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preferred. From these considerations, the need for a simple, Equations (2) and (3) can be written as
fast and accurate engine simulation model is quite evident. dm dm k (4)
=∑
Hence, this paper aims to combine the advantages of various
€ dθ k dθ
known models to achieve this goal.
A two-zone, Zero-dimensional model was used to d( mu) dQ dV dm˙k (5)
= −p + ∑ hk
simulate the engine operations. The most important € dθ dθ dθ k
dθ
assumptions were that, a) The working medium was
considered, in general, to be a mixture of 14 species (O2, N2, Equation (5) neglects changes of kinetic and potential
CO2, H2O, H2, OH, NO, CO, O, H, N, Ar, NO2, HO2) and energy in the control volume.
fuel vapor. b) All 14 species were considered as ideal€gases.
and c) The alternate fuels are limited to C-H-O-N species. B. Air and Combustion Products Data
Gordon and McBride [8], proposed the following
II. THERMODYNAMIC MODEL expressions that were curve-fitted to the tabulated JANAF
For the present study, a Zero-dimensional combustion Thermchemical tables [11].
cp
model is employed. The combustion chamber is divided into = a1 + a2T + a3T 2 + a4 T 3 + a5T 4 (6)
two zones consisting of unburned gas (mixture of fuel, air R
and residuals) and burned gas (mixture of 14 product
species), each under uniform composition. This model h a a a a a (7)
= a1 + 2 T + 3 T 2 + 4 T 3 + 5 T 4 + 6
assumes that at any instant of time during the combustion, RT 2 3 4 5 T
€
Manuscript received December 6, 2008. s a a a (8)
= a1 lnT + a2T + 3 T 2 + 4 T 3 + 5 T 4 + a7
Sundeep Ramachandran is a dual-degree student with the Department of R 2 3 4
Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology & Science,€Pilani -
Dubai, International Academic City, PB 17965, Dubai, UAE (phone:
00971-50-2278780; e-mail: rsundeep@gmail.com). where cp is the specific heat at constant pressure, h is the
specific enthalpy and s is the specific entropy.
€
The coefficients a1 to a7 are calculated over two different Olikara and Borman [14] included two additional mole
temperature ranges: 1) 300 <T< 1000 K; and 2) 1000 <T< fractions in the products: N and Ar. They also made
5000 K and can be sourced from [8]. provision to include user specified quality of air. Depcik [6]
The most complete models are based on the assumption modified the Olikara and Borman [14] model by including
that the unburned mixture is frozen in composition and the the following two reactions
burned mixture is in equilibrium [10]. The following are 1 (16)
NO + O 2 ← → NO 2
species of interest during combustion: CO2, H2O, N2, O2, 2
CO, H2, H, O, OH and NO [7].
1 (17)
C. Fuel Data O2 + H2 ←
→ HO 2
2
Heywood [10] has represented the thermodynamic €
properties of fuels (in vapor phase) using curves that slightly The combustion reaction now changes to
differ from (6), (7), (8). O2 + Q N 2 N 2 +
cp 1 €
2 3
= a1 + a2T + a3T + a4 T + a5 2 (9)
R T n + 0.25m - 0.5l Q Ar Ar +
x13 C n H m O lN k +
φ Q CO 2 CO 2 + (18)
h a a a 1 a (10)
= a1 + 2 T + 3 T 2 + 4 T 3 − a5 2 + 6 Q H 2 OH 2O
RT 2 3 4 T T
€ → x1H + x 2O + x 3N + x 4 H 2 + x 5OH + x 6CO +
s a a a 1 (11) x 7NO + x 8O 2 + x 9H 2O + x10CO 2 + x11N 2 + x12 Ar +
= a1 lnT + a2T + 3 T 2 + 4 T 3 − 5 2 + a7
R 2 3 2 T x14 NO 2 + x15HO 2
€
Data for calculating the coefficients can be obtained from Here x and Q denote mole fraction and quality respectively.
[11], [5] or [8]. Reference [9], has discussed about the
€
methods for calculating the thermodynamic properties € of For clarity, we define: ψ = n + 0.25m − 0.5l
φ
user-defined fuels.
The following relation is proposed for deriving the The atom balance for the various elements gives
properties like specific heats and enthalpies for various C : x 6 + x10 = x13 (ψQ CO + n) (19)
2
1 1 x7 (25e)
O2 + N2 ←
→ NO K7 =
2 2 x8
0.5
⋅ x11
0.5
O : φεγ + 2W + 2Z = 2x1 + x 2 (34)
1 x9 φεδ + 2X (35)
H2 + O2 ←
→ H 2O K9 = (25f) N : φεδ + 2X = 2x 3 ⇒ x3 =
0.5
2 x4 ⋅ x8 0.5
⋅p € 2
€
1 x10 Ar : Y = x 7 ⇒ x7 = Y (36)
CO + O2 ←
→ CO 2 K10 = (25g)
0.5 0.5
€ 2 x6 ⋅ x8 ⋅p €
W (37)
ε=
β γ
1 x14 € (25h) α+ −
NO + O2 ←
→ NO 2 K14 = 0.5 0.5 4 2
€ 2 x7 ⋅ x8 ⋅p
Hence the stoichiometric fuel-air ratio is
1 x15 (25i) [ F ]
O2 + H2 ←
→ HO 2 K15 = ε(12.011α + 1.008β + 16.0γ + 14.01δ ) (38)
€ 2 x 8 ⋅ x 4 0.5 ⋅ p 0.5€ =
Air st. 31.998W + 28.012X + 38.948Y + 44.009Z
The equilibrium constant K, for the above are determined
Equation (38) is used in (13) or (14) to calculate the
from the Gibbs free energy as
€ equivalence ratio. Similar formulation can be used for lean
ΔG €
(26)
− = lnK p and rich mixture cases.
RT
where ΔG is the standard-state Gibbs free energy. G. Thermal Properties
The values of the equilibrium constants can be obtained We consider the unburned and burnt mixture zones as
€ from [11]. Equations (25a) to (25i) reduces to the following separate open systems. Therefore, the specific internal
which is then solved using Newton-Raphson iteration energy, u and specific volume, v is expressed as
€ scheme. U (39)
u= = xub + (1− x ) uu
x1 + 2x 4 + x 5 + 2x 9 + x15 −
(2ψQ H2O + m) ( x + x ) = 0 (27) m
−h ∑ A (T ui u − Twi )
dTu ∂ lnv u dp i= h,p,l (71)
€ cpu − vu =
dθ ∂ lnTu dθ mω (1− x )
−h ∑ A (T bi b − Twi )
Figure 1: Pressure v/s Crank Angle
dTb i= h,p,l v b ∂ lnv b dp
€ = + + (73)
dθ m ωc p b x c p b ∂ lnTb dθ
hu − hb dx C
− (x − x 2) b
xc p b dθ ω
−h ∑ A (T ui u − Twi )
dTu i= h,p,l v u ∂ lnv u dp (74)
€ = +
dθ mωc p u (1− x ) c p u ∂ lnTu dθ
where
1 dV VCb (75)
€ f1 = +
m dθ ω
dx ∂ lnv b hu − hb dx C
f 3 = −(v b − v u ) − vb − ( x − x 2 ) b (77)
€ dθ ∂ lnTb c p bTb dθ ω
2 2
v b ∂ lnv b v b ∂ lnv b (78)
f4 = x +
€ c p bTb ∂ lnTb p ∂ ln p
2 2
v ∂ lnv u v u ∂ lnv u (79)
f 5 = (1− x ) u +
€ c p u Tu ∂ lnTu p ∂ ln p Figure 3: Work v/s Crank Angle
angular velocity ( )
equivalance ratio
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m mass (kg)
Nu Nusselt number
p pressure (Pa)
Q heat transfer (kJ)
r compression ratio
R Gas constant
Re Reynolds number
s specific entropy ( )
T temperature (K)
u specific internal energy ( )
U internal energy (kJ)
v specific volume ( )
V volume ( )
W work done (kJ)
x burnt mass fraction
crank angle ( )
start of combustion ( )
total combustion duration ( )