd;tUk; cgfuzq;fspd; (Fiwe;jgl;rk;
%d; W ntt; N tW tu; j ; j fg; ngau; f spd; fP o ; r ;
re;ijg;gLj;jg;gLk;) miktbtq;fs; ^#(%( & gw;wpa
xg; g il 2.3
tptu mwpf;ifiaj; jahupf;f.
1' Nyru; mr;Rg; nghwp 2' ik gPr;R mr;Rg; nghwp

3' Gs;sp mikTU mr;Rg; nghwp 4' Rl;b
5' ,yf;ff; L(%(.MBfkuh 6' tUb L)! M
7' td; tl;L
8' jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtf myF
9' fNjhl;Lf; fjpu;f; Foha; 2&!B'B+! BL'+M5 njuptpg;gp
10' jputg; gspq;Ff; fhl;rpj; 2( (B .B( .BLM5 njuptpg;gp
529 juTj; njhlu;ghly; ^ 8 //((8 &
juTj; njhlu; g hly; vd; w hy; vd; d ?
juTfis Xu; ,lj;jpypUe;J Ntnwhu; ,lj;jpw;F CLflj;jy; juTj; njhlu;ghly;

vdg;gLk;.
juTj; njhlu; g hlYf; F j; Njitahd mbg; g ilg; gFjp f s;
juTj; njhlu;ghlYf;F %d;W mk;rq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jitahFk;

(cU 2.24) mit tUkhW:
1' juT %yk; (juT mDg;Geu;;) ^)!!8)!&
2' juTj; njhlu;ghly; Clfk; ^B 00((B !(0&
3' juT ngWeu; ^'!!(!8)(,&
mDg;Geu; 8 %yk; Clfk; ngWeu;

)!!8)! !(0 '!!(!8)(,
cU 2.24
47
juT %yk;
CLflj;jj; Njitahd juT cz;lhf;fg;gLk; ,lk; juT %yk; vdg;gLk;.
juTj; njhlu; g hly; Clfk;
%yj;jpypUe;J juit ngWeUf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

Clfk; ,JthFk;.
juTg; ngWeu; ^ ' (

3)(+&&
,Wjpahfj; juitg; ngWgtu; my;yJ ngw;Wf; nfhs;gtu; juT ngWeu; vd

miof;fg;gLthu;.
juTj; njhlu; g hly; Clfq; f s; ;8 //((8 (<
juTfis CLflj;Jtjw;F (,lj;jpw;fplk;; nfhz;L nry;tjw;F)g; gy;NtW

tpj Clfq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;t+lfq;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ehk;
nghJthf ,U tifahfg; ghFgLj;jyhk;.
1. topf hl; b Clfk; ^ ( 8 (&& : juT CLflj;jYf;F xU Fwpj;j

tpjj;jpy; ngsjpf Clfj;ijg; ^$& (.B0!(0& gad;gLj;jpdhy; mj;jifa
Clfk; topfhl;b Clfk; vdg;gLk;.
2. fjpu; j ; j Clfk; ^ '( 8 (&& : ngsjpfky; y hj tpjj; j pyhd

Clfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpj; juTfis CLflj;jy; ,d;W kpfTk; vspjhfTk;
gpurpj; j p ngw; w jhfTk; tpsq; F fpd; w J. ,j; j ifa ngsjpfky; y hj
tpjj;jpyhd Clfk; fjpu;j;j Clfk; vdg;gLk;.
topfhl; b Clfk; ^ ( 8 (&&
,q;F juTfis CLflj;Jtjw;Ff; fk;gpfs; njhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; kpfTk;

gpurpj;jp ngw;w topfhl;b Clfq;fs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
v KWf;fpa fk;gpr; Nrhb ;*( 80(

8#(
<
jp d rup g ; gzp f Sf; F g; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; rhjhuz fk; g p i aAk; juT
CLflj;jYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. (cU 2.25).
48
cU 2.25 KWf;fpa fk;gpr;Nrh b
^*( 8(
8(
<
v Xur;R tlk; ^1(-8 - &

nrg;Gf; fk;gpiag; gw;wpr; Rw;wg;gl;Ls;s nrg;G tiyiaf; nfhz;l Xur;R
tlj; i jAk; ^ 6(.B .! & fzpdpj; juT CLflj; j Yf; F g;
gad;gLj;jyhk;. (cU 2.26).
cU 2.26 Xur;R tlk; ^6(.B.!&
v xspapay; ehu;fs; ^!(-8(

&
,d;W mjpfstpy; juTfis CLflj;Jk; tlkhf xspapay; ehu;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,J etPduf njhiyNgrp ,izg;Gfspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
cU 2.27 xsp a p a y; ehu; f s;
v fjpu;j;j Clfk; ^'( 8 (&

,q; F njhlu; G ilikia cUthf; F tjw; F g; ngsjp f uP j p a p y ; vJTk;
gad;gLj;jg;glhJ. gpd;tUk; tifapy; mike;j njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs;
mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
1 . thndhyp miyfs; ^'(8 *

/((& %ykhd CLflj; j y;
rhjhuz tho; t py; vkf; F g; gupr; r akhd thndhyp miyfis ehk;
kpfTk; vspjhfj; juTfis CLflj;Jtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
2 . nrq;fPo;f; ^"

& fjpu;fs; %ykhd CLflj;jy;
kpff; Fiwe;j kPbwidf; nfhz;l xspaiyfisAk; juT CLflj;jYf;Fg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;. ngUk;ghYk; ehz;fs; ,y;yhj tpirg;gyiffs; ^!6
M4 Rl;bfs; L !M4 mr;Rg;nghwpfs; ^$(! & Mfpatw;wpy; juTfis
CLflj; J tjw; F ,e; j nrq; f P o ; f ; fjpu; f s; mjpf mstpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
49
3 . Ez;ziyfs; ^(
& %ykhd CLflj;jy;
mjpf J}uj; j pw; F j; juTfis CLflj; J tjw; F Ez; z iyfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jw;F $Ljyhd kPbwidf; nfhz;l rpw;wiyfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,e;j Clfq;fisj; jtpu .!&4B1((4B1(6BNghd;w Clfq;fSk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
nraw;ghL 2.1
NkNy jug; g l; L s; s Clfq; f sp d ; mD$yq; f s; > gp u jp $ yq; f isf;

fye;JiuahLf.
juT CLflj;jy; Kiwfs; ^8 *

/((8 * &
juT CLflj;jy; ,U gpujhd tiffspy; eilngwyhk;. mitahtd

1' njhlu;j; juT CLflj;jy; ^)!(.BB+ 0( (&
2' rkhe;juj; juT CLflj;jy; ^$..!.BB+ 0( (&
njhlu; j ; juT CLflj; j y; ^)

(-8 8
/((&
,q; F juTfs; xd; w d; gpd; xd; W tP j k; (njhluhf) CLflj; j g;

gLfpd; w d. fzpdp tiyaikg; g py; ,t; t hW juTfs; gpl; f shf (( )
CLflj;jg;gLk;. ,q;F juTfis CLflj;Jtjw;F xU fk;gpia khj;jpuk;
gad;gLj;JtJ NghJkhdJ.
rkhe;juj; juT CLflj;jy; ^#
-- -8 8 *
/((&
rkhe;juj; juT CLflj;jypy; xNu jlitapy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd

gpl;fs; CLflj;jg;gLk;. ,jw;fhfg; gy fk;gpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jw;Ff;
Fiwe;jgl;rk; 8 fk;gpfisNaDk; gad;gLj;JtJ nghJ tof;fhFk;.
juT CLflj;jy; fjp ^8

/((8 &
gpl;fisf; nfhz;L juT CLflj;jy; fjpia msg;gjw;F xU nrf;fdpy;

CLflj; j g; g Lk; gp l ; f sp d ; vz; z p f ; i f ^( B !B !B 6B & fUj; j p y ;
nfhs;sg;gLk;.
50
mNjNtis juTfs; CLflj;jg;gLtij msg;gjw;F BL(.B( B!B !6
M4B BL!%B( B!B !BM4B BL(%B( B!B !MBvd;Dk; myFfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
juT CLflj;jy; topfs; ^8

/((8 / <
juT CLflj; j y; gp u jhdkhf %d; W gp u jhd top f sp y ; eilngWk; .

mitahtd :
1. xw;iw topg; Nghf;F L)(0.!M
2. miu ,Utopg;Nghf;F L.#B 6B .!M
3. ,Utopg;Nghf;F L.!M
xw;iw topg; Nghf;F ^)(/- &
xw;iw topg;Nghf;Fj; juT CLflj;jypy; juT xU jpirapy; khj;jpuk;

nry;fpd;wJ (cU 2.29). kw;iwa jpirapy; juTfs; CLflj;jg;gLtjw;F vt;tpj
tha;g;Gk; ,y;iy. njhiyf;fhl;rpj; njhlu;ghlYk; thndhypj; njhlu;ghlYk;
,jw;fhd rpwe;j cjhuzq;fshFk;.
juT %yk; Clfk; juT ngWeu;

L)!!8)!M L!(0M L'!!(!8)(,M
cU 2.28 xw;iw topg;Nghf;F juT CLflj;jy;

,q;F juT CLflj;jy; vg;NghJk; juT %yj;jpypUe;J juT ngWeUf;F
khj;jpuk; eilngWk;.
miu ,Utopg;Nghf;F ^-"1- &
,U jpirfspYk; juTfis CLflj;jj;jf;fjhf ,Uf;fpdw ; NghjpYk; xU
jlitapy; xU jpirapy; khj;jpuk; juTfis CLflj;jj;jf;f juT CLflj;jy;
Kiw miu ,UtopgN ; ghf;F juT CLflj;jy; ^.#6.!BB 0( (& vdg;gLk;
(cU 2.29). ,q; F xU jpi rapy ; juTfis CLflj;j KbAk; tiuf;F k;
kw;iwa jpirapy; juTfis CLflj;j KbahJ. ,jw;fhd rpwe;j cjhuzk;
Nthf;fp Nuhf;fp ^1.,(!6.,(!& MFk;.
juT %yk; my;yJ juT ngWeu;

juT ngWeu; my;yJ juT %yk;
L)!!8)!B L'!!(!8)(,B
'!!(!8)(,M )!!8)!M
cU 2.29 : miu ,Utopg;Nghf;F juT CLflj;jy;
51
,Utopg;Nghf;F ^--8 - &
xNu re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,U jpirfspYk; juT CLflj;jy; eilngwj;jf;f

juT CLflj;jy; Kiw ,Utopg;Nghf;Fj; juT CLflj;jy; ^.!BB 6
0( (& vdg;gLk;. njhiygd;dp ,jw;F kpfr; rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;.
juT %yKk; juT juT ngWeUk; juT

ngWeUk; %yKk;
L)!!8)!B L'!!(!8)(,B
'!!(!8)(,M )!!8)!M
cU 2.30 KOikahd ,Utopg;Nghf;F juT CLflj;jy;
2.8 fzp d p tiyaikg; G k; fzp d p tiyaikg; g hf; f Kk;

8 ;/
8
+<
fzp d p tiyaikg; G vd; w hy; vd; d ?
,uz; L my; y J mjw; F Nkw; g l; l fzpdpfs; xd; W lndhd; W

njhlu; g hlYf; f hf ,izf; f g; g l; L s; s njhFjp N a fzp d p tiyaikg; G
vdg;gLk;.
fzpdp tiyaikg;G %ykhf fzpdpapYs;s tsq;fisg; nghJthfg;

gad; g Lj; j KbAk; . ,t; t hW fzp d p tiyaikg; i g cUthf; F k; N ghJ
fzpdpfisAk; Jizg;ghfq;fisAk; ,izg;gjw;F gy;NtW tifg;gl;l
njhlu;ghly; cj;jpfSk; Jizr; rhjdq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
52
fzpdp tiyaikg;Gfspd; mD$yq;fs; ^$ 8 "8 /
8
+&
fjp8 ;) <

fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; fzpdpfSk; JizAWg;GfSk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W
ed;whfj; njhLf;fg;gl;bUg;gjdhy;> juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; kpf
vspjhfTk; tpiuthfTk; mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; nfhz;L nry;yj;jf;fjhf cs;sJ.
nryT ^&&

fzpdp nkd; n ghUSf; f hfr; nrytplg; g Lk; gzj; i jf; fUj; j py;
nfhs;Sk;NghJ fzpdp tiyaikg;ig cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; fzpdp
nkd;nghUSf;fhfr; nrytplg;gLk; gzj;ijf; Fiwf;fyhk;. fzpdpfisj;
jdpj;jdpahfg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ xt;nthU fzpdpf;Fk; nkd;nghUs;fis
NtWNtwhff; nfhs; t dT nra; a NeupLfpd; w ikahy; > fzpdp
tiyaikg; g pD s; N s fzp d p tiyaikg; g p w ; f hf mikf; f g; g l; l cupa
nkd;nghUs;fspd; Nru;khdj;ijf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjd; %yk; nryitf;
Fiwf; f yhk; . mNjNtis RahjP d > gfpuq; f nkd; n ghUisg;
gad;gLj;Jtjhapd; 2!!B B "!B )!B )#!B - L"))M5 gzr;nryT
Vw;glhJ.
ghJfhg; G ^ )
(&&
fzpdp tiyaikg;g py ; juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; ghJfhg;gjw;Fg;
gy;NtW eilKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt> fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy;
$Ljyhd ghJfhg;igg; Ngzyhk;.
xUKfg; g Lj; j p a nkd; n ghUs; Kfhikj; J tk; ^

-( 8 )"
$ / &&
fzpdp tiyaikg;gpNy fzpdpfspy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s nkd;nghUl;fis Xu;
,lj; j p y p U e; J ifahSk; trjp cz; L . mjhtJ> nkd; n ghUs; f is
xUKfg;gLj;jpf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
tsq; f isg; nghJthfg; gad; g Lj; j y; ^ )&

($8 "8 '
&&
tpNrlkhf tpiy $ba tpNrl JizAWg;Gfisf; fzpdp tiyaikg;gpNy?
nghJthfg; gpur;rpidapd;wpg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
cjhuzk; :- fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; gy fzpdpfSf;fhf Xu; mr;Rg; nghwp
khj;jpuk; ,Ug;gijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
kpd;dQ;ry; ^ 1/(-8
8 -
(8 /(-&&
fzpdpfspilNa vspjhf jfty;fisg; gupkhWtjw;F kpd;dQ;riyg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
53
fzpdp tiyaikg;gpd; gpujp$yq;fs; ^($ 8 "8 /
8
+&
tiyaikg; g p d ; gp u jhd fzp d p nrayp o j; j y; KOj; njhFjp a p d Jk;

nraw;ghl;by; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jy;.
tiyaikg; G j; njhFjp a p y ; cz; l hFk; tO fhuzkhfj; juTfSk;

jfty;fSk; mopjYk; Fog;gkiljYk;.
tiyaikg;Gj; njhFjpapy; cz;lhFk; tO fhuzkhf tsq;fs; mw;Wg;

NghFk; rhj;jpaf;$W.
tiyaikg;igg; gad;gLj;jp ntsp egu;fs; vspjhfj; njhFjpf;Fs;Ns

GFe;J> mq;Fs;s juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; fsthlj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.
rpyNtisfspy; njhFjpapd; nraw;ghL jho; kl;lj;jpw;F tPo;r;rpailjy;

(tpidj;jpwd; Fiwjy;)
tiyaikg;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vspa gzpahf mikahik. ,jw;fhf

tp N rl fzp d p nkd; n ghUs; f Sk; tp N rl gap w ; r p ngw; w mYtyu; f Sk;
Njitg;gLk;.
tiyaikg; G ,lj; j pay; ^

+8 *-$&&
fzpdp tiyaikg;G ngsjpfuPjpapy; njhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; kpfTk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. ngsjpfuPjpapy; fzpdpfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W nghUj;Jk;
tpjk; tiyaikg;G ,lj;jpay; ^ !,B+.%& vdg;gLk;.
fzpdpia tiyaikg;ghf;fy; gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; eilngwyhk;. rpy mbg;gil

,lj;jpay;fs; gpd;tUkhW :
el;rj;jpu tbt ,lj;jpay; ^)B+.%& tiyaikg;G

tisa ,lj;jpay; ^'(%8B+.%& tiyaikg;G
ghl;il ,lj;jpay; ^ B+.%& tiyaikg;G
kutbt ,lj;jpay;; ^+!!B+.%& tiyaikg;G
54
el; r j; j p u tbt ,lj; j p a y; tiyaikg; g hf; f y;
G
,q; F fzpdpfs; cU 2.31 ,y; cs; s thW el; r j; j p u tbtj; j py;
njhLf;fg;gLk;.
8B)(&
G
cU 2.31
el;rj;jputbt ,lj;jpay ; tiyaikg;G ^)B !,&
,jd;NghJ cU 2.31 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;lthW el;rj;jputbtpy; fzpdpfs;
njhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
vy; y hf; fzp d p f isAk; xd; N whnlhd; W njhLg; g jw; F ,q; F eLtp y ;
xU fzpdp my; y J NtW cgfuzk; (xU Ftpak; - M B my; y J Xu;
Msp L)(&& gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
el;rj;jpu tbtpy; fzpdp tiyaikg;ig epWty; kpf vspjhf ,Uf;Fk;. mt;thNw
tOitf; fz;L gpbj;jYk; mjidr; nrg;g dpL jYk; rhu;gstpy; vspjhFk;.
fzpdpfis xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhLg;gjw;F mjpf msT fk;gp Njitg;gLtJk;;
eLtpy; cs;s fzpdp my;yJ cupa cgfuzk; jilg;gLjy; KOj; njhFjpAk;
nraw;glhky; ,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikjYk; ,t;el;rj;jpu tbtf; fzpdp
tiyaikg;gpd; FiwghLfshFk;.
tisa ,lj; j p a y; tiyaikg; g hf; f y;
cU 2.32 tisa ,lj;jpay; tbtikg;G L'(%B8BB+.%M
55
fzpdpfis tisa tbtj;jpy; njhLg;gjd; %yk; ,t;tiyaikg;G jahu;
nra;ag;gLk; (cU 2.32). fzpdpfis xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhLg;gjw;F Fiwe;j
msT fk; g p Njitg; g Ljy; mD$ykhf ,Uf; f p d ; w Nghjp Y k; xU fzp d p
jilg;gLjy; my;yJ ngUk;ghyhd re;jug;gq;fspy; KOj; njhFjpAk; jpwd;
Fd;Wjy; tisa tbt tiyaikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd FiwghlhFk;.
ghl; i l ,lj; j p a y; tiyaikg; g hf; f y; ^8 *-$&

+!0(
cU 2.33: ghl;il ,lj;jpay; tiyaikg;G L B !,&M

gpujhd fk;gpia ikakhff; nfhz;L vy;yhf; fzpdpfisAk;
JizAWg;fisAk; mf;fk;gpAld; njhLg;gjd; %yk; mf;fzpdp tiyaikg;G
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ (cU 2.33). Fiwe;j msT fk;gp Njitg;gLtJk; kpf
vspjhff; fzpdpfisAk; JizAWg;Gf;fisAk; nghUj;jj;jf;fjhf ,Ug;gJk;
,jd; mD$yq;fshFk;. KO tiyaikg;Gk; gpujhd fk;gpiar; rhu;e;jpUj;jy;
,jd; gpujhd gpujp$ykhFk;. ,g;gpujhd fk;gp ,U me;jq;fspYk; %lg;gLjYk;
rpf;fyhdjhFk;.
kutbt ,lj; j p a y; tiyaikg; g hf; f y;
kuk; fp i snfhs; S k; tbtj; j p y ; mike; J s; s fzp d p tiyaikg; G

kutbtf; fzpdp tiyaikg;G vdg;gLk; (cU 2.34). ,j;jifa tiyaikg;
gpy; xt;nthU fpisiaAk; NtWNtwhff; fl;Lg;gLj;jj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy; ,jd;
mD$ykhFk; . vdp D k; > tiyaikg; i g cUthf; f Yk; fl; L g; g Lj; j Yk;
rpwpjstpy; rpf; f yhd gzpahFk; . ,t; t iyaikg; g pd; fpisfisj;
njhLg;gjw;fhf ghl;il ,lj;jpay; tiyaikg;GfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpa
gpujhd fk; g p njhlu; G Wtjdhy; mjd; kP J tiyaikg; g pd; nraw; g hL
rhu;e;jpUj;jy; gpur;rpidfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
56
cU 2.34 : kutbt ,lj;jpay; tiyaikg;G L+!!B !,M
fzp d p tiyaikg; g p d ; gp u jhd tiffs;

8 8 ;(8 8 "8 /
8
+<
fzp d p tiyaikg; G fs; gw; w p f ; fUJifap y ; ehk; %d; W gp u jhd

tiffis ,dq;fhzyhk;.
1' ,lj;Jup tiyaikg;G ^.B!B !,B6B &
2' ngUk; gug;G tiyaikg;G ^1(!B!B !,B61 &
3' ngUefu;g; gug;G tiyaikg;G ^!.(B!B !,B6B &
,lj;Jup tiyaikg;G ^ -8

8
+8 18 &&
rpwpa gug;gpy; gue;jpUf;Fk; fzpdp tiyaikg;G ,lj;Jup tiyaikg;G

vdg;gLk;. ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,j;jifa xU tiyaikg;G xU
fl;llj;jpw;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> kpfTk;
mz; i kapy; cs; s rpy ,lq; f isj; njhlu; G gLj; j p tiyaikg; G
cUthf; f g; g l; b Uf; F k; . cjhuzkhf xU ghlrhiyapDs; N s my; y J
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpDs;Ns mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s fzpdp tiyaikg;Gfisf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
ngUk;gug;G tiyaikg;G ^ 0( 8

8
+8 18 0&&
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s fzpdp tiyaikg;G ngUk; gug;G

tiyaikg;G vdg;gLk;. ,jw;F ,izak; ^!!& kpfr; rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;.
,j;jifa fzpdp tiyaikg;gpNy Gtpapay; uPjpapy; vt;tpj fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk;
fhz KbahJ.
57
ngUefu;g; gug;G tiyaikg;G ^
-(8
8
+8 18 &
ehk; NkNy Muha;e;j ,lj;Jup tiyaikg;gpYk; ghu;f;ff; $Ljyhd gug;gpy;

gutpapUf;fpdw ; NghjpYk; ngUk; gug;G tiyaikg;gpYk; ghu;ff
; f; Fiwe;j Gtpapay;
#oypw;Fg; gue;jpUf;Fk; fzpdp tiyaikg;G ngUefug; gug;G tiyaikg;G
vdg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf xU Fwpj;j murhq;f epWtfj;jpdhy; elj;jg;gLk; fzpdp
tiyaikg;igf; Fwpg ;g plyhk;. ,q;F gpuNjruPjpapy; ,Uf;Fk; cupa vy;yh
epWtdq;fSk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;Ggl;L r; nraw;gLjiyf; fhl;lyhk;.
cjhuzkhf vy;yhg; gpuNjr nrayfq;fisAk; njhlu;GgLj;jpj; jahu; nra;ag;gLk;
fzpdp tiyaikg;ig ehk; ngUefu;g; gug;G tiyaikg;gpw;F cjhuzkhff;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
fzp d p tiyaikg; g p y ; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; rhjdq; f s;

88;//8
+8 ( <
fzp d p tiyaikg; g p y ; ehk; gy; N tW JizAWg; G fs; ,Ug; g ijf;

fhzyhk; . tiyaikg; g hf; f j; j p w ; F j; Njitahd JizAWg; G fs; gw; w p a
tptuj;ij gw;wp ,dpf; fw;Nghk;.
Nkhnlk; ^! &
,izaj;Jld; ^!!& njhlu;GgLtjw;Fj; njhiygd;dpj; njhlu;igg;

gad;gLj;jyhk;. njhiygd;dp topf;Ff; FWf;Nf fzpdpia ,izaj;jpw;Fj;
njhLf;fj; Njitahd njhLg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;F Nkhnlk; vDk; ^!0&
JizAWg;G gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
"
vd; g J ".(4B
.( vd; D k; ,U nrhw; f sp d ;
gFjpfspd; xd;wpizg;ghFk;. H.(H vd;gJ Fwpg;Ngw;W MFk;. ,jd; %yk;
,yf;fKiwr; iriffs; L(%(.B)(%. MBxj;jpirr; iriffshfBL.%B (%6
. MB khw;wg;gLk;. B!0.(Bvd;gJ Fwpgg
; pwf;fk; MFk;. ,jd; %yk; xj;jpirr;
iriffs; ,yf;fKiwr; iriffshf khw;wg;gLk;.
Gwj;Nj nghUj;jg;glj;jf;f Nkhnlk; ^

!.B "
& nghwpfisg;
Nghd;W (cU 2.35) mfj;Nj nghUj;jg;glj;jf;f ^!.B "
& nghwpfSk;
(cU 2.36) re;ijapy; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.
58
cU 2.35: Gwj;Nj
nghUj;jj;jf;f Nkhnlk; cU 2.36 : mfj;Nj nghUj;jj;jf;f
^
!.B!0& Nkhnlk; L!0&
tiyaikg;Gf; Ftpak; ^

+8 &
fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; gy fzpdpfis xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhLg;gjw;F

tiyaikg;Gf; Ftpak; L !,B & gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. (cU 2.37 ck;> cU
2.38 ck;)
cU 2.37 tiyaikg;Gf; Ftpak;

^ !,B&
cU 2.38 tiyaikg;Gf; Ftpaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s el;rj;jpu tbt tiyaikg;G
59
tiyaikg;G Msp ^
+8 )(&&
fzp d p tiyaikg; g p y ; cs; s fzp d p f Sf; f p i lNa juTfisAk;

jfty;fisAk; Kiwahfg; gupkhWtjw;F> tiyaikg;G Msp gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
(cU 2.39 ck; cU 2.40 ck;). tiyaikg;G Msp tiyaikg;Gf; Ftpaj;ij
xj;jjhf ,Uf;Fk; mNj Ntis juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Kiwikahff;
fzpdpfSf;fpilNa gupkhWjy; ,jd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.
Nritaff;
fzpdp
gpujpapLk; nghwp tiyaikg;G Msp ) Nkhlk;

cU 2.39: tiyaikg;G Msp
^ !,B)(&& cU 2.40: tiyaikg;G Msp gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
fzpdp tiyaikg;G
tiyaikg; G ,ilKf ml; i l ^
+8
" 8
8 18 &
fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; fzpdp xd;iw njhlu;GgLj;jj; Njitahd

njhlu; i g cUthf; F tjw; f hd Rw; W fs; L( M ,lk; n gWk; ml; i l>
tiyaikg;G ,ilKf ml;il Bvdg;gLk;. cU 2.41> 2.42 Mfpad rpy fzpdpj;
jha;g;gyiffspd; kPJ tiyaikg;Gf;Fj; Njitahd Rw;Wfs; ,Ug;gijf;
fhzyhk;.

&!!
.!
!,

&!!

cU 2.41 tiyaikg;G ,ilKf ml;il cU 2.42 jha;g;gyif kPJ tiyaikg;Gj;

LB !,B!#!BM njhlu;Gs;s fzpdp
LB(.6(B !,B!#!M
60
Nritaff; fzpdp ^)

8 / &
fzpdp tiyaikg;gpd; vy;yhg; gzpfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jpj; Njitahd

Nritfis toq;Fk; fzpdp Nritaff; fzpdp vdg;gLk;. Nritaff; fzpdp
rhjhuz fzpdpapYk; ghu;f;ff; $Ljyhd miktbtj;ijf; ^(%&B#(%(&
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Nritg; g adu; fzp d p ^-( 8 /

&
fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; fzpdp Nritg;

gadu; fzpdp vdg; g Lk; . cjhuzkhf ,izak; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk;
re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; ckJ fzpdp Nritg;gadu; fzpdpahfr; nraw;gLk; mNj Ntis>
ckf;Fr; Nritia toq;Fk; fzpdp Nritaff; fzpdpahfr; nraw;gLk;.
2.9 ,izak; ^

&
1960 ,d; jrhg;jj;jpd; ,Wjp miuthrpapy; mnkupf;fhtpd; ghJfhg;G

mikr;rpd; ^(( B #B !#!!B #B -(!B )! & fPo; ,Ue;j cau; Ma;Tr;
nraw;wpl;l Kftu; epiyaj;jpd; ^!B'! !&B$*!B%!B6B'$& %yk;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ^'$
+& fzpdp tiyaikg;G ,izaj;jpd; Muk;gkhFk;.
gp u Njr uP j p a p y ; gue; j p U f; F k; gy; f iyf; f of tp Q ; Q hd Ma; T eilngWk;
epWtdq; f isAk; ^'! !&B (! & fzpdpj; njhFjpfisAk;
^0!B ) !0 & xd;Nwhnlhd;W vspjhfj; njhLj;jy; ,e;j '$
+
tiyaikg;gpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fkhFk;.
kpfr; rpwpjhf Muk;gpj;j ,e;j '$

+ tpUj;jpaile;J ,d;W gad;gLk;
,izakhf cUthapw;W. ,d;W ,izaj;jpy; tiuaiwapd;wpf; fzpdpfis
xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhLg;gjd; %yk; cyfk; g+Nfhsf; fpuhkkhf L..B/(..%!M
khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ehk; ,d; W gad; g Lj; J k; ,izaj; j pw; F cupikahsNuh

fl;Lg;gLj;JgtNuh fpilahJ. mur rhu;gw;w ru;tNjrj; njhz;lu; epWtfq;fs;
^ 6%!0!.B!(.B/.!!B"%(( & xd;WNru;e;J epWtpAs;s
,izar; rq;fq;fspd; ^!!B )(!(! B 6B )"& %yk; ,izaj;jpw;Fj;
Njitahd epakq;fisAk; xOf;ftpay; NfhitfisAk; jahupj;jy; mtw;iwg;
gpd; g w; W tjw; F kdpju; f is Cf; F tpj; j y; Mfpad eilngWfpd; w d.
,izaj;ij xOf;fkpf;fjhfTk; Kf;fpa jfty; cs;s ,lkhfTk; khw;wy;
mtu;fSila Nehf;fkhFk;.
61
,izaj; j p d ; jw; N ghija mikg; i g eP q ; f s; cU 2.43 ,yp U e; J mwp e ; J
nfhs;syhk;.
ru; t Njr ,izg; G r;

Nrit toq;Feu;
tya ,izg;Gr;
Nrit toq;Feu;
Njrpa ,izar;
Nrit toq;Feu;
L!(. *4
$&!4B(%(.
) (!4
B.B!0
(!M
BBtPL L0!M tu;j;jf epiyak; L (! M
cU 2.43 : ,izaj;jpd; jw;Nghija mikg;G
,izar; Nritiag; ngWtjw;F ehk; Njrpa uPjpapy; my;yJ gpuNjr uPjpapy;

,izar; Nrit toq;FeUld; ^!!B)!(!B$(!B6B)$&; njhlu;Ggl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mNjNtis mr;Nritia toq;Fgtu; ru;tNjr ,izar; NritAld;
,ize;J vkf;Fr; Nritia toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
,izaj; J ld; ,iztjw; F j; Njitahdit
1' fzpdp ^B0!&

2' njhlu;ghly; nkd;nghUs; ^B00((B)#!&
3' njhiygd;dpj; njhLg;G ^B!.!&!B!(&
4' Nkhnlk; ^B"
&
5' ,izar; Nritia toq;Fk; epWtfk; ^B!!B)!(!B$(!B6B)$&
62
2.10 ,iza mfk; ^
&
,izaj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopDl;gtpay; cj;jpfis xU Fwpj;j

epWtfj;jpy; cs;s egh;fs; khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;fjhfg; ngUk;ghyhd
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cupa epWtfj;jpw;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfj; jahu; nra;ag;gLk;
fzpdp tiyaikg;ghdJ ,iza mfk; vdg;gLk;.
1. cq; f s; ghlrhiyapy; fzpdp Ma; $ lk;

epWtg;gl;bUg;gpd; mq;F fzpdp tiyaikg;ghf;fk;
xg;gil 2.4 nra;ag;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij mwpe;J> mjidg; gw;wpa
mwpf;ifiaj; jahupf;f. (ePu; NkNy fw;w fzpdp
tiyaikg;Gj; njhlu;ghd nfhs;iffs; mjw;fhf
vq; q dk; gad; g Lj; j g; g l; L s; s dntdf; Fwp g ; g p l
Ntz;Lk;.)
2. ,izak; ,d;W fl;Lg;ghbd;wpa jfty;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy;

mjpy; vkf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis NtWgLj;jpg; gad;gLj;Jk; 8
gad;gLj;jj;jf;f cj;jpfs; gw;wp xU gfpuq;ff; fye;Jiuahliy
elj;jp Xu; mwpf;ifiaj; jahupf;f.
63

Cha 2

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