Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
metallocene catalysts
Pasquale Longo
Università di Salerno
plongo@unisa.it
Molecular Machine
Ziegler – Natta catalysts building some
plastic materials
(Poly-ethylene, Poly-propylene, Poly-styrene, etc. etc.)
Battery cases
Bumpers
Exterior trim
Interior trim
Fuel tanks 1,700 components of 5,000
Instrument panels are made of plastics
Under-the-hood applications 10% of total weight.
Wires and cables 60% of interior weight
Amminoacids Proteins
Ala Ile Gly Glu
Leu Trp Pro
His
Ile His Leu Phe Arg Gly Trp Ala Ala Glu Gly His Leu Ile Pro Trp Arg Lys
Ser
Glu Ser Arg Pro
Phe Lys Lys
Propylene Poly-propylene
Input
(brick)
Linus :
Human machine
Output
(building)
Classic machine
(Linus Van Pelt)
Input
Pro
(amino-acid)
Glu
Rybosom :
Gly
His
Trp Leu Natural Machine
Lys
Ile
Arg
Ser
Phe
Ile
Output
(protein)
Molecular Machine
(Rybosom)
Input
(propylene)
Ziegler Natta
Catalysts :
Artificial Machine
Output
(poly-propylene)
Molecular Machine
(Ziegler-Natta catalysts)
Catalysts for
plastic material
production
1953-1954
Winners of the
Nobel Prize
1963
http://www.nobel.se
Poly-propylene : OUTPUT
Metallocene : tools
Propylene (CH2=CHCH3)
1
H H
A C
H3C C
2 H
INPUT
The faces of propene are chiral
Mirror
A A* Chirality = asymmetry
Lord Kelvin - 1904
MILESTONES
REACHED
Overview, history (1)
First report in September 1955 using “purple phases” of TiCl3 (α-TiCl3
and γ-TiCl3) and AlEt3 (higher activity) or AlEt2Cl (higher
stereoselectivity).
Other remarks:
Awarded Nobel price in 1963.
1980’s: Process attributed to Robert Banks and J. Paul Hogan
Two complications
Why Cl-vacancy?
Why stereospecific?
-
• Cl ’s not equivalent:
– 3 stuck in crystal
– 1 bound by 2 Ti3+
– 1 loosely bound (to 1 Ti3+)
H3C
H3C Et
Et CH3 V CH
CH2 HC
Ti - Ti CH2
F CH2 F
H3C
Et
CH H3C H3C
H3C
V CH2 CH2 R R
Ti CH2
F
H3C H3C
R R
X X C3H6 X X
X X
X X
insertion
X X X
R C3H6 X
R
X
X
X
X
The Polymerization reaction
C C Polymer
Polymer Polymer
+ CH2=CH2 C C
Zr Zr Zr
C5 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5
C Polymer
C Polymer C
Zr C Zr
Piet Cossee
1964
C5 C5 C5 C5
Allegra said that …
CH 3
C*
CH 2 P
Zambelli found that ….
Steric control
C C C C C C
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C a
C C C
C C b
C C C C C C C C C C C C
C C C
Hydrocarbons monomers
Ethylene
Propylene Styrene
Conseguence of Chirality
The right foot can only wear right shoes.
A Better
(more reactive)
A*
Catalyst
Poly-propylene :
OUTPUT
Poly-propylene
Isotactic Polypropylene
* * * * * * * *
Syndiotactic polypropylene
* * * *
*
Atactic Polypropylene
* * *
* * * *
* * * *
Poly-propylene
If only one face of propylene gives co-ordination
to the catalyst…
A A A A A A
* * * * * * * *
Isotactic Polypropylene
Poly-propylene
If propylene gives co-ordination to the catalyst alternatively
with one and the other face …
A A A
A* A* A*
* * * *
* * * *
Syndiotactic Polypropylene
Poly-propylene
If propylene can give co-ordination to the
catalyst with both the faces …
A A A
A* A* A*
* * * *
*Atactic
* poly-propylene
* *
Metallocenes :
Molecular Tools
How is a Z/N metallocene
catalyst made?
Ancillary
Ligands + Group 4
Metal = Metallocene
How is a Z/N metallocene
catalyst made?
The metal is of
group 4.
How is a Z/N metallocene catalyst
made?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
CH3
+
Zr
C5 C5
How is a Z/N metallocene catalyst
made?
Polimerochain
Polymer
Monomero
Monomer
Which are the
other ligands?
Zr
C5 C5
How is a Z/N metallocene
catalyst made?
Polyethylene
Ethylene
Which are the
other ligands?
Zr
C5 C5
How is a Z/N metallocene catalyst
made?
Polypropylene
Propylene
Which
are
the
other
ligands?
Zr
C5 C5
The Tools at work:
Fundamental reaction
The Fundamental reaction
Formation of stereoregular
polymers.
Stereoregular polymers.
The Symmetry of the King of diamonds
(isospecific symmetry)
The Symmetry of the King of diamonds
(isospecific symmetry)
Better situation !
Growing chain
Consequence of the Chirality
The right foot can wear only right shoes !
A*
Catalyst
The Symmetry of the King of diamonds
(isospecific symmetry)
A* A A* A
Better
? or ? ? situation!
or ?
A A
Growing chain
Growing chain ?
The Symmetry of the King of diamonds
(isospecific symmetry)
+
=
Isotactic Poly-propylene
A metallocene having the same symmetry of the
King of diamonds produces an isotactic polymer.
Polymerization reaction as a
catalytic cycle.
C2 symmetric metallocene
chain
Mt Mt
chain
m m m m m m m
Allegra
By utilizing C2 symmetric stereorigid metallocene Allegra’s
conclusion was verified and an isotactic polypropylene
was obtained. The two sites of cationic catalyst with the
C2-symmetry are homotopics, and perform isotactic
polymerization of propene. An eventual back-skip reaction
of the chain, before a following monomer insertion, does
not influence the polymerization stereochemistry .
chain
Mt Mt
chain
How is a Z/N metallocene catalyst made?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
Better situation
Growing chain
Growing chain
Symmetry of Chess
(syndiospecific symmetry)
A A*
Growing
Growing
Growing chain
chain
chain
?
Growing chain
symmetry of Chess
(syndiospecific symmetry)
+
=
Syndiotactic Poly-propylene
A metallocene having chess symmetry produces a
syndiotactic polymer
Cs Symmetric Metallocene
chain chain
Mt Mt
r r r r r r r
The comparison of the symmetries
chain chain
Mt Mt
Mechanism …
Occasional meso (m) diads defects provide
evidence for back-skip reactions of the chain,
according to the hypothesis of Cossee and
Arlman which suggested that “the growing
alkyl group moves back to its original position
after each incorporation of a new monomeric
unit”.
r r m m r r r
Mechanism of Cossee and Arlman
R R
X X C3H6 X X
X X
X X
insertion
R
X X back -sk ip
X X
R
X
X
X
X
Cossee and Arlman
The presence of tert-butyl group forbids the growing chain to
be located in the inward position , close to tert-butyl group,
thus, after each monomer insertion, the growing chain skips
back to the less crowded outward position. Hence, insertion
always takes place with the same face, because it occurs each
time on the same site of the catalyst that becomes isospecific.
chain
Mt
m m m m m m m
Summary….
Metallocenes are molecular tools that change input
molecules (alkenes) into output molecules (polymers).
Monomer Polymer
Ethylene Polyethylene
Propylene Polypropylene
Summary….
Metallocenes are intelligent and change pro-
chyral monomers (propylene) into stereoregular
polymers (polypropylene iso- or syndiotactic)
Monomer Symmetry Polymer
King of Diamonds isotactic polypropylene
propylene
Chess
syndiotactic polypropylene
Possible polypropylene from metallocenes:
ZrX 2
atactic polypropylene ZrX 2
hemisotactic polypropylene
ZrX 2
isotactic polypropylene
TiPh 2
isotactic block polypropylene
ZrX 2 ZrX 2
syndiotactic polypropylene atactic - isotactic
block polypropylene
C1 Symmetric Metallocene
chain chain
Mt Mt
R or S R R or S R R or S R R or S R
Elastomeric polypropylene
+ +
Zr P Zr P
2-(1-cyclopentadienyl)2-(1-phenyl)propano titanium
trichloride
(CH
(CH3))22C(Cp)(Ph)TiCl
C(Cp)(Ph)TiCl3 3 + MAO
atattico
atactic aatTT==50°C
50°C
Propylene
Isotactic at T = - 60°C
(CH3)2C(Cp)(Ph)TiCl3 [m]=0.76
Cp2TiCl2 [m]=0.85
CpTiCl3 [m]=0.51
Longo, P.; Amendola, A.G.; Fortunato, E.; Boccia, A.C.; Zambelli, A.; Macromol. Rapid
Commun. 2001, 22, 339.
Active specie
+ +
Ti P Ti P
Longo, P.; Amendola, A.G.; Fortunato, E.; Boccia, A.C.; Zambelli, A.; Macromol. Rapid
Commun. 2001, 22, 339.
2-(1-indenyl)2-(1-naphtyl)propano
zirconium trichloride
CH3
C
CH3 ZrCl 3 + MAO
Hapto-flexible catalysts