ME - 472

HEAT & MASS TRANSFER

Arranged By
Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
anaeems@uet.edu.pk
 HEAT EXCHANGERS
(H. Es.)
The devices or systems in which heat is transferred from one
flowing fluid to another.
 HEAT EXCHANGERS
 The weight and size of heat exchangers used in space or
aeronautical applications are very important parameters,
and are considered as economic variables.
 The focus of the study, however, will remain on technical
analysis i.e. the methods of predicting the performance
and discussion of the techniques used to estimate the size
and type of a H.E to accomplish a particular task.
 The discussion will be restricted to H.Es where the primary
modes of heat transfer are conduction and convection
only. However in space applications, the role of radiation
is predominant in H.Es.
 Specific applications of H.Es are found in space heating,
air conditioning, power production, waste heat recovery,
process industry, etc.
 HEAT EXCHANGERS Cont.
 NOTABLE EXAMPLES:
• Boilers (evaporators), super heaters and
condensers of a power plant.
• Evaporator of an ice plant and milk-chiller of
a pasteurizing plant.
• Evaporators and condensers in refrigeration
units.
• Water and air heaters or coolers.
• Automobile radiators and oil coolers of heat
engines.
 CLASSIFICATION OF H.E
 H.Es are typically classified according to flow
arrangement and type of construction.
 In parallel flow, both the hot and cold fluids enter the
H.E at the same end, move in the same direction and
leave at the same end.
 In counter flow, the hot and cold fluids enter the H.E
at opposite ends, flow in opposite directions and
leave at opposite ends.
 Both parallel and counter flow H.Es, in simple form,
consist of concentric tubes (or double-pipe) of
different diameters as shown in Fig. 1.
CLASSIFICATION OF H.E Cont.

Fig. 1: Parallel & counter flow H.Es

 CLASSIFICATION OF H.E Cont.

 In cross-flow H.Es, the

two fluids usually
move perpendicular to
each other.
 The cross-flow is
further classified as
unmixed and mixed
flow, depending on the
flow configuration. For
example in finned type
Fig.2: Cross-flow H.E
cross-flow H.E both
fluids remain unmixed
as shown in Fig. 2 (a).
 CLASSIFICATION OF H.E Cont.
 The most common type of heat
exchanger in industrial applications
is the shell-and-tube heat
exchanger. Specific forms differ
according to number of shell & tube
passes. These heat exchangers
contain a large number of tubes
(sometimes several hundred)
packed in a shell with their axes
parallel to that of the shell.
 Baffles are commonly placed in the
shell to force the shell-side fluid to
flow across the shell to enhance
heat transfer and to maintain
uniform spacing between the tubes
as shown in Fig. 4
Fig. 3: shell-and-tube H.E
CLASSIFICATION OF H.E Cont.

Fig. 4: The schematic of a shell-and-tube H.E

with baffles (one-shell pass and one-tube pass).
 CLASSIFICATION OF H.E Cont.

Fig. 5: Shell-and-tube H.E with one tube pass Fig. 6: miniature shell-and-tube H.E
with one shell pass and one tube pass
 CLASSIFICATION OF H.E Cont.

 A special class of H.Es used to achieve a very large

𝟐
around (≥ 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝒎𝟑 ) H.T surface area per unit
volume is termed as compact H.E.
 These are used when at least one of the fluids is gas
and hence is characterized by a small convective H.T
coefficient. Figure 7 shows a compact H.E.
 The large surface area in compact heat exchangers is
obtained by attaching closely spaced thin plate or
corrugated fins to the walls separating the two fluids.
 A compact H.E has low overall heat-transfer
coefficient which is desirable to achieve the
compactness.
CLASSIFICATION OF H.E Cont.

Fig. 7: A gas-to-liquid compact heat exchanger

for a residential air-conditioning system.
 THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT (U)
 The heat transfer through
the plane wall shown in Fig.
1 is:

Fig. 1

 Also, the heat transfer

through the double-pipe H.E
shown in Fig. 2 is:

Fig. 2
THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U) Cont.

 The overall heat-transfer coefficient may be based on

either the inside or outside area of the tube at the
discretion of the designer, so

 The Approximate values of overall heat-transfer

coefficients for different cases are depicted in the
following Table.
THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U) Cont.
 THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT (U) Cont.
Fouling Factor:
 During normal heat exchanger operation surfaces
are often subject to fouling by fluid impurities, rust
formation, or other reactions between the fluid
and wall material leading to accumulation of
deposits on heat transfer surfaces.
 The layer of deposits or scale represents
additional resistance to heat transfer and causes
the H.T.R to decrease. The net effect is
represented by a fouling factor or fouling
resistance (𝑅𝑓 ).
 The value of 𝑅𝑓 depends on the various factors.
THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U) Cont.

 Fouling factors must be obtained experimentally by

determining the values of U for both clean (c) and dirty (d)
conditions in the heat exchanger. The fouling factor is thus
given as:
1 1
𝑅𝑓 = −
𝑈𝑑 𝑈𝑐
 The value of U given in previous formulae is valid for clean
surfaces and needs to be modified to account for the
effects of fouling on both the inner and the outer surfaces
of the tube. Thus for an un-finned double pipe (shell-and-
tube) heat exchanger:
1 1
 𝑈𝐴 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 = = 𝑟
ln 𝑟𝑜 𝑅
𝑅 1 𝑅𝑓,𝑖
+ + 𝑖 + 𝑓,𝑜 + 1
ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝐴𝑖 2𝜋𝑘𝐿 𝐴𝑜 ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜
THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U) Cont.

 An abbreviated list of recommended values of the fouling

factor for various fluids is given in Table:
 THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE (LMTD)
 Parallel Flow H.E:
 Consider a parallel flow double-
pipe heat exchanger having a
temperature profile shown in
Fig. 1.
 Hot fluid is flowing through inner
pipe, while cold fluid is moving
through outer pipe.
 The heat transferred through an
element of area ‘dA’ is:
𝑑𝑞 = −𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑑𝑇𝑕 = 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑇𝑐 → (1)
where 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡 &
Fig. 1:Temperature profile
𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
 THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Cont.
 From Eqn. (1):
−𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝑇𝑕 = & 𝑑𝑇𝑐 =
𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
−𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝑇𝑕 − 𝑑𝑇𝑐 = −
𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
1 1
𝑑 𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 = −𝑑𝑞 + → (2)
𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
 Also, we know that
𝑑𝑞 = 𝑈𝑑𝐴(𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 ) → (3)
where 𝑈 = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐻. 𝑇. 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
 From Eqns. (2) & (3):
1 1
𝑑 𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 = −𝑈𝑑𝐴 + (𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 )
𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
 THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Cont.

𝑑(𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 ) 1 1
= −𝑈 + 𝑑𝐴
(𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 ) 𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 1 1
ln = −𝑈𝐴 + → (4)
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
 The products 𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 & 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐 may be expressed in terms of
total H.T (𝑞) and the overall temperature differences of
the hot and cold fluids:
𝑞 𝑞
𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 = & 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐 = → (𝑋)
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑕2 𝑇𝑐2 − 𝑇𝑐1
 Substituting above relations i.e. Eqn. (X) in Eqn. (4):
𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝑈𝐴
ln = 𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑕1 − (𝑇𝑐2 − 𝑇𝑐1 )
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝑞
 THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Cont.

𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 − (𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 ) ∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1

𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴 = 𝑈𝐴 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑚
𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 ∆𝑇2
ln ln
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 ∆𝑇1
𝑇ℎ2 −𝑇𝑐2 −(𝑇ℎ1 −𝑇𝑐1 ) ∆𝑇2 −∆𝑇1
where ∆𝑇𝑚 = 𝑇ℎ2 −𝑇𝑐2 = ∆𝑇 = 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷
ln ln∆𝑇2
𝑇ℎ1 −𝑇𝑐1 1

Assumptions behind the theory:

a) Constant specific heats
b) Constant convection H.T coefficients
c) Constant flow rates of fluids
d) Negligible heat losses to surroundings
e) No phase changes of fluids
 THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Cont.

 Counter Flow H.E:

 In current scenario Eqn. (2)
becomes:
1 1
𝑑 𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 = −𝑑𝑞 −
𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
 Putting Eqn. (3) in above Eqn.
1 1
𝑑 𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 = −𝑈𝑑𝐴 − (𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 )
𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 1 1
𝑙𝑛 = −𝑈𝐴 − → (5)
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
 In this case Eqn. (X) becomes:
𝑞 𝑞
𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 = & 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐 = → (𝑌)
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑕2 𝑇𝑐1 − 𝑇𝑐2
Fig. 2: Temperature profile
 THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Cont.

 Eqns. (5) & (Y) lead to:

𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝑈𝐴
ln =− 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑕2 − (𝑇𝑐1 − 𝑇𝑐2 )
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝑞

𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 − (𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 )

𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑚
𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2
ln
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1
∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1
𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴
∆𝑇2
ln
∆𝑇1
 The LMTD approach to H.E analysis is useful when the
inlet & outlet temperatures are known or can easily be
determined.
 PROBLEM
In a large industrial gas turbine engine, a concentric tube
counter flow heat exchanger is used to cool the lubricating
oil. The flow rate of cooling water through the inner tube of
diameter 2.5 cm is 0.2 kg/s, while the flow rate of oil
through the outer annulus of dia. 4.5 cm is 0.1 kg/s. The oil
and water enter at temperatures of 100 and 30ºC,
respectively. How long must the tube be made if the outlet
temperature of the oil is to be 60ºC? Assume that the tube
thickness, tube wall thermal resistance & fouling resistance
are negligible small.
𝐽 𝑊
Take 𝐶𝑝,𝑤 = 4178 ; ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 38.4
𝑘𝑔.𝐾 𝑚2 .𝐾
 SOLUTION

 For oil (at average temperature of 80ºC):

𝐶𝑝 = 2131 J/kg.K; 𝜇 = 3.25 × 10−2 N.S/m2; 𝑘 = 0.138 W/m.K;
𝜌 = 852.02 kg/m3
 Hint: As 𝑞𝑕 = 𝑞𝑐 𝑇𝑐𝑜 = 40.2ºC
 For water (at average temperature of about 35.1ºC):
𝜇 = 7.25 × 10−4 N.S/m2; 𝑘 = 0.625 W/m.K; 𝜌 = 852.02
kg/m3; 𝑃𝑟 = 4.85
 SOLUTION Cont.
 Hints:
∆𝑇𝑚 = 43.2˚𝐶

4𝑚
𝑅𝑒,𝑑 = = 14,050 > 1 × 104
𝜋𝑑𝑖 𝜇

𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡.

4 ℎ𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝑁𝑢𝑑 = 0.023𝑅𝑒𝑑5 𝑃𝑟0.4 =
𝑘

ℎ𝑖 = 2250 𝑊
𝑚2 . 𝐾
 SOLUTION Cont.
1
𝐴𝑠 𝑈𝐴 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 =
𝑅

1
𝑈= = 37.8 𝑊
1 +1 𝑚2 . 𝐾
2250 38.4

𝐴𝑠 𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇𝑚

𝑳 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛.

i.e. L = 66.5 m
 H.T ANALYSIS FOR SOME OTHER H.Es.
(CONCEPT OF CORRECTION FACTOR)

 If a heat exchanger other than the double-pipe type is

used, the H.T is calculated by using a correction factor
(F) applied to the LMTD for a counter-flow double-pipe
arrangement with the same hot and cold fluid
temperatures.
 The heat-transfer equation then takes the form:

𝒒 = 𝑼𝑨𝑭∆𝑻𝒎
 Values of the correction factor F are plotted in Figures 3
to 6 for several different types of heat exchangers.
 When a phase change is involved, either P or R
becomes zero and thus:
𝑭=𝟏
H.T ANALYSIS FOR SOME OTHER H.Es.
Cont.

Fig. 3: F for one shell pass and two, four, or any

multiple of tube passes.
H.T ANALYSIS FOR SOME OTHER H.Es.
Cont.

Fig. 4: F for two shell passes and four, eight, or any

multiple of tube passes.
H.T ANALYSIS FOR SOME OTHER H.Es.
Cont.

Fig. 5: F for single-pass cross-flow exchanger, both fluids unmixed.

 H.T ANALYSIS FOR SOME OTHER H.Es.
Cont.

Fig. 6: F for single-pass cross-flow exchanger, one fluid mixed, the other unmixed.
 SOME USEFUL TEMPERATURES

 Temperature Range: It is the actual rise or fall in the

temperature which, for the hot fluid is 𝑇𝑕𝑖 − 𝑇𝑕𝑜 , and for
the cold fluid is 𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 .
 Temperature Approach: The difference between
the outlet temperatures of hot and cold fluids in parallel
flow H.E i.e. 𝑇𝑕𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜 , while the smaller of the
difference 𝑇𝑕𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜 & 𝑇𝑕𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 in case of counter
flow H.E.
 Temperature Cross: In counter flow H.E if 𝑇𝑐𝑜 > 𝑇𝑕𝑜 ,
then 𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑕𝑜 is called temperature cross of the unit.
 KEY FINDINGS OF THE TOPIC
Size of the Unit:
 For the same H.T (q) & overall heat transfer coefficient
(U), a parallel flow H.E of larger size is required, relative
to counter flow unit.
 For further elaboration, let
𝑇𝑕𝑖 = 100℃, 𝑇𝑕𝑜 = 60℃, 𝑇𝑐𝑖 = 20℃ & 𝑇𝑐𝑜 = 40℃
∆𝑇𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 =?
∆𝑇𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 =?
∆𝑇 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =?

𝐴𝑛𝑠: 43.29℃; 49.38℃; 50℃

∆𝑇𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 > ∆𝑇𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙
An obvious advantage of counter flow over parallel flow H.E
 KEY FINDINGS OF THE TOPIC Cont.

Merits of Parallel Flow H.E over Counter

Flow Unit:
1) Parallel flow H.E is used for highly viscous fluids
where pumping is, otherwise, difficult. This is
because of higher temperature difference at the
beginning i.e. due to higher 𝑇𝑕𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 in this case.
2) The differential thermal stresses are lower in
parallel than in counter flow, on account of almost
constant mean wall temperature (MWT) of the
parallel or co-current flow H.E.
KEY FINDINGS OF THE TOPIC Cont.

Heat Transfer with Phase Change:

 When one of the fluids undergoes phase
change (i.e. evaporation, condensation),
the direction of the two fluids is immaterial,
and ∆𝑇 𝑚 remains the same.
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD
 When the inlet or exit temperatures are to be evaluated
for a given heat exchanger, the analysis is performed
more easily by utilizing a method based on the
effectiveness of the H.E in transferring a given amount of
heat.
 The effectiveness method also facilitates for the
comparison between various types of heat exchangers to
be selected to accomplish a particular (suitable) H.T
objective.
 Effectiveness of a H.E is defined as:

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐻. 𝑇
𝜖=
𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻. 𝑇
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
 The actual H.T may be computed by calculating either the
energy lost by the hot fluid or the energy gained by the
cold fluid, i.e.

𝑞 = 𝐶𝑕 𝑇𝑕𝑖 − 𝑇𝑕𝑜 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 → (1)

where 𝐶𝑕 = 𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 & 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐 = 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
 To determine the maximum possible H.T for the
exchanger, one of the fluids has to undergo a temperature
change equal to the maximum temperature difference
present in the exchanger, which is the difference in the
entering temperatures for the hot and cold fluids.
 The fluid that might undergo this maximum temperature
difference is the one having the minimum value of capacity
rate i.e. 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 𝑚𝑐 𝑚𝑖𝑛.
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.

 So, maximum possible heat transfer is expressed as:

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑐 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑕,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 → (2)

 The minimum fluid may be either the hot or cold fluid,

depending on the mass-flow rates and specific heats.
 Parallel Flow H.E:
 If the hot fluid is the minimum fluid, then:

𝐶𝑕 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑕2 𝐶𝑕 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑕2 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑕2

𝜖𝑕 = = = →→ (3)
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝐶𝑕 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
 From LMTD article (for parallel flow H.E), we have
∆𝑇2 𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 1 1
𝑙𝑛 = ln = −𝑈𝐴 + → (4)
∆𝑇1 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
𝑈𝐴 𝑈𝐴
 But, = = 𝑁𝑇𝑈,
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚 ℎ 𝑐ℎ
where NTU = number of transfer units which is, no doubt,
maximum
 Eqn. (4) leads to:
∆𝑇2 𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕
𝑙𝑛 = −𝑁𝑇𝑈 1 + = −𝑁𝑇𝑈 1 + 𝐶𝑟
∆𝑇1 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
where 𝐶𝑟 = = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
∆𝑇2
= 𝑒 −𝑁𝑇𝑈 1+𝐶𝑟 → (𝐴)
∆𝑇1
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.

 Now rearranging the L.H.S of the eqn. (A):

∆𝑇2 𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑕1 + 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐2

= = → (5)
∆𝑇1 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1
 From Eqn. (1):
𝑇𝑐2 = 𝐶𝑟 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑕2 + 𝑇𝑐1 → (6)
 Putting eqn. (6) into eqn. (5):

∆𝑇2 𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑕1 + 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝐶𝑟 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐1

=
∆𝑇1 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1
∆𝑇2 −(𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑕2 ) + (𝑇𝑕1 −𝑇𝑐1 ) − 𝐶𝑟 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑕2
=
∆𝑇1 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.

∆𝑇2
= 1 − 𝜖(1 + 𝐶𝑟 ) → (𝐵)
∆𝑇1

 Comparison of eqns. (A) & (B) will lead to:

𝑒 −𝑁𝑇𝑈 1+𝐶𝑟 = 1 − 𝜖(1 + 𝐶𝑟 )

1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑁𝑇𝑈 1 + 𝐶𝑟
𝜖=
1 + 𝐶𝑟
which is the required expression in terms of ∈ −𝑁𝑇𝑈 for
parallel flow H.E.
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
 Counter Flow H.E:
 From previous article (In case of LMTD for counter flow
H.E), we have:
𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 1 1
𝑙𝑛 = −𝑈𝐴 −
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐

𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 1 1
ln = −𝑈𝐴 −
𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑕

𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 1 1
= 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑈𝐴 − → (𝑋)
𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑕
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.

 Since effectiveness is given as:

𝐶𝑕 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑕2 𝐶𝑐 𝑇𝑐1 − 𝑇𝑐2

𝜖= =
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐2

 Thus outlet temperatures are calculated as:

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑕2 = 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝜖 → (7)
𝐶𝑕
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑐1 = 𝑇𝑐2 + 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝜖 → (8)
𝐶𝑐
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.

 Putting eqns. (7) & (8) in eqn. (X):

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐2 − 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝜖 1 1
𝐶𝑐
= 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑈𝐴 −
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑕
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝜖 − 𝑇𝑐2
𝐶𝑕

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 1
1− 𝜖 = 1− 𝜖 × 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑈𝐴 −
𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑕 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑕

1 1
1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑈𝐴 −
𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑕
𝜖= → (𝑌)
1 1 1 1
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑈𝐴 −
𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑕 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑕
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.

 If 𝐶𝑐 is assumed to be minimum, eqn. (Y) leads to:

1 1
1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑈𝐴 −
𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑕
𝜖=
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑐 −𝑈𝐴 𝐶𝑐
1 − . 𝑒𝑥𝑝 1−
𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑕 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑕
 As 𝐶𝑐 < 𝐶𝑕 i.e. 𝐶𝑐 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 & 𝐶𝑕 = 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑈𝐴 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
 Also = 𝑁𝑇𝑈 & = 𝐶𝑟
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑁𝑇𝑈 1 − 𝐶𝑟
∴𝜖=
1 − 𝐶𝑟 . 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑁𝑇𝑈 1 − 𝐶𝑟
 Same result if 𝐶𝑕 in eqn. (Y) is assumed to be minimum.
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
Key Findings:
o Phase Change: Boiling & Condensation cases.
𝑑𝑕
As 𝐶𝑃 = , But dT = 0
𝐶𝑃 = ∞
𝑑𝑇
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑟 = =0
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝝐 = 𝟏 − 𝒆−𝑵𝑻𝑼 (Both for parallel & counter flow H. Es)

o Equal Capacity rates: A case of gas turbine recuperator.

 As both the fluids have same capacity rates, 𝐶𝑟 = 1
 In case of parallel flow H.E:
1 − 𝑒 −2𝑁𝑇𝑈
𝜖=
2
𝝐𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟓𝟎%
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
 In case of Counter flow H.E effectiveness is, however,
indeterminate, thus:
𝑁𝑇𝑈
𝜖 = lim
𝐶𝑟 →1 1 + 𝐶𝑟 𝑁𝑇𝑈

𝑵𝑻𝑼
𝝐=
𝟏 + 𝑵𝑻𝑼
 Graphs of 𝛜 Vs. 𝐍𝐓𝐔 parameters are available for various
H.E configuration.
 The curves indicate the relationship among
• Effectiveness (𝜖)
• Capacity ratio (𝐶𝑟 )
• NTU
EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
 HOME ASSIGNMENT

Examples: 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.10 & 10.14

Problems: 10.8, 10.11,10.16, 10.23, 10.26,

10.45, 10.55 & 10.59
Thanks