Batteries for Electrical Energy Storage

Applications

Presented by Toni Cristian Segarceanu and Muhammad Luthfi

Lecturer : DI Markus Heinrici
Outlines

• Introduction
• Applications of Batteries in Storage Technology
• Some types of Batteries in Storage Technology
• Some examples of product
• Conclusion
• References
Introduction
• Energy storage was used in electric utilities starting in the
US in 1929 as “Pumped Hydro Storage”
• The lead-acid batteries were commissioned in 1988 by
Southern California Edison, the EPRI, and the US
Department of Energy at Chino, California with 10 MW/40
MWh.
• Lead Acid Batteries at that period were practically
impossible to match the performance of a pumped-
storage facility (hundreds of megawatts for 10 h or more)
• A shift toward an expanded role for battery energy
storage in the deregulated electricity market became
evident by the late 1980s and 1990s.
Applications of Batteries in Storage Technology
2 broad categories :
1. Energy Applications : related to peak shaving, load-
leveling, transmission and distribution upgrade deferral,
customer demand charge and energy charge
reduction, renewable generation shifting and energy
arbitrage or commodity storage
2. Power Applications : related to frequency and voltage
regulation, power quality, renewable generation
smoothing and ramp-rate control, and trackside
regulation for electric rail operations
More detail about application [1]

[1]
 Some types of Batteries in Storage Technology
[1]
Sodium/Sulfur Battery Technology

discharge
⇌ 2𝑁𝑎+ + 2𝑒 −
Negative electrode : 2𝑁𝑎 charge
Positive electrode : 𝑥𝑆 + 2𝑒 − ⇌ 𝑆𝑥−2
Overall cell : 2𝑁𝑎 + 𝑥𝑆 ⇌ 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑥 𝑥 = 5 − 3
• Discharge Cycle and Battery Design

[2]
[1]
Na-S cell voltage profile with the different phases that exist at each state-of-discharge (Energy &
Environmental Science) [3]
Advantages and Limitation
• Advantages
1. Potential low cost relative to other advanced batteries
2. High Cycle life (~4500 cycles at 90% DOD)
3. High Energy Efficiency (87-92%)
4. High-energy density (~367Wh/l) with a reduction in space required
for the battery
5. Sodium and sulfur are relatively abundant
• Limitation
1. Thermal Management (Operation temperature at 290 to 390°c)
2. Safety
3. Durable Seals
4. Corrosivity of 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑥 increases as 𝑥 decreases (corroding the
insulator by the growth of sodium dendrite)
Flowing electrolyte battery

• Zinc/chlorine hydrate

• Zinc/bromine

• Vanadium redox
 Zinc/chlorine hydrate

Development begin in 1968

Developed in the USA from the 70s to the late 80s

Further development took place in Japan 90s

Development moved to: Zinc/bromine, Vanadium redox

Zinc/Bromine

[1]
Zinc/Bromine How it work?

[1]
Zinc/Bromine
Advantages
• Low environmental impact,
recyclable
• Operate at ambient temperature
• Rapid charge capability
• Capable of 100% discharge
Disadvantage
• Additional systems are required
to manage the temperature
• Thread of between minimizing
shunt current and hydraulic
resistance .
Zinc/Bromine ZBM2 Characteristics

• VOLTAGE: 48 Volt DC nominal batteries (typical operating

range 40-60V)
• NET ENERGY EFFICIENCY: 80% DC-DC Max
• POWER RATING:
• 3kW (5kW peak) 3kW continuous: current up to 75A (40V
disconnection point)
• 5kW duration depending on the State of Charge (SOC):
current up to 125A (40V disconnection point)
• 36,500 kWh of energy delivered or 10 years
Zinc/Bromine ZBM2 Characteristics

[4]
Zinc/Bromine: ZBM2

[5]
Vanadium Redox

[6]
Vanadium Redox

Nominal charge output 10/20/30 kW

Nominal discharge output 10/20/30 kW
Capacity of the energy storage system 40 kWh (optional 70/100/130 kWh)
Efficiency depends on the area of application up to 80 %
Discharge time at nominal power output
Discharge time (autonomy) Depends on power output and capacity
1.3 hours 24 kW
2 hours 16 kW
4 hours 8 kW
Self-discharge
Self-discharge during standby <150 W
Self-discharge in tank negligible (< 1 % per year)
Vanadium Redox

[7]
Comparison whit different technologies

800
• ZBM 2
700
290-350 €/kWh for 10 years
600

500

• Gildemeiste Cell cube FB10

€/kWh
400

$ 620-740/kWh for 20 years 300

200

• Tesla Power wall 100

450€/kWh for 10years 0

ZBM2 Cell Cube FB Power wall
Products
Comparison of rated power, energy content and discharge time of different
EES technologies (Fraunhofer ISE) [8]

Worldwide installed storage capacity for electrical energy (Fraunhofer

Institute, EPRI) [8]
Conclusion

• Your application define you technology

• The availability of resource may make or breaker a large

scale implementation of a particle technology

• The use of a liquid has been converted form a weakness

to a strength
References
[1]Linden, David., and Thomas B. Reddy.2011.Linden’s Handbook of Batteries
Forth Edition.USA:The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.
[2] Oshima, Kajita, and Okuno, Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., 1 [3] 269-76 (2004)
[3]http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.I
mageService.svc/ImageService/Articleimage/2013/EE/c3ee24086j/c3ee24086j-
f4.gif
[4] http://redflow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/0006_ZBM2-
Datasheet_Jan17_Digital.pdf
[5] http://redflow.com/products/redflow-zbm-2/
[6] https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2016/12/13/vanadium-flow-
batteries-the-energy-storage-breakthrough-weve-needed/#14b7edd45bde
[7]http://energy.gildemeister.com/blob/184888/6a0bdcb2e77a95e5bf13db8e65
051bc4/teaser-speichern-fb-10-20-30-technologie-bild-data.jpg
[8]http://www.iec.ch/whitepaper/pdf/iecWP-energystorage-LR-en.pdf
Thank You Very Much