Supervisor : Dr. K.K.

Wijesundara

H.P. Rathnayaka E/10/279

R.P.T.N. Sumathipala E/10/349
Content
• Objective

• Scope

• Literature Review

• Methodology

• Work Schedule

• References
Objective
• To estimate elastic and inelastic periods of
multi degree of freedom system using wavelet
transformation.
Scope
• Why we should estimate the elastic and inelastic
periods
– Can use as input parameter in designing phase of a
structure.

– Knowing inelastic period, damage state of a existing

structure can be determined.
Literature Review
• Basics of Structural Dynamics
(Periods of SDOF & MDOF)

• Ambient vibration measurements

• Techniques to extract elastic periods from

ambient vibration measurements

• Effects of forced vibrations

 Periods of structures
• Single Degree of Freedom System and its Period

m F mx  kx  0
k

k k m

2
T
///////////////////////////////////////////

m = lumped load, k = stiffness, x = displacement
ω = natural circular frequency, T = natural period
Chopra (1995)
 Periods of structures
• Undamped Free Vibration
Equation for equilibrium of SDOF for free vibration
mx  kx  0 m = mass, k = stiffness
x 0 
x(t )  sin t   x0  cost 

ω = natural circular frequency, t = time, x = relative displacement
1.5
1
Displacement (mm)

0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-0.5
-1
-1.5 Chopra (1995)
Time (s)
 Periods of structures
• Damped Free Vibration
Equation for equilibrium of SDOF for free vibration
mx  cx.  kx  0 m = mass, c = damping coefficient, k = stiffness
 x (0)  x(0)  
x(t )  e   t
  sin  D t   x(0) cos D t 
 D  
ωD = damped natural circular frequency, λ is damping ratio
0.06
Undamped
0.04 10% Damping
Displacement (m)

50% Damping
0.02 100% Damping

0 Time (Sec)
0 1 2 3 4
-0.02

-0.04

-0.06
Chopra (1995)
 Periods of structures
• Multi Degree of Freedom System and its Periods

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

a) Actual Structure b) Mass of the building is c) Equivalent System

concentrated at floor levels
Younis,(2011)
 Periods of structures
• Two Degree of Freedom System
Matrix form of governing equation,
m1 0   x1  (c1  c2 )  c2   x1  (k1  k2 )  k2   x1   P1 
 0 m  x     c  
c2   x2    k2
  
k2   x2  P2 
 2  2   2

Considering undamped free vibration,

m1 0   x1  (k1  k 2 )  k 2   x1  0
0     
 m2   x2    k 2 k 2   x2  0

Based on Eigen values,

 (k1  k 2 )  k 2  2 1
m 0  x1  0
          

   k2 k2  0 m2   x
 2  0

k    2 m  0

Younis,(2011)
 Periods of structures
• Two Degree of Freedom System

Modes of deformations and respective frequencies

  2

1
2
1   k  k k   k  k k  4 k k 
12   1 2  2     1 2  2   1 2  
2  m1 m2    m1 m2  m1m2  
   
  2

1
2
1  k1  k 2 k 2   k1  k 2 k 2  4k1k 2 
2  
2
      
2  m1 m2    m1 m2  m1m2   Paul (2002)
   
 Methods to extract periods
• Fourier Transformation
Transform the view of the signal from time-base to frequency-base.

F ( w)  

f (t )e iwt dt

The sum over all time of the signal f(t) multiplied by a complex exponential,
and the result is the Fourier coefficients .

Mohammad(2011)
Drawbacks of Fourier Transformation
• Fourier transformation provides a signal which is
localized only in the frequency domain

• It does not give any information of the signal in the

time domain

• Cannot extract periods from a signal where structure

vibrates in inelastic region

Sifuzzaman(2009)
 Methods to extract periods
• Continuous Wavelet Transformation
Continuous wavelet transformation (CWT) method is developed
to obtain better decomposition of frequency domain response
into frequency-time domain as an alternative method to
Fourier Transformation. Vetterli(1995)

CWT method can be used to decompose of a function x(t) into

frequency-time domain as defined in the following form:

1 * t  b 
W( a ,b ) 
a  x (t )  
 a 
dt

 * t  and b = Parameter localizing the wavelet function in the time

domain, W( a ,b ) = CWT coefficients, a = Scale
Hongnan(2008)
 Methods to extract periods
• Continuous Wavelet Transformation
 Methodology
• Experimental Measurements
 Select two reinforced concrete buildings
 Obtain ambient vibration measurements using
accelerometers
 Extract elastic periods using
 Fourier transformation
 Wavelet transformation
Accelerometer
 Compare the results
 Methodology
• Ambient Vibration Measurements
 Advantages of ambient vibration measurements,

 They are experimentally measurements of a

building which are subjected to natural wind
loads, traffic loads etc.

 Why?

 It is very cheap and easy

 Methodology
• Implementation of Numerical Model
 Implement numerical models
of selected buildings using
OpenSees Software
 Apply seismic loads on models
 Extract the elastic periods
 Validate the results and
develop the numerical model
 Estimation of inelastic periods
using Wavelet transformation
Methodology
Selection of two structures Collecting ambient vibration
(2 storey and 4 storey reinforced measurements using
concrete frame structures) accelerometers in both structures

Validate the results and Using Fourier transformation and

development of the numerical Wavelet transformation
model extraction of elastic periods

Induce ground motions (seismic Estimate the inelastic periods of

waves) for heavy shaking. the structure using Wavelet
Collet the responses. transformation
 Work Schedule
7th Semester 8th Semester
WORK
11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Study about OpenSees software

Site Visits
Taking Measurements
Designing of Numerical Model
Analyzing Data
Estimating Inelastic Periods
Conclusion
Prepairing Research Paper
Presentation
References
• Mohammad N.H. and Mohammad S.U.,(2011), Accelerating Fast
Fourier Transformation for Image Processing using Graphics
Processing Unit, Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and
Information Sciences, Volume 2 No.8, Page no. 368 - 375.
• Sifuzzaman M., Islam M.R. and Ali M.Z.,(2009), Application of
Wavelet Transform and its Advantages Compared to Fourier
Transform, Journal of Physical Sciences, Vol. 13, Page no. 121 - 134
• Chopra A.K.,(1995), Dynamics of Structures, Prentice Hall, Part I,
Page no 35 - 61 and Part II, Page no. 385 - 409.
• Younis M.I.,(2011), MEMS Linear and Nonlinear Statics and
Dynamics, Springer New York, Chapter 2, Page No. 13 - 48.
• Martin V. and Jelena K.,(1995), Wavelets and Subband Coding,
Prentice Hall, Chapter 4, Page no. 209 -304.
References
• Hongnan L., Tinghua Y., Ming G., Linsheng H.,(2008), Evaluation of
earthquake-induced structural damages by wavelet transform,
Journal of Progress in Natural Science, Volume 19, Issue 4, Pages
461 - 470
• Kumar M., Castro J. M., Stafford P. J. and Elghazouli A. Y.,(2010),
Influence of the mean period of ground motion on the inelastic
dynamic response of single and multi-degree of freedom systems,
Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics.
Volume 40, Issue 3, pages 237 - 256
• Paul A. L.,(2002), Vibration of Multi Degree-Of-Freedom Systems,
Unit 22, Page no. 1 - 8.
• Christopher T. and Gilbert P. C.,(1997), A Practical Guide to Wavelet
Analysis, Volume 79, No 1, Page no. 61 - 78.
• Lokenath D.,(1998), Wavelet Transforms and Their Applications,
Chapter 6, Page no 337 - 370.
THANK YOU !