Glossary

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GLOSSARY
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Terms, Standards, Abbreviations + Acronyms
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Here are 1000+ Computing, Hardware, Software, Internet, Networking,

Electronics, Audio, Music, Radio, Cinema, Television, Video, Animation,
Recording, Graphics, Imaging, Photography + Arts file extensions, terms,
standards, abbreviations, acronyms, alphabetisms + initialisms listed in
alphabetical order:
http://www.mdgx.com/glossary.htm
NOTE: I post new entries + links frequently. Please contact me for other terms
(including their definitions) you consider I should add here or for any
corrections:
http://www.mdgx.com/form.htm
GLOSSARY.TXT Contents: [alphabetical order]
0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Glossaria, Dictionaria, Encyclop�dia, Compendia + Referentia:

- Wikipedia:
http://www.wikipedia.org/
- Reference: Memory Management Terms + System Files @ Wikipedia:
http://www.mdgx.com/mem7.htm#WKL
- Wikipedia Resources: Audio/Video, HD/TV + CD/DVD/Blu-ray Mux/Rip:
http://www.mdgx.com/toy.htm#MED
- Wiktionary:
http://www.wiktionary.org/
- Wikisource:
http://www.wikisource.org/
- Webopedia:
http://www.webopedia.com/
- Techopedia Technology Dictionary:
http://www.techopedia.com/it-dictionary/
- Whatis?com:
http://www.whatis.com/
- Open Directory Computers Glossaries:
http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Data_Communications/Reference/Glossaries/
- Open Directory Dictionaries:
http://www.dmoz.org/Reference/Dictionaries/By_Subject/
- Dictionary .NET (free):
http://www.fishcodelib.com/dictionary.htm
- TechWeb TechEncyclopedia:
http://www.techweb.com/encyclopedia/
- Microsoft Glossaries:
http://www.microsoft.com/resources/glossary/default.mspx
- Geek Glossary:
http://www.geek.com/glossary/
- Tweak3D 3D Video Dictionary:
http://www.tweak3d.net/3ddictionary/
- SpeedGuide Communications Glossary:
http://www.speedguide.net/glossary.php
- Matisse Glossary of Internet Terms:
http://www.matisse.net/files/glossary.html
- BABEL Glossary of Computer Abbreviations + Acronyms:
http://www.geocities.ws/ikind_babel/babel/babel.html
- PC Technology Guide Glossary:
http://www.pctechguide.com/glossary/
- Jargon File Resources:
http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/
- Sophos Glossary of Virus Terms:
http://www.sophos.com/virusinfo/articles/glossary.html
- Symantec Security Response Glossary:
http://www.symantec.com/avcenter/glossary/
- Crucial Memory Terms Glossary:
http://www.crucial.com/support/glossary.aspx
- Tech Dictionary:
http://www.techdictionary.com/
- TechTerms:
http://www.techterms.org/
- Sharpened Glossary:
http://www.sharpened.net/glossary/
- Free On-Line Dictionary Of Computing (FOLDOC):
http://www.foldoc.org/
- Acronyms Online:
http://www.acronymsonline.com/
- Computer User Dictionary:
http://www.computeruser.com/resources/dictionary/
- TextFiles Directory:
http://www.textfiles.com/directory.html
- Acronym Finder:
http://www.acronymfinder.com/
- Acronym Search:
http://www.acronymsearch.com/
- WWW Acronym + Abbreviation Server:
http://acronyms.silmaril.ie/
- TUCAA: The Ultimate Computer Acronyms Archive:
http://www.acronyms.ch/
- Acronyms + Abbreviations:
http://www.stands4.com/
- Computer Knowledge: Definitions/Acronyms/Abbreviations:
http://www.cknow.com/
- Internet FAQ Archives:
http://www.faqs.org/
- Free Online Education:
http://education.jimmyr.com/
- Online Education Database:
http://www.oedb.org/
- ChannelWeb Encyclopedia:
http://www.crn.com/encyclopedia/
- Audio + Video Glossary:
http://www.afterdawn.com/glossary/
- VideoHelp Glossary:
http://www.videohelp.com/glossary/
- CDR Info CD-R(W) Glossary:
http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/Glossary/
- Doom9 Ripping Glossary:
http://www.doom9.org/glossary.htm
- Broadband Glossary:
http://www.dslreports.com/information/kb/
- Bandipedia:
http://www.bandwidth.com/wiki/article/Topics
- STORAGEsearch Glossary + Dictionary:
http://www.storagesearch.com/glossary.html
- File Extensions Information for Windows:
http://extension.nirsoft.net/
- File Extension Seeker:
http://www.file-extension.net/seeker/
- Windows File Information:
http://www.file.net/
- File Extension Source:
http://www.filext.com/
- FileFormat:
http://www.fileformat.info/
- FileInfo:
http://www.fileinfo.net/
- Core Rules of Netiquette:
http://www.albion.com/netiquette/corerules.html
- RFC 1855: Netiquette Guidelines:
http://www.rfc-archive.org/getrfc.php?rfc=1855
- How To Ask Questions The Smart Way:
http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html
- How To Report Bugs Effectively:
http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html
- Computer Knowledge For You:
http://www.computerknowledgeforyou.com/
- Answers:
http://www.answers.com/
- Dictionary:
http://www.dictionary.com/
- Antonym + Synonym Finder:
http://www.synonym.com/
- Online Etymology Dictionary:
http://www.etymonline.com/
- OneLook:
http://www.onelook.com/
- BrainyQuote:
http://www.brainyquote.com/
- alphaDictionary:
http://www.alphadictionary.com/
- Free Online Dictionary:
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/
- HyperDictionary:
http://www.hyperdictionary.com/
- Thesaurus:
http://www.thesaurus.com/
- Reference:
http://www.reference.com/
- Encyclopedia:
http://www.encyclopedia.com/
- Online English Encyclopedia UK:
http://www.encyclo.co.uk/
- Merriam-Webster Online:
http://www.merriam-webster.com/
- Cambridge Dictionaries Online:
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/
- FreeLang Online Dictionaries + Translations:
http://www.freelang.net/reference/
- AskOxford:
http://www.askoxford.com/
- WordNet:
http://wordnet.princeton.edu/
- Word Wizard:
http://www.wordwizard.com/
- WordCentral Kids Dictionary:
http://www.wordcentral.com/
- Tutorial Website:
http://www.tutorgig.com/
- WordWeb Thesaurus + Dictionary (freeware):
http://www.wordweb.info/free/
- WebRef:
http://www.webref.org/
- Your Dictionary Language Portal:
http://www.yourdictionary.com/
- RhymeZone:
http://www.rhymezone.com/
- EveryPoet:
http://www.everypoet.com/
- NetLingo:
http://www.netlingo.com/
- How Stuff Works:
http://www.howstuffworks.com/
- RefDesk:
http://www.refdesk.com/
- Educypedia:
http://www.educypedia.be/
- Technopaedia:
http://www.arstechnica.com/technopaedia/
- Internet Public Library:
http://www.ipl.org/
- Open Content Alliance:
http://www.opencontentalliance.org/
- Ibiblio: Public Library and Digital Archive:
http://www.ibiblio.org/
- Internet Archive:
http://www.archive.org/
- Archive.is: Webpage Capture:
http://www.archive.is/
- Project Gutenberg Free eBook Library:
http://www.gutenberg.org/
- Online Books:
http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/
- Directory of FREE Online Books + eBooks:
http://www.2020ok.com/
- Free Online Literature and Study Guides:
http://www.bibliomania.com/
- Common Errors in English:
http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/errors/errors.html
- Online Machine (Raw) Text + HTML Translators:
http://www.mdgx.com/links.htm#TTE
- Interactive Conversion Calculator:
http://www.convert-me.com/
- All Conversions:
http://www.allconversions.com/
- TextOpus: All Text Tools You'll Ever Need:
http://www.textop.us/
- Computing + Networking Protocols:
http://www.protocols.com/
- Dynamic Periodic Table of Elements:
http://www.ptable.com/
- Computer Hardware Terms + Specs:
http://www.nullmodem.com/
- On-Line Medical Dictionary:
http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary/
- Multilingual Glossary of Technical + Popular Medical Terms:
http://users.ugent.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
- MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
- Medical Abbreviations:
http://www.medilexicon.com/medicalabbreviations.php
- Dictionary of Anthropology:
http://www.anthrobase.com/Dic/eng/
- Word Unscramble:
http://www.unscramble.net/
- Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and Puzzles:
http://www.cut-the-knot.org/
- Mind and Visual Puzzles:
http://www.archimedes-lab.org/
- Test My Brain:
http://www.testmybrain.org/
- IQ Tests, IQ Scores and Human Intelligence:
http://iq-test.learninginfo.org/
- International High IQ Society IQ Tests:
http://www.highiqsociety.org/iq_tests/
- Uncommonly Difficult IQ Tests:
http://www.eskimo.com/~miyaguch/hoeflin.html
- High Range IQ Tests:
http://www.paulcooijmans.com/
- Hobbes Internet Timeline:
http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/
- The History of the Internet in a Nutshell:
http://www.sixrevisions.com/resources/the-history-of-the-internet-in-a-nutshell/
- PC Museum:
http://members.fortunecity.com/pcmuseum/
- TED:
http://www.ted.com/
- Skeptic's Dictionary:
http://www.skepdic.com/
- Urban Legends:
http://www.snopes.com/
- Quackwatch:
http://www.quackwatch.com/
- Urban Dictionary:
http://www.urbandictionary.com/
______________________________________________________________________________
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0-9
1080i = 1920x1080 interlaced screen resolution (computer monitors + HDTV).

1080p = 1920x1080 progressive scan screen resolution (computer monitors +
HDTV).
16:9 = Wide digital cinema/TV display horizontal:vertical (letterbox) aspect
ratio (new standard) (see WAR).
24p = High Definition 24 frames/second progressive video (Sony/Panasonic)
(also HiDef).
286 = Intel 80286 processor.
2D = Bi (two) dimensional: x and y axes.
2FA = 2 Factor Authentication, also TFA (strong, multi-factor authentication).
2K = 2000.
2K1 = 2001.
2K2 = 2002.
2K3 = 2003.
2K4 = 2004.
2K5 = 2005.
2K6 = 2006.
2K7 = 2007.
2K8 = 2008.
2K9 = 2009.
386 = Intel 80386 processor (SX/DX).
386MAX = Qualitas 386 Expanded Memory Manager (386MAX.SYS).
3D = Tri (three) dimensional: x, y and z axes.
3DC = 3D Consortium (Sharp/Sanyo/Sony/Toshiba/Samsung/LG).
3dfx = 3D Graphics Interactive (Voodoo family 3D chipsets).
3DIF = 3D Industry Forum (Intel/Adobe/Microsoft).
3DNow! = AMD K6/K7/K8/K9 CPU multimedia extensions.
3DRAM = 3D Dynamic Random Access Memory.
3GIO = 3rd Generation Input/Output (PCI 3.0 or PCI Express or PCIe) bus
architecture: 64-bit, 133/266 MHz, 6.6 GB/sec
(Intel/IBM/Compaq/Microsoft/Dell).
4:3 = Traditional analog TV display horizontal:vertical aspect ratio (old
standard).
486 = Intel 80486 processor (DX/DX2/DX4).
4K = 4096x3112 (film) and 3840x2160 (computer monitors + HDTV) screen
resolution.
586 = Intel 80586 processor (Pentium/Pentium Pro).
5K = 5120�3200 (film) and 5120x2880 (computer monitors + HDTV) screen
resolution.
686 = Intel 80686 processor (Pentium II/III/IV).
720i = 1280x720 interlaced screen resolution (computer monitors + HDTV).
720p = 1280x720 progressive scan screen resolution (computer monitors + HDTV).
86 = Intel 80X86 Central Processing Unit (CPU).
87 = Intel 80X87 Floating Point Unit (FPU).
80286 = Intel 80286 processor.
80386 = Intel 80386 processor (SX/DX).
80486 = Intel 80486 processor (DX/DX2/DX4).
80586 = Intel 80586 processor (Pentium/Pentium Pro).
80686 = Intel 80686 processor (Pentium II/III/IV).
8086 = Intel 8086 processor (first generation).
80X86 = Intel 80X86 processors family.
8K = 8192x5120 (film) and 7680x4320 (computer monitors + HDTV) screen
resolution.
______________________________________________________________________________
A3D = Aureal 3D surround sound technology.

AA = Anti-Aliasing edge smoothing technology (3D video).
AAAS = American Association for the Advancement of Science.
AAC = Advanced Audio Coding (enhanced MPEG-4 encoding).
AAF = Advanced Authoring format (Microsoft video).
AC = Alternating Current (variable electrical current).
AC-3 = Advanced Codec 3 Dolby Digital 5.1 (5 + 1 = 6 channels) sound
technology (3D audio).
AC'97 = Audio Codec 1997 component specification (Intel).
ACK = ACKnowledgement (modem response).
ACM = Association for Computing Machinery.
ACPI = Advanced Configuration Power Interface.
ADC = Analog to Digital Converter.
ADPCM = Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
ADSL = Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line modem technology (1.1 MHz, 4
Mbps).
ADSL2+ = Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line version 2+ modem technology (2.2
MHz, 24 Mbps).
ADVD = Audio Digital Versatile (Video) Disc.
AES = Advanced Encryption Standard.
AFM = Atomic Force Microscope.
AFR = Alternate Frame Rendering (ATI Rage Fury MAXX).
AGP = Accelerated Graphics Port technology (Intel).
AGP-1x = Accelerated Graphics Port technology 1st generation (AGP 1.0): 266
MB/sec bandwidth (Intel).
AGP-2x = Accelerated Graphics Port technology 2nd generation using sidebands
(AGP 2.0): 533 MB/sec bandwidth (Intel).
AGP-4x = Accelerated Graphics Port technology 3nd generation using fast writes
(AGP 3.0): 1.07 GB/sec bandwidth (Intel).
AGP-8x = Accelerated Graphics Port technology 4th generation (AGP 4.0): 2.14
GB/sec bandwidth (Intel).
AGRAS = AntiGlare AntiReflection AntiStatic screen treatment (CRT display).
AHCI = Advanced Host Controller Interface (SATA controllers).
AI = Artificial Intelligence.
AIFF = Audio Interchange File Format lossless uncompressed audio file format
standard (Apple).
AIT = Advanced Intelligent Tape (Sony).
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript And XML (web design technologies).
ALDC = Adaptive Lossless Data Compression (IBM).
AMD = Advanced Micro Devices Incorporated.
AMI = American Megatrends Incorporated.
AMOLED = Active Matrix Polymer Organic Light Emitting Diode display (Samsung).
AMR = Audio/Modem Riser slot (Intel Pentium III/IV 8XX chipsets).
ANI = Microsoft Windows ANImated cursor graphic file.
ANSI = American National Standards Institute.
AOD = Advanced Optical Disc technology (Toshiba/NEC).
AOL = America OnLine.
API = Application Programming Interface.
APIC = Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controler.
APM = Advanced Power Management.
Apple = Apple Inc.
ARAG = AntiReflection AntiGlare screen treatment (CRT display).
ARAS = AntiReflection AntiStatic screen treatment (CRT display).
ARP = Address Resolution Protocol (networking technology).
ARPANET = Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (Internet forerunner).
ASC = Active Signal Correction technology (Sony CRT display).
ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
ASF = Advanced Streaming Format (Microsoft NetShow/DirectVideo).
ASIC = Application Specific Integrated Circuit.
ASLR = Address Space Layout Randomization (computer security randomization
algorithm).
ASP (1) = Advanced Sound Processor (Creative Labs).
ASP (2) = Application Service Provider.
ASP (3) = Active Server Page (Microsoft).
ASP (4) = Average Selling Price.
ASPI = Advanced SCSI Programming Interface.
ASVD = Analog Simultaneous Voice and Data.
Async SRAM = Asynchronous Static Random Access Memory (CPU L2 cache).
AT = Advanced Technology (motherboard form factor).
ATA = Advanced Technology Attachment (ANSI for Integrated Drive Electronics).
ATA/33 = Ultra ATA/Ultra DMA 33.33 MB/second tranfer rate (EIDE/ATA hard disk
controller/drive).
ATA/66 = Ultra ATA/Ultra DMA 66.66 MB/second tranfer rate (EIDE/ATA hard disk
controller/drive).
ATA/100 = Ultra ATA/Ultra DMA 100 MB/second tranfer rate (EIDE/ATA hard disk
controller/drive).
ATA/133 = Ultra ATA/Ultra DMA 133.33 MB/second tranfer rate (EIDE/ATA hard
disk controller/drive).
ATAPI = Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface.
Athlon = AMD Athlon K7 CPU.
ATI = ATI Technologies Inc.
ATM (1) = Adobe Type Manager.
ATM (2) = Asynchronous Transfer Mode (network).
ATSC = Advanced Television Systems Committee.
ATV (1) = Analog Broadcast TeleVision (old TV standard).
ATV (2) = Advanced Broadcast TeleVision (DTV, HDTV standard).
ATX = Advanced Technology EXtended (motherboard form factor).
AU = AUdio file format.
AUTOEXEC.BAT = AUTOmatically EXECuted BATch file.
AVI = Audio Video Interleave (Microsoft video file format).
AWR = Active Wide Range playback system (Toshiba CD-ROM).
AXCEL216 = Packard Bell AXCEL216 386/SX 25 MHz [my first PC :)].
______________________________________________________________________________
b = bit (binary digit): unit of digital information: 1 bit = 0 or 1.

B = Byte (Binary octet): unit of digital data: 1 Byte = 8 bits.
BASIC = Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
BAT = MS-DOS BATch program file (text/ASCII format).
Baud = Modem line (carrier) signaling high/low events/shifts per second.
BBS = Bulletin Board System.
BD = Blu-Ray Digital Versatile Disc technology
(Sony/Philips/Hitachi/Sharp/Samsung).
BDA (1) = BIOS Data Area.
BDA (2) = Blu-Ray Disc Association.
BD-R = Blu-Ray Disc Recordable Media technology
BD-RE = Blu-Ray Disc Rewritable Media technology
BD-ROM = Blu-Ray Disc Read Only Media technology
BDXL = High Capacity Recordable and Rewritable Blu-Ray Disc [triple (100 GB)
or quadruple (128 GB) layer].
BEDO = Burst Extended Data Out (DRAM).
Bel = Unit of acoustic/sound level/pressure/power: 1 Bel = 10 dB (deciBels).
BGA = Ball Grid Array (242 pin Intel CPU).
BIC-TCP = Binary Increase Congestion Transmission Control Protocol (NCSU).
BIF = Binary Image Format file.
BINHEX = BINary HEXadecimal (BINary to ASCII data conversion).
BIOS = Basic Input/Output System.
BIPM = Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of
Weights and Measures).
Blu-Ray = Blu-Ray Digital Versatile Disc technology
BMP = RGB/RLE encoded Microsoft Windows BitMap Picture file.
BMR = Ballistic Magneto-Resistive effect (Hewlett Packard/IBM/Siemens Hard
Disk Drive technology).
BoM = Bill of Material (manufacturer costs).
bpp = bits per pixel.
Bps = Bytes per second.
bps = bits per second.
BSB = Back Side Bus (CPU to RAM motherboard bus).
BSD = Berkeley Software Distribution (Unix-like OS).
BSOD = Blue Screen Of Death. [Microsoft Windows most dreaded "feature". :)]
BTX = Balanced Technology EXtended (motherboard form factor).
Bus = Binary data gateway between hardware modules: CPU, chipset, RAM, I/O
etc.
______________________________________________________________________________
CaaS = Computing as a Service, a.k.a. on demand computing [via local thin

client (bare bones operating system) + remote central host (internet
cloud server)] (Verizon/SAWIS).
CAB = CABinet compression format technology (Microsoft).
CAD = Computer Aided Design.
CADD = Computer Aided Design and Drafting.
CAN = Controller Area Network (array of microcontrollers).
CAS = Column Access Strobe.
CATV = Cable TeleVision (analog/digital video/audio signal transmitted
through coaxial cable).
CAV = Constant Angular Velocity (Compact Disc).
CCFB = Cold Cathode Fluorescent Backlighting (LCD screen).
CCFL = Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lighting (LCD screen).
CCITT = Commit� Consultatif International du T�l�graphe et T�l�phonie
(International Telegraph and Telephony Consultative Committee).
CD = Compact Disc.
CD-DA = Compact Disc Digital Audio.
CDFS = CD-ROM File System (data CD).
CD-I = Compact Disc Interactive.
CDR = CorelDRAW! image file.
CDRAM = Cache Dynamic Random Access Memory.
CD-R = Compact Disc Recorder.
CD-RAM = Compact Disc Rewritable Access Media.
CD-ROM = Compact Disc Read Only Media.
CD-ROM/XA = Compact Disc Read Only Media EXtended Architecture
(Sony/Philips/Microsoft).
CDR-ROM = Compact Disc Recorder and Read Only Media (ODC).
CD-RW = Compact Disc ReWritable.
CDSL = Consumer Digital Subscriber Line modem technology (Rockwell).
Celeron = Intel Pentium II/III/IV Celeron CPU (80686).
CERN = Organisation Europ�enne pour Recherche Nucl�aire (European Organization
for Nuclear Research).
CERT = Computer Emergency Response Team.
CFML = Cold Fusion Markup Language.
CGA = Color Graphics Adapter.
CGI (1) = Computer Generated Image.
CGI (2) = Common Gateway Interface.
CGM = Computer Graphics Metafile.
CHAP = Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol.
Checksum = Fixed size data (hash sum) algorithm (cryptography).
CHM = Compiled HTML Help (Microsoft Windows
95/98/ME/NT4/2000/XP/2003/Vista/2008/7 + Internet Explorer
5/6/7/8/9/10).
CHS = Cylinder/Head/Sector (hard disk).
CIAC = Computer Incident Advisory Capability team.
CIFS = Common Internet File System.
CISC = Complex Instruction Set Computing (CPU).
CL = Creative Labs Limited.
CLP = Microsoft Windows CLiPboard Bitmap file.
CLV = Constant Linear Velocity (Compact Disc).
CMOS = Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor manufacturing process.
CMOS 7S = CMOS 7S manufacturing process (IBM).
CMOS-SOS = CMOS Silicon On Sapphire manufacturing process.
CMP = Chip MultiProcessing (more than 1 CPU per chip).
CMS = ColorSync Color Management System (Apple).
CMYK = Cyan Magenta Yellow Key (black) (subtractive color printing model).
CNR = Communication and Networking Riser specification (Intel Pentium III/IV
chipsets).
COA = Certificate Of Authenticity (Microsoft OEM OS + software).
COBOL = COmmon Business Oriented Language.
CODEC = Digital video COmpressor and DECompressor (Intel Indeo).
COFF = Common Object File Format (Unix 32-bit + 64-bit).
COM (1) = Serial COMmunication Port.
COM (2) = Component Object Model (Microsoft).
CON = CONsole (display).
CONFIG.SYS = CONFIGuration SYStem file.
Core = Intel Core CPUs family (x86 Yonah Pentium + Celeron).
Core 2 = Intel Core 2 CPUs family (x86 + x64
Merom/Conroe/Allendale/Penryn/Wolfdale Pentium + Celeron).
Core i3 = Intel Core i3 CPUs family (x86 + x64 Nehalem/Clarkdale/Arrandale).
Core i5 = Intel Core i5 CPUs family (x86 + x64
Nehalem/Lynnfield/Clarkdale/Arrandale).
Core i7 = Intel Core i7 CPUs family (x86 + x64
Bloomfield/Lynnfield/Clarksfield/Arrandale/Gulftown/Nehalem/Westmere/Sandy).
cps = Characters Per Second.
CPT = Corel Photo Paint image file format.
CPU = Central Processing Unit (processor).
CRC = Cyclical Redundancy Check.
CRT = Cathode Ray Tube.
CS = CompuServe.
CSLIP = Compressed Serial Line Internet Protocol.
CSP = Cryptographic Service Provider.
CSS = Cascading Style Sheets HTML specifications (W3C).
CSS1 = Cascading Style Sheets mechanism level 1 (W3C).
CSS2 = Cascading Style Sheets mechanism level 2 (W3C).
CUR = Microsoft Windows static CURsor graphic file.
CUT = Dr. Halo picture file.
______________________________________________________________________________
D
D3D = DirectX 3D APIs (Microsoft Windows 95/98/2000/ME/XP/2003/Vista/2008/7).
D&D = Dungeons & Dragons games.
DAC = Digital to Analog Converter.
DAT = Digital Audio Tape.
dB = deciBel: 10 dB = 1 Bel.
DBS (1) = Digital Broadcasting System.
DBS (2) = Direct Broadcast Satellite (digital video/audio signal transmitted
through geostationary orbiting satellite).
DC = Direct Current (continuous electrical current).
DCE (1) = Distributed Computing Environment networking software system
(Apollo/IBM/DEC).
DCE (2) = Data Communications Equipment (modem to modem speed).
DDC = Display Data Channel.
DD-CD = Double Density Compact Disc: 1.3 GB (Sony).
DDE = Dynamic Data Exchange.
DDF = Diamond Directive File (Microsoft Windows Setup CAB/IEAK developer
kits).
DDK = Driver Developers Kit (programming).
DDMA = Distributed Direct Memory Access technology.
DD-R = Double Density Compact Disc Recorder (Sony).
DD-ROM = Double Density Compact Disc Read Only Media (Sony).
DD-RW = Double Density Compact Disc Rewritable (Sony).
DDoS = Distributed Denial of Service (networks).
DDR-SDRAM = Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory.
DDSS = Dolby Digital Surround Sound Advanced Codec 3 5.1 (5 + 1 = 6 channels)
sound technology (3D audio).
DEK = Data Encryption Key.
DES = Data Encryption Standard.
DFS = Distributed File System used by Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)
(Apollo/IBM/DEC).
DHCP = Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
DHTML = Dynamic HyperText Markup Language (W3C).
DIB (1) = RGB/RLE encoded Microsoft Windows Device Independent Bitmap.
DIB (2) = Dual Independent Bus architecture (Intel Pentium Pro/II/III/IV).
DIFx = Driver Install Frameworks technology (Microsoft).
DIG = Digital Imaging Group (now I3A).
DIMM = Dual In-line Memory Module.
DIN = Deutsches Institut f�r Normung (German Institute for Standards).
DIP = Dual In-line Package.
DisplayID = display/monitor data structure description (VESA standard) (also
EDID).
DIVX (1) = DIgital Video eXpress (discontinued Digital Versatile Disc
technology).
DivX (2) = Digital Video eXpress encoder/decoder technology.
DIY = Do It Yourself (computer building, improving + repairing by hand).
DLC = Data Link Control (networking layer protocol).
DLL = Dynamic Link Library (Microsoft Windows).
DLNA = Digital Living Network Alliance (Microsoft/Hewlett
Packard/Sony/Nokia/Philips/Cisco/Toshiba/Samsung).
DLP = Digital Light Processing technology, also DMD (Texas Instruments).
DLS = DownLoadable Sounds technology (PCI MIDI).
DMA = Direct Memory Access.
DMD = Digital Micromirror Device, also DLP (Texas Instruments).
DME = Direct Memory Execution (Intel I-740).
DMF = Distribution Media Format: high density Floppy Disk (Microsoft).
DMI = Desktop Management Interface.
DMTF = Desktop Management Task Force.
DNA = Distributed interNet Applications architecture (Microsoft Windows).
DNS = Domain Name System (or Service) (Internet DN -> IP translator).
DOCSIS = ITU J.112 Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification.
DOF = Depth Of Field (3D video).
DOM = Document Object Model (W3C).
DOS (1) = Disk Operating System.
DoS (2) = Denial of Service (networks).
DPI = Dots Per Inch.
DPLSS = Dolby Pro Logic Surround Sound 4.1 (4 + 1 = 5 channels) sound
DPMA = Dynamic Power Management Architecture (Intel PCI/AGP chipsets).
DPMI = DOS Protected Mode Interface.
DPMS = VESA Display Power Management Signaling (video).
DRAM = Dynamic Random Access Memory.
DR-DOS = DeviceLogics (Caldera Digital Research) Disk Operating System.
Drive-TIP = Drive Temperature Indicator Processor (IBM hard drive).
DRM = Digital Rights Management copy protection technologies.
DRP = Distribution and Replication Protocol.
DRW = Micrografx DRaW image file.
DS3D = DirectSound 3D APIs (Microsoft Windows 95/98/2000/ME/XP/2003).
DSC = Digital Servo Control (Toshiba CD-ROM).
DSD = Direct Stream Digital pulse density modulation encoding (Sony/Philips).
DS/DD = Double Sided Double Density (Floppy Disk technology: 720 KB).
DS/HD = Double Sided High Density (Floppy Disk technology: 1.44 MB).
DSL = Digital Subscriber Line modem technology.
DSP (1) = Digital Signal Processor.
DSP (2) = Delivery Service Partner (OEM).
DSRC = Dedicated Short Range Communication technology, also RFID.
DSS (1) = Digital Satellite System.
DSS (2) = Digital Signature Standard certificate.
DSVD = Digital Simultaneous Voice and Data.
DTD = Document Type Definition.
DTE = Data Terminal Equipment (modem to computer speed).
DTF = Distributed Terascale Facility high speed TeraGrid network
(IBM/Qwest/Intel).
DTP = DeskTop Publishing.
DTR (1) = Data Transfer Rate (throughput).
DTR (2) = Discrete Track Recording (Toshiba hard disk).
DTS = Digital Theater Systems discrete Dolby Digital 5.1 (5 + 1 = 6 channels)
surround sound technology (3D audio).
DTS-ES = Digital Theater Systems Extended Surround discrete Dolby Digital 6.1
(6 + 1 = 7 channels) surround sound technology (3D audio).
DTS-HD = Digital Theater Systems High Definition discrete Dolby Digital 7.1
(7 + 1 = 8 channels) surround sound technology (3D audio).
DTV (1) = DeskTop Video.
DTV (2) = Digital Broadcast TeleVision.
DualDisc = Digital Versatile Disc (Audio)/Compact Disc two sided hybrid
(Sony).
DUN = Dial-Up Networking (Microsoft Windows).
DVD = Digital Versatile (Video) Disc.
DVD-2 = Second generation Digital Versatile Disc drive.
DVD-A = Digital Versatile Disc Audio.
DVD-R = Digital Versatile Disc Recordable 4.7 GB
(Hitachi/NEC/Pioneer/Samsung/Sharp).
DVD-RAM = Digital Versatile Disc Rewritable Access Media.
DVD-ROM = Digital Versatile Disc Read Only Media.
DVD-RW = Digital Versatile Disc ReWritable 4.7 GB
(Hitachi/NEC/Pioneer/Samsung/Sharp).
DVD+R = Digital Versatile Disc Recordable 4.7 GB
(Philips/Mitsubishi/Sony/Ricoh/Yamaha).
DVD+RW = Digital Versatile Disc ReWritable 4.7 GB
(Philips/Mitsubishi/Sony/Ricoh/Yamaha).
DVD+R DL = Digital Versatile Disc ReWritable Double Layer 8.5 GB
(Philips/Mitsubishi).
DVI = Digital Video Interactive (Intel).
DVVD = Direct View Video Display (CRT/TV display).
DX (1) = X86 Intel CPU with FPU (386/DX, 486/DX).
DX (2) = DirectX APIs (Microsoft Windows 95/98/2000/ME/XP/2003/Vista/2008/7).
DX3D = DirectX 3D APIs (Microsoft Windows 95/98/2000/ME/XP/2003/Vista/2008/7).
DXF = AutoDesk picture File.
DXR2 = Dynamic eXtended Resolution 2 technology (Creative Labs DVD).
DXTC = S3 Direct3D Texture Compression APIs (S3 Savage3D/2000).
DXVA = DirectX Video Acceleration hardware video decoding (Microsoft Windows
98/2000/XP/2003/Vista/2008/7).
______________________________________________________________________________
EAX = Environmental Audio EXtensions (Creative Labs Live!/Audigy/Extigy/X-Fi

DirectSound 3D surround sound APIs).
EBDA = Extended BIOS Data Area.
EBIOS = Extended Basic Input/Output System.
EBML = Extensible Binary Meta Language (binary equivalent to XML).
ECC = Error Correction Code.
ECHS = Enhanced Cylinder/Head/Sector (hard drive > 1024 cylinders).
ECP = Extended Capabilities Port.
EDC = Error Detection Code.
EDGE = Explicit Data Graph Execution architecture (IBM CPUs).
EDI = Electronic Data Interchange.
EDID = Extended Display Identification Data (VESA standard) (also DisplayID).
EDO = Extended Data Out (DRAM).
EDRAM = Enhanced Dynamic Random Access Memory.
EECS = Enhanced Elliptical Correction System (Sony CRT).
EEPROM = Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
EFI = Extensible Firmware Interface BIOS technology (Intel).
EGA = Extended Graphics Adapter.
EIA = Electronics Industries Association.
EICA = Enhanced Intellight Cooler Architecture.
EIDE = Enhanced Integrated Device Electronics (Hard Disk Drive interface).
EISA = Extended Industry Standard Architecture.
EISCA = Enhanced Intelligent System Cooler Architecture (CPU heatsink).
ELF = Executable (Extensible) and Linkable file Format (Unix/Linux/BSD/Solaris
32-bit).
E-mail = Electronic mail (email).
EMB = Extended Memory Block.
EMBM = Environment Mapped Bump Mapping (Matrox G400/G800 3D chipsets).
EMI = Electro-Magnetical Interference.
EMM = Expanded Memory Manager.
EMM386 = Microsoft 386 Expanded Memory Manager (EMM386.EXE).
EM64T = Extended Memory 64-bit Technology (Intel 64-bit CPUs).
EMS = Expanded Memory Specifications.
EOL = End of Life (product).
EOS = End of Sale (product).
EPA = Environmental Protection Agency (USA).
EPIC = Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (Intel Itanium 2 CPUs).
EPP = Enhanced Parallel Port.
EPROM = Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
EPS = Encapsulated PostScript File.
ESCD = Extended System Configuration Data (ROM BIOS).
ESD = ElectroStatic Discharge.
ESDI = Enhanced System Device Interface (hard disk).
ESDRAM = Enhanced Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory.
ESP = E-mail Service Provider.
EULA = End User License Agreement (Microsoft).
EUV = Extreme UltraViolet lithography (CPU).
EVD = Enhanced Versatile (Video) Disc (China).
EVR = Enhanced Video Renderer hardware video decoding (Microsoft Windows
Vista/2008/7).
exFAT = Extended File Allocation Table 64-bit (SSD + flash RAM drives).
ext = Linux extended File System (old standard).
ext2 = Linux extended File System v2.0 (new standard).
______________________________________________________________________________
FAQ = Frequently Asked Questions.

FAST-20 = Fast SCSI-3 Parallel Interface technology.
FAT = File Allocation Table disk File System (Microsoft).
FAT12 = File Allocation Table 12-bit (MS-DOS 3.0x/4.0x).
FAT16 = File Allocation Table 16-bit (MS-DOS 5.0/6.xx/7.xx/8.0).
FAT32 = File Allocation Table 32-bit (Windows
95B/95C/98/ME/2000/XP/2003/Vista/2008/7).
FATA = Fibre Attached Technology Adapted Hard Disk Drive interface
(Seagate/Hewlett Packard).
FB-DIMM = Fully Buffered Dual In-line Memory Module.
FCBS = File Control BlockS (Microsoft MS-DOS).
FC-AL = Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (Ultra Fast SCSI).
FCC = Federal Communications Commission (USA).
FC-PGA = Flip Chip Pin Grid Array package (Intel Pentium III/IV CPUs).
FC-PH = Fibre Channel PHysical and signaling interface (SCSI-3).
FD = Floppy Disk.
FDB = Fully Buffered DIMM Dynamic Random Access Memory technology (Intel
Blackford Pentium IV chipsets).
FDC = Floppy Drive Controller.
FDD = Floppy Disk Drive.
FDDI = Fiber Distributed Data Interface.
FED = Field Emission Display.
FERAM = FerroElectric Dynamic Random Access Memory (Infineon/Toshiba).
FIFO = First In First Out.
FLAC = Free Lossless Audio Codec (compressed audio without loss of quality).
FMD = Fluorescent Multilayer Optical technology (Constellation 3D).
FMD-ROM = Fluorescent Multilayer Disc Read Only Media (Constellation 3D 140
GB CD-ROM).
FMV = Full Motion Video.
FPD = Flat Panel Display.
FPE = File Protection Error.
FPM = Fast Page Mode (DRAM).
fps (1) = frames per second.
FPS (2) = First Person Shooter game.
FPTV = Front Projection TeleVision (TV display).
FPVD = Front Projection Video Display (TV display).
FPU = Floating Point Unit (coprocessor).
FRAM = Ferroelectric Random Access Memory.
Frame-buffer = 1st + 2nd dimensions/height + width/x + y axes memory (2D
video).
FSAA = Full Screen Anti-Aliasing edge smoothing (3D video).
FSB = Front Side Bus (CPU to I/O motherboard bus).
FSF = Free Software Foundation (GNU).
FTP = File Transfer Protocol.
Full-Duplex = Two way modem communication protocol (echo-plex).
FXT1 = Advanced Texture Compression technology (3dfx Voodoo4/5/6 3D video).
FYI = For Your Information.
______________________________________________________________________________
GB = GigaByte (1 GB = 1,024 MegaBytes = 1,048,576 KiloBytes).

GBps = GigaBytes per second.
gbps = gigabits per second.
GDDR-II = Graphics Double Data Rate Random Access Memory 2nd generation
(NVIDIA GeForceFX).
GDDR-III = Graphics Double Data Rate Random Access Memory 3rd generation (ATI
Radeon 9500/9700/9900).
GDI = Graphics Device Interface (Microsoft Windows).
GDR-SDRAM = Gigabyte Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory.
GEM = Ventura/GEM image file.
GIF = Graphics Interchange Format file (CompuServe).
Glide = 3dfx Voodoo family proprietary 3D APIs.
G.Lite = ITU G.992.2 1.4 Mbps Digital Subscriber Line modem technology (ADSL).
GM = General MIDI technology.
GMR = Giant Magneto-Resistive effect (IBM hard drive technology).
GMT = Greenwich Mean Time (renamed UTC) international time standard.
GNU = GNU's Not UNIX.
GPF = General Protection Fault (Microsoft Windows).
GPL = General Public License (GNU).
GPT = GUID Partition Table (hard disk partition table layout).
GPU = Graphics Processing Unit (NVIDIA GeForce family 2D/3D chipsets).
GTS = Giga Texel Shader (NVIDIA GeForce2/newer 3D technology).
GUI = Graphical User Interface (2D/3D computer/terminal/device platform
interface) (also UI).
GUID = Globally Unique IDentifier 16-byte (128-bit) unique number (Microsoft
software and hardware identification standard) (also IID + UUID).
GVIF = Gigabit Video InterFace (Sony LCD).
______________________________________________________________________________
HAL = Hardware Abstraction Layer (Microsoft Direct3D virtual 3D video

accelerator interface APIs).
Half-Duplex = One way modem communication protocol (simplex or local-echo).
HAMR = Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording hard disk drive (Seagate).
HAVi = Home Audio Video interoperability (entertainment APIs).
HD (1) = Hard Disk (Drive).
HD (2) = High Definition.
HDA = High reliability Hard Disk Assembly.
HD Audio = High Definition Audio (Intel).
HD VMD = High Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc technology (New Medium
Enterprises).
HD-BURN = 1.4 GB CD-R/CD-RW technology (Sanyo).
HD-DVD = High Definition Digital Versatile Disc discontinued technology
(Toshiba/NEC/Sanyo/Memory-Tech).
HDC = Hard Disk Controller.
HDCP = High bandwidth Digital Content Protection (Intel/Silicon Image).
HDD = Hard Disk Drive.
HDMI = High Definition Multimedia Interface digital surround audio and video
interface (Hitachi/Matsushita/Philips/Sony/RCA/Toshiba).
HD-ROM = High Definition Read Only Media (Norsam Technology).
HD-SDI = High Definition Serial Digital Interface.
HDSL = High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line modem technology.
HDSS = Holographic Data Storage System (IBM).
HDTV = High Definition TeleVision (new digital TV standard: 1200 lines).
HDVD = High Definition Digital Video Disc (Sonic/Ravisent).
HDVP = High Definition Video Processor (NVIDIA GeForce2/3/4/FX 3D video
chipsets).
HEL = Hardware Emulation Layer (Microsoft Direct3D virtual 3D video
rasterization device).
HFC = Hybrid Fiber Coaxial cable system.
HFS = Hierarchical File System (MacOS CD-ROM).
HGL = Hewlett Packard Graphics Language image file.
HID = Human Interface Devices (computer peripherals).
HiDef = High Definition 24 frames/second progressive video (Sony/Panasonic)
(also 24p).
HiFD = High density 200 MB Floppy Disk Drive technology (Sony/Fuji).
Hi-Fi = High Fidelity (audio/video technology).
HIMEM = Microsoft HIgh/Extended MEMory Manager (HIMEM.SYS).
HIPPI = HIgh Performance Parallel Interface (ANSI X3T9.3 technology).
HIPS = Host based Intrusion Prevention Systems (computer security monitoring).
HLSL = High Level Shader Language (Microsoft DirectX 9 programming).
HKMG = High K Metal Gate dielectric (transistor technology) (Intel).
HMA = High Memory Area.
HP = Hewlett Packard Corporation.
HPC (1) = High Performance Computing.
HPC (2) = Handheld Personal Computer.
HPFS = High Performance File System (OS/2).
HSDRAM = High Speed Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory.
HSF = Heat Sink and Fan combo (computer components cooling).
HSI = High Speed Interconnect (CERN).
HSR = Hidden Surface Removal 3D polygon rendering (NVIDIA GeForce2/newer +
3dfx Voodoo5/6 3D video).
HTA = HTML Application (Microsoft Windows
5/6/7/8/9/10).
HTML = HyperText Markup Language (W3C).
HTML 4.01 = HyperText Markup Language 4.01 standard (W3C).
HTML5 = HyperText Markup Language 5.0 standard (W3C).
HTPC = Home Theater Personal Computer.
HTT = HyperText Template (Microsoft Windows
5/6/7/8/9/10).
HTTP = HyperText Transfer Protocol standard.
HTTPS = HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure standard (SSL + TLS technologies).
HVD (1) = High Voltage Differential technology (SCSI-2).
HVD (2) = Holographic Versatile Disc 1 TB (Optware).
HMC-DRAM = Hybrid Memory Cube Dynamic Random Access Memory
(Samsung/Micron/Altera).
HyperTransport = I/O bus architecture: 64-bit, 133/266 MHz, 6.4 GB/sec (AMD).
Hz = Hertz (clock speed): 1 Hz = 1 clock cycle.
______________________________________________________________________________
I
i-MLSE = Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (Sony/Panasonic Blu-Ray Disc

Drive technology).
I2O = Intelligent Input/Output (I2O) specification (Intel).
I3A = International Imaging Industry Association (DIG + PIMA).
IA-32 = Intel Architecture 32-bit (32-bit CPUs).
IA-64 = Intel Architecture 64-bit (high end 64-bit CPUs).
IANA = Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.
IBM = International Business Machines Corporation.
IC = Interface Controller.
ICANN = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers.
ICD = Installable Client Driver (Microsoft 3D video).
ICMP = Internet Control Message Protocol.
ICMPv6 = Internet Control Message Protocol version 6.
ICO = ICOn graphic file (Microsoft Windows).
ICP = Internet Content Provider.
ICS = Internet Connection Sharing.
IDCT = Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform (Digital Versatile Disc decoding).
IDE (1) = Integrated Device (Drive) Electronics (Hard Disk Drive interface).
IDE (2) = Integrated Development Environment (software development).
IDPS = Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (computer security
monitoring).
IE = Microsoft Internet Explorer web browser (IEXPLORE.EXE).
IEAK = Microsoft Internet Explorer Administration Kit (Microsoft Windows Setup
IExpress developer kit).
IEC = International Electrotechnical Commission.
IEEE = Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
IEEE 1394 = Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers FireWire
peripheral devices high performance serial bus technology.
IETF = Internet Engineering Task Force.
IFF = Electronic Arts Image File.
IFSHLP.SYS = Installable File System HeLPer device driver (Microsoft Windows).
IGMP = Internet Group Management Protocol.
IH-BD = Intra Hybrid Blu-Ray Disc: 1 BD-ROM (Blu-Ray Disc Read Only Media)
layer + 1 BD-RE (Blu-Ray Disc Rewrite) layer [single layer (25 GB)].
IHS = Integrated Heat Spreader technology (Intel X3x chipsets).
IID = Interface IDentifier 16-byte (128-bit) unique number (software and
hardware identification standard) (also GUID + UUID).
IMA = Interactive Music Architecture (Microsoft).
IMAP = Internet Message Access Protocol (e-mail retrieval).
IMAP4 = Internet Message Access Protocol version 4 (e-mail retrieval).
IMG = GEM Paint image file.
INF = Setup INFormation File (Microsoft Windows Setup).
Intel = Intel Corporation.
InterNIC = Internet Network Information Center.
I/O = Input/Output.
ION = Integrated On-demand Network (Sprint FastBreak).
IP = Internet Protocol.
IPF = Invalid Page Fault (Microsoft Windows).
IPTV = Internet Protocol TeleVision (Microsoft).
IPv4 = Internet Protocol version 4 (RFC791, 32-bit).
IPv6 = Internet Protocol version 6 (RFC1883, 128-bit).
IPX = Internetwork Packet EXchange (Novell Netware).
IRC = Internet Relay Chat.
IrDA = Infrared Data Association.
IRQ = Interrupt ReQuest line.
ISA (1) = Industry Standard Architecture.
ISA (2) = Instruction Set Architecture (computer architecture -> programming).
iSCSI = Internet Small Computers System Interface protocol (IETF).
ISDN = Integrated Services Digital Network.
ISEF = Instruction Set Extension Fabric (Stretch CPUs).
ISF = Imaging Science Foundation (video display technologies).
ISN = Integrated Silicon Nanophotonics CMOS transistor technology (IBM).
ISO = International Organization for Standardization (Organisation
Internationale de Normalisation).
ISO 9660 = International Standard LOgical CD-ROM format (High Sierra).
ISP = Internet Service Provider.
ISV = Independent Software Vendor.
IT = Information Technology (computing industry).
ITU = International Telecommunications Union (Union Internationale des
T�l�communications).
IUPAC = International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
______________________________________________________________________________
Java = Sun Microsystems programming language.

JAR = Java ARchive file.
JDK = Java Developers Kit.
JEDEC = Joint Electron Devices Engineering Council.
JFC = Java Foundation Classes.
JFS = Journaling File System (Linux OS).
JIF = Joint Photographers Expert Group Image file.
JPEG = Joint Photographers Expert Group Picture format.
JPG = Joint Photographers Expert Group Picture file.
JVM = Java Virtual Machine (Microsoft Windows).
______________________________________________________________________________
K56flex = Lucent/Rockwell 56 kbps analog modem transfer technology.

KB = KiloByte (1 KB = 1,024 Bytes).
KBps = KiloBytes per second.
kbps = kilobits per second.
KNI = Intel Pentium III/IV CPUs 70 MMX extensions (SSE/SSE2).
______________________________________________________________________________
L1 = Level 1 cache (on CPU).

L2 = Level 2 cache (off CPU).
L2TP = Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol.
L3 = Level 3 cache (off CPU SMP).
LAN = Local Area Network.
LAPM = Link Access Protocol for Modems.
LBA = Logical Block Addressing (Hard Disk Drive access).
LBM = DeLuxe Paint BitMap picture file.
LCD = Liquid Crystal Display (digital display).
LCoS = Liquid Crystal on Silicon (digital display).
LDAP = Lightweight Directory Access Protocol.
LDIF = Lightweight Data Interchange Format (e-mail exchange technology).
LE = Linear Executable file format (DOS/Windows/WfWG 3.xx/95/98/ME 16-bit or
32-bit).
LED = Light Emitting Diode.
LEP = Light Emitting Polymers technology (CDT monitor).
LFB = Linear Frame Buffer (2D video).
LFE = Low Frequency Effects bass subwoofer channel, part of digital surround
sound (3D audio).
LFN = Long File Name (247.8 = Microsoft Windows 32-bit and 64-bit).
LFO = Low Frequency Oscillator.
LH = LoadHigh (Microsoft MS-DOS).
LIM = Lotus, Intel and Microsoft expanded/extended memory specifications.
LIMAD = LInear MAgnetic Drive speaker technology (Soundmatters).
Linux = Linus Torvalds' GPL (free, open source) Operating System based on Unix
OS.
LMDS = Local Multipoint Distribution Service.
LPC = Low Pin Count interface specification (Intel).
LPT = Line PrinTer.
LTO = Linear Tape-Open technology (IBM/Hewlett Packard/Seagate).
LVD = Low Voltage Differential (SCSI-2).
LZ77 = Lempel and Ziv 1977 compression algorithm.
LZMA = Lempel, Ziv and Markov chain compression Algorithm (7-Zip/7Z format).
LZW = Lempel, Ziv and Welch compression algorithm (GIF graphic format).
LZX = Lempel and Ziv eXtended compression algorithm (Microsoft CAB format).
______________________________________________________________________________
M.2 = mSATA 2nd generation (also NGFF) SSD interface standard (also SATA
Express).
MAC (1) = Media Access Control address (networked hardware unique ID).
MAC (2) = MAC Paint picture file.
MacOS = MacIntosh Operating System (Apple).
MalWare = Malicious softWare (spyware, trojan, virus, worm, zombie etc).
MAN = Metropolitan Area Network.
MAPI = Messaging Application Programming Interface (Microsoft e-mail).
MB = MegaByte (1 MB = 1,024 KiloBytes = 1,048,576 bytes).
MBOA = Multiband OFDM Alliance (UWB technologies).
MBps = MegaBytes per second.
mbps = megabits per second.
MBR = Master Boot Record (partition table).
MCA = Multilink Channel Aggregation technology (Microsoft Windows).
MCD = Mini Client Driver (Microsoft 3D).
MCGA = MonoChrome Graphics Adapter.
MCI = Media Control Interface.
MCP = Microsoft Certified Professional.
MD5 = Message Digest algorithm 5 128-bit encryption (cryptography).
MDA = Modular Digital Architecture.
MDI = Multiple Document Interface.
MDRAM = Multibank Dynamic Random Access Memory (MoSys).
MFC = Microsoft Foundation Classes (C++ classes library).
MGA = Monochrome Graphics Adapter.
MHL = Mobile High Definition Link mobile to audio/video interface
(Nokia/Samsung/Silicon Image/Sony/Toshiba).
MHTML = MIME Encapsulation of Aggregate HyperText Markup Language Documents
(W3C).
MHz = MegaHertz (1 MHz = 1,000 KHz = 1,000,000 Hz).
Microsoft = Microsoft Corporation.
MIDI = Musical Instrument Digital Interface technology.
MIGFET = Multiple Independent Gate Field Effect Transistor (Motorola).
MIME = Multipurpose (Multipart) Internet Mail Extensions.
MIP = Multum In Parvum texture mapping (3D video).
MIPS = Millions of Instructions per Second (CPU).
MIT = Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
MLA = Modern Languages Association.
MLPPP = MultiLink Point to Point Protocol.
ML-R = MultiLevel Compact Disc Recorder 2 GB (TDK).
ML-RW = MultiLevel Compact Disc ReWritable 2 GB (TDK).
MMA = MIDI Manufacturers Association.
MMOFPS = Massively Multiplayer Online First Person Shooter game.
MMOG = Massively Multiplayer Online Game.
MMORPG = Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game.
MMVF = MultiMedia Video Format (NEC DVD).
MMX = MultiMedia eXtensions (Intel Pentium/Pentium Pro CPUs 57 instructions).
MMX2 = Intel Pentium II/III/IV CPUs MultiMedia eXtensions 2nd generation (see
KNI).
MO = Magneto-Optical drive.
modem = MOdulator/DEModulator (data to analog/digital
converter/transmitter/receiver).
MODS = Multiplexed Optical Data Storage 1 TB CD/DVD technology (Imperial
College London).
MOV = QuickTime MOVie file (Apple).
MP3 = MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 compression/format technology.
MPC = Multimedia Personal Computer.
MPEG = Motion Picture Expert Group.
MPEG-1 = Motion Picture Expert Group v1 audio/video compression technology.
MPG = Motion Picture Expert Group compressed image file format.
MPGA = Micro Pin Grid Array (370 pin Intel CPU).
MR = Magneto-Resistive head technology (Hard Disk Drive).
MRAM = Magneto-Resistive Random Access Memory (IBM/Infineon).
MRX = Magneto-Resistive EXtended head technology (IBM Hard Disk Drive).
�s = Microsecond (1/1,000,000 = 1 millionth of a second).
MS = MicroSoft Corporation.
MS IE = MicroSoft Internet Explorer web browser (IEXPLORE.EXE).
MS-DOS = MicroSoft Disk Operating System.
MSCDEX = MicroSoft Compact Disc EXtensions device driver (MSCDEX.EXE).
MSD = MicroSoft Diagnostics (MSD.EXE).
MSKB = MicroSoft Knowledge Base.
MSO = Multiple Service Operator [voice (telephone), data (internet, network),
video (television, conferencing) providers].
MSP = MicroSoft Paint picture file.
MSRP = Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price.
MSS = Maximum Segment Size (Internet protocol).
MTBF = Mean Time Between Failures. Measured in hours (computer components).
MTOM = Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism (W3C).
MTT = MultiTransaction Timer (PCI).
MTTF = Mean Time To Failure. Measured in hours (computer components).
MTTR = Mean Time To Repair. Measured in hours (computer components).
MTU = Maximum Transmission Unit (Internet protocol).
MUD = MultiUser Domain.
MVA = Multidomain Vertical Alignment technology (LCD screen).
MVP = Microsoft Most Valuable Professional.
MZ = Mark Zbikowski DOS executable file format (DOS 16-bit).
______________________________________________________________________________
NAC = Network Admissions Control technology (Cisco).

NAK = Negative AcKnowlegement (modem response).
NAND = Negated AND, NO AND electronic logic gate (NAND flash memory).
NAP = Network Access Protection technology (Microsoft).
NAT = Network Address Translation (networking technology).
NBA = Network Behavior Analysis (network traffic monitoring).
NC = Network Computer.
NCQ = Native Command Queuing protocol (Serial ATA Hard Disk Drive).
NDI = Network Device Interface (networking).
NDIS = Network Driver Interface Specification layer (networking)
(Microsoft/3Com).
NE = New Executable file format (DOS/Windows/WfWG 3.xx 16-bit).
NetBEUI = NetBios Extended (Enhanced) User Interface (networking).
NetBIOS = Network Basic Input Output System (LAN APIs).
NetRoom = Helix Software 386 Expanded Memory Manager (RM386.EXE).
NFC = Near Field Communication (simplified data exchange standard).
NFP = Not For Profit.
NFS = Network File System.
NGFF = Next Gen Form Factor, also M.2 (mSATA 2nd generation) SSD interface
standard (also SATA Express).
NGI = Next Generation Internet foundation.
NIC (1) = Network Interface Card.
NIC (2) = Networked Information Center.
NIPS = Network based Intrusion Prevention Systems (network security
monitoring).
NIST = National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA).
NLP = Natural Language Processing.
NNTP = Network News Transfer Protocol (USENET messaging).
NOS = Network Operating System.
NRAM = Non-volatile Random Access Memory, also NVRAM.
ns = Nanosecond (1/1,000,000,000 = 1 billionth of a second).
NSR = NVIDIA Shading Rasterizer (GeForce2/3/4/FX 3D chipsets).
NTFS = New Technology File System 32-bit (Windows
NT/2000/XP/2003/Vista/2008/7).
NTP = Network Time Protocol (atomic clock server technology).
NTSC = National Television Systems Committee (USA TV standard: 525 lines).
NUC = Next Unit of Computing (Intel small form factor PC).
NVIDIA = NVIDIA Corporation.
NVRAM = Non Volatile Random Access Memory, also NRAM.
______________________________________________________________________________
OAW = Optically Assisted Winchester hard disk technology (Seagate).

OCR = Optical Character Recognition.
ODBC = Open DataBase Connectivity.
ODI = Open Data-Link Interface (networking) (Apple/Novell).
OEM = Original Equipment Manufacturer.
OGL = OpenGL (see OpenGL).
OLE = Object Linking and Embedding (Microsoft Windows).
OLED = Polymer Organic Light Emitting Diode display (Toshiba).
OLGA = Organic Land Grid Array (Intel Pentium III CPU).
OLPC = One Laptop Per Child foundation.
ONFI = Open NAND Flash Interface Working Group (NAND flash memory standards).
OOB = Out Of Band.
OpenGL = Silicon Graphics Open Graphical Language technology (32-bit 3D
graphics/video architecture layout/APIs).
OpenGVS = Open Gemini Visual System 3D APIs technology.
OPS = Open Profiling Standard.
OS = Operating System (computer boot + core software interface).
OS/2 = IBM Operating System/2.
OSD (1) = Open Software Distribution.
OSD (2) = On Screen Display.
OSDN = Open Source Technology Group (formerly Open Source Developers Network).
OSI = Open Systems Interconnection model (communications system layering) (ISO
standard).
OSR1 = Microsoft Windows 95a OEM Service Release 1.
OSR2 = Microsoft Windows 95B/95C OEM Service Release 2.0/2.1/2.5.
OSR 2.0 = Microsoft Windows 95B OEM Service Release 2.0.
OSR 2.1 = Microsoft Windows 95B OEM Service Release 2.1.
OSR 2.5 = Microsoft Windows 95C OEM Service Release 2.5.
OSR 2.x = Microsoft Windows 95B/95C OEM Service Release 2.x.
OSTA = Optical Storage Technology Association.
OSTG = Open Source Technology Group (formerly Open Source Developers Network).
OTG = On The Go USB interface (Apple/Hewlett Packard/Intel/Microsoft/NEC).
OTF = OpenType Font cross platform format (Adobe/Microsoft).
______________________________________________________________________________
P II = Intel Pentium II CPU (80686 Klamath/Deschutes Xeon + Celeron).

P III = Intel Pentium III CPU (80686 Katmai/Coppermine/Tualatin Xeon +
Celeron).
P IV = Intel Pentium IV CPU (80686 Willamette/Northwood Xeon + Celeron).
P3P = Platform for Privacy Preferences (W3C).
P5 = Intel Pentium/Pro CPU (80586).
P6 = Intel Pentium II/III/IV CPU (80686).
PAE = Physical Address Extensions (Intel 8XX chipsets with > 4 GB RAM).
PAL = Phase Alternate Line (European TV standard: 625 lines).
Panose = Typeface font matching system (Hewlett Packard).
PAP = Password Authentication Protocol.
PAT (1) = Port Address Translation (network/Internet IP address).
PAT (2) = Performance Acceleration Technology (Intel 865/875 Pentium IV chipsets).
PATA = Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment Hard Disk Drive.
PBC = Pipeline Burst Cache.
PBM = Portable BitMap UNIX picture file.
PBSRAM = Pipeline Burst Static Random Access Memory (Intel CPU L2 cache).
PBX = Private Branch Exchange (telephony switching systems).
PC = Personal Computer (a.k.a. IBM PC/AT clone).
PC99 = PC 1999 System Design Guide (Intel/Microsoft).
PCAV = Progressive Constant Angular Velocity (Compact Disc).
PCB = Printed Circuit Board.
PCD (1) = Kodak Photo CD image file.
PCD (2) = Protein-Coated Disc optical storage technology (Harvard Medical
School/NEC).
PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect bus architecture: 32-bit 33/66 MHz
(Intel).
PCI 2.1 = Peripheral Component Interconnect 2.1 technology: 32-bit 33/66 MHz
(Intel).
PCI 2.2 = Peripheral Component Interconnect 2.2 technology: 32-bit 33/66/133
MHz (Intel).
PCI 3.0 = Peripheral Component Interconnect 3.0 technology (3GIO or PCI
Express): 64-bit 133/266 MHz 6.6 GB/sec
(Intel/IBM/Compaq/Microsoft/Dell).
PCI Express = Peripheral Component Interconnect Express technology (3GIO or
PCI 3.0): 64-bit 133/266 MHz 6.6 GB/sec
(Intel/IBM/Compaq/Microsoft/Dell), also PCIe, also PCI-X.
PCI-SIG = Peripheral Component Interconnect Special Interest Group.
PCI-X = Peripheral Component Interconnect eXtended bus architecture: 64-bit
133 MHz 6 GB/sec (Intel/Compaq/Hewlett Packard/IBM).
PCI-X 2.0 = Peripheral Component Interconnect eXtended bus architecture:
64-bit 266/533 MHz 12/24 GB/sec (Intel/Compaq/Hewlett
Packard/IBM).
Packard/IBM).
Packard/IBM).
PCIe = Peripheral Component Interconnect Express technology (3GIO or PCI 3.0):
64-bit 133/266 MHz 6.6 GB/sec (Intel/IBM/Compaq/Microsoft/Dell), also
PCI Express, also PCI-X.
PCL = Printer Control Language.
PCM = Pulse Code Modulation.
PCMCIA = Personal Computer Memory Card International Association.
PCS = Personal Communications Service.
PCX (1) = Zsoft PC Paintbrush Picture file.
PCX (2) = 3GIO or PCI Express or PCIe (see above).
PDA = Personal Digital Assistant.
PDF = Portable Document Format file (Adobe Acrobat).
PDP = Parallel Data Processing (Intel I-740).
PE = Portable Executable file format (Microsoft Windows 32-bit + 64-bit and
ReactOS).
pel = Picture ELement: RGB 3 dot pattern (color TV), also pixel.
Pentium = Intel Pentium CPU (80586).
Pentium Pro = Intel Pentium Pro CPU (80586).
Pentium II = Intel Pentium II CPU (80686 Klamath/Deschutes Xeon + Celeron).
Pentium III = Intel Pentium III CPU (80686 Katmai/Coppermine/Tualatin Xeon +
Celeron).
Pentium IV = Intel Pentium IV CPU (80686 Willamette/Northwood Xeon + Celeron).
PERL = Practical Extraction and Report Language (programming).
PFPT = Pure Flat Picture Tube.
PGM = Portable GrayMap UNIX picture file.
PGP = Pretty Good Privacy (encryption scheme).
PHP = Hypertext PreProcessor (free, open source) scripting HTML language
(dynamic, server based).
PIC (1) = Programmable Interrupt Controller.
PIC (2) = Lotus PICtor/PC Paint picture file.
PID = Product IDentification number (Microsoft OS + software).
PIF = Program Information File (Microsoft Windows).
PII = Personally Identifiable Information (information technology security).
PIM = Personal Information Manager.
PIMA = Photographic and Imaging Manufacturers Association (now I3A).
PING = Improperly called Packet InterNet Groper (network/Internet packet
transmitting/receiving tool).
PIO = Programmed Input/Output.
pixel = PIcture ELement: RGB 3 dot pattern (color CRT), also pel.
PLC = Power Line Communications technology (networking/Internet broadband).
PLEDM = Phase-state Low Electron Drive Memory (Hitachi).
PLGA = Plastic Land Grid Array (Intel Pentium II CPU).
PLL = Phase Locked Loop (CPU clock multiplier chip).
PMP = Portable Music (Multimedia) Player.
PMR = Perpendicular Magnetic Recording hard disk drive (Toshiba).
PMTU = Path Maximum Transmission Unit (Internet protocol).
PNG = Portable Network Graphics file.
PNI = Prescott New Instructions (Intel Prescott CPU 13 instructions).
PnP = Plug and Play technology.
POP (1) = Post Office Protocol (e-mail exchange technology).
PoP (2) = Point of Presence.
POP3 = Post Office Protocol version 3 (e-mail exchange technology).
POST = Power On Self Test (BIOS).
POTS = Plain Old Telephone Service.
PPGA = Plastic Pin Grid Array (370 pin Intel Pentium II CPU).
PPI = Precise Pixel Interpolation (Intel I-740 2D/3D chipset).
PPM = Portable PixelMap picture file (UNIX).
PPP = Point to Point Protocol.
PPTP = Point to Point Tunneling Protocol.
PPU = Physics Processing Unit (PhysX Ageia).
PRI = Primary Rate Interface.
PRML = Partial Response Maximum Likelihood (IBM Hard Disk Drive technology).
PRN = PRiNter port.
PS = Personal Server (Intel portable computer).
PS/2 = IBM Personal System/2 computer.
PSD = RGB indexed PhotoShop image file (Aldus).
PSTN = Public Switched Telephone Network.
PVR = Personal Video Recorder (TV analog to digital).
PXE = Preboot eXecution Environment or Pre-eXecution Environment network
interface (Intel/Systemsoft).
______________________________________________________________________________
QBE = Query By Example.

QDR-SDRAM = Quad Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory.
QEMM = Quarterdeck 386 Expanded Memory Manager (QEMM386.SYS).
QFHD = Quad Full High Definition 3840x2160 screen resolution (computer
monitors + HDTV).
QoS = Quality of Service (Internet server based technology).
______________________________________________________________________________
RAID = Redundant Array of Inexpensive (Independent) Disks.

RAM = Random Access Memory.
RAMDAC = Random Access Memory Digital to Analog Converter.
RARP = Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
RAS (1) = Sun Microsystems Raster image file.
RAS (2) = Row Access Strobe.
RAS (3) = Remote Access Service (Microsoft Windows NT/2000/XP/2003).
RAVE = Rendering Acceleration Virtual Engine (Apple).
RAW = Unencoded pixel data image file.
RDF = Resource Description Framework metadata data model (W3C/Netscape).
RDRAM = Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory.
REG = REGistry file format (Microsoft Windows
9x/NT/2000/ME/XP/2003/Vista/2008/7).
Registry = Microsoft Windows 9x/NT/2000/ME/XP/2003/Vista/2008/7 Registry
database.
RegEdit = Microsoft Windows 9x/NT/2000/ME/XP/2003 Registry Editor
(REGEDIT.EXE).
RegEdt32 = Microsoft Windows NT/2000/XP/2003 Registry Editor (REGEDT32.EXE).
RFC = Request for Comments.
RFI = Radio Frequency Interference.
RFID = Radio Frequency IDentification technology, also DSRC.
RGB = Red Green Blue picture encoding.
RIA = Rich Internet Application (desktop applications ported to the WWW).
RIFF = Resource Interchange File Format generic file container format
(Microsoft/IBM).
RIMM = Rambus Inline Memory Module.
RISC = Reduced Instruction Set Computing (CPU).
RIVA = Real Time Interactive Video and Animation (NVIDIA 3D).
RLE = CompuServe/Microsoft Windows Run Length Encoded graphic file.
RM386 = Helix Software 386 Expanded Memory Manager (RM386.EXE).
ROM = Read Only Memory.
ROT13 = ROTation by 13 letters of the alphabet (encryption scheme).
RPC = Remote Procedure Calls.
RPG = Role Playing Game.
rpm = Rotations Per Minute.
RPTV = Rear Projection TeleVision.
RSA = Rivest, Shamir and Adleman public key encryption algorithms (RSA data
security).
RSS = Really Simple Syndication = RDF (Rich) Site Summary (XML news reader).
RTC = Real Time Clock (BIOS).
RTF = Rich Text Format (Microsoft Word document).
RTM = Released To Manufacturing (Microsoft product retail/final/gamma/Gold
release).
RTS = Real Time Strategy game.
RTW = Released To Web (Microsoft product retail/final/gamma/Gold release).
RWIN = Receive WINdow (Internet protocol).
______________________________________________________________________________
S3TC = S3 Texture Compression architecture (S3 Savage3D/2000).

SaaS = Software as a Service, a.k.a. on demand software [via local thin client
(web browser) + remote central host (internet cloud server)].
SACD = Super Audio Compact Disc (Sony/Philips).
SAS = Serial Attached SCSI Hard Disk Drive.
SATA = Serial Advanced Technology Attachment Hard Disk Drive (Western
Digital).
SATA Express = Serial Advanced Technology Attachment Express PCIe based SSD
interface standard (also M.2, also NGFF).
SATA-150 = Serial Advanced Technology Attachment 150 MB/second tranfer rate
Hard Disk Drive (Western Digital).
SATA-300 = Serial Advanced Technology Attachment 300 MB/second tranfer rate
Hard Disk Drive (Intel).
SBK = EMU Sound Font BanK v1.0 (Creative Labs Sound Blaster sound cards).
Sci-Fi = Science Fiction (genre).
SBK = EMU Sound Font BanK v1.0 (Creative Labs SB sound cards).
SCSI = Small Computers System Interface Hard Disk Drive.
SCSI-1 = Small Computers System Interface 1 specifications.
SDDS = Sony Dynamic Digital Sound 7.1 (7 + 1 = 8 channels) theater sound
SDK = Software Developers Kit (programming).
SDRAM = Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory.
SDS = Satellite Data Service.
SDSL = Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line modem technology.
SDX = Storage Data Acceleration (Western Digital).
SECAM = SEquential Couleur Avec M�moire (SEquential Color With Memory) (French
TV standard: 625 lines).
SECC = Single Edge Contact Cartridge (Intel Pentium II CPU).
SECC2 = Single Edge Contact Cartridge 2 (Intel Pentium III CPU).
SED (1) = Surface Conduction Electron Emitter flat screen Display
(Canon/Toshiba).
SED (2) = Self Extraction Directive File (Microsoft Windows Setup IEAK
developer kit).
SEL = Software Emulation Layer (Microsoft Direct3D).
SEPP = Single Edge Processor Package (Intel Celeron CPU).
Serial ATA = Ultra Serial ATA 1500 v1.0 Hard Disk Interface: 1.5 Gb/sec
(Western Digital).
SET = Secure Electronic Transaction technology.
SF2 = EMU Sound Font Bank v2.0 (Creative Labs Sound Blaster sound cards).
SFF = Small Form Factor (motherboard form factor).
SFN = Short File Name (8.3 = MS-DOS 16-bit).
SGI = Silicon Graphics Incorporated.
SGML = Standard Generalized Markup Language (W3C).
SGRAM = Synchronous Graphics Random Access Memory.
SHA = Secure Hash Algorithm encryption (cryptography) (NSA).
SHDSL = Single pair High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line modem technology.
SHV = Super Hi-Vision, also UHD, also UHDTV, also UHDV (Nippon Hoso
Kyokai/Fujitsu). Digital TV/Video technology, 16:9 (7680x4320 pixels,
4320p), 60 frames/sec, 21 GHz frequency band, 24 Gb/sec uncompressed or
128 Mb/sec MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 compressed signal, 22.2 digital surround
audio channels.
SIMD = Single Instruction Multiple Data stream (Intel Pentium/newer CPUs
multimedia streaming instructions).
SIMM = Single In-line Memory Module.
SLC = Subscriber Line Charge.
SLDRAM = Synchronous Link Dynamic Random Access Memory (Hyundai).
SL-DRAM = Synchronous Layout Dynamic Random Access Memory
(Siemens/Micron).
SLI = Scan Line Interleave technology (2 or more 3dfx Voodoo2/3/4/5/6 chipsets
on same video controller).
SLIP = Serial Line Internet Protocol.
SLM = Spatial Light Modulator.
SMART = Self Monitoring Analysis Reporting Technology (hard disk).
SMB = Server Message Block (Microsoft sharing protocol).
SMDS = Switched MultiMegabit Data Service.
SMIL = Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (W3C).
SMP = Symmetrical MultiProcessing technology.
SMPTE = Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers.
SMTP = Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (e-mail exchange technology).
SNMP = Simple Network Management Protocol.
S/NR = Signal to Noise Ratio.
SOAP = Simple Object Access Protocol (W3C Internet technology, uses XML).
SO-DIMM = Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module connector.
SOHO = Small Office/Home Office.
SOI = Silicon On Insulator CPU technology (Intel).
Spam = Unsolicited/unwanted (junk) advertising e-mail.
SPD = Serial Presence Detection (EEPROM).
S/PDIF = Sony/Philips Digital Interchange Format (digital audio surround
interface).
SPF = Sender Policy Framework (e-mail exchange technology).
SPI = Stateful Packet Inspection (networking).
SPI-2 = SCSI Parallel Interface 2 technology (SCSI-3).
SPI-3 = SCSI Parallel Interface 3 technology (SCSI-3).
SPP = Standard Parallel Port.
SPTI = SCSI Pass-Through Interface.
SQL = Structured Query Language.
SRAM = Static Random Access Memory.
sRGB = 32-bit Red Green Blue color encoding technology (Microsoft/Hewlett
Packard).
sRGB64 = 64-bit Red Green Blue double precision color encoding technology
(Microsoft/Hewlett Packard).
SSA = Serial Storage Architecture bus/interface (device/peripheral).
SSD = Solid State memory Disk (flash RAM drives).
SSE = Streaming SIMD Extensions (Intel Pentium III/newer CPUs 70
instructions).
SSE2 = Streaming SIMD Extensions version 2 (Intel Pentium IV/newer CPUs 144
instructions).
SSE3 = Streaming SIMD Extensions version 3 (Intel Pentium IV/newer CPUs 157
instructions).
SSHD = Solid State Hybrid Drive (flash RAM and hard drives).
SSL = Secure Sockets Layer (secure Internet protocol).
SSLv2 = Secure Sockets Layer version 2 (secure Internet protocol).
SSR = Super Scalar Rendering (3D video).
STA = SCSI Trade Association.
STD/VR = STanDard Voltage Regulator (CPU).
STM = Scanning Tunneling Microscope.
Super AMOLED = Super Active Matrix Polymer Organic Light Emitting Diode
display (Samsung).
SVCD = Super Video Compact Disc (enhanced MPEG-1 encoding).
SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics XML 2D graphics language (W3C).
SVGA = Super Video Graphics Array standard (800x600 pixels, 600p).
SX = X86 Intel CPU without FPU (386/SX, 486/SX).
SXGA = Super EXtended Graphics Array standard (1400x1050 pixels, 1050p) (also
SXVGA).
SXGA+ = Super EXtended Array Plus standard (1280x1024 pixels, 1024p) (also
SXVGA+).
SXVGA = Super EXtended Video Graphics Array standard (1400x1050 pixels, 1050p)
(also SXGA).
SXVGA+ = Super EXtended Video Graphics Array Plus standard (1280x1024 pixels,
1024p) (also SXGA+).
Sync SRAM = Synchronous burst Static Random Access Memory (CPU L2 cache).
______________________________________________________________________________
T-Buffer = Multiple Frame Buffer rendering engine (3dfx Voodoo4/5/6 3D).

TAPI= Telephony Application Programming Interface.
TAR = Tape ARchive file format (Linux/Unix).
TB = TeraByte (1 TB = 1,024 GigaBytes = 1,048,576 MegaBytes).
TBS = Turn Based Strategy game.
TCL = Transform, Clipping & Lighting (ATI 3D video).
TCO = Total Cost of Ownership (business IT).
TCP = Transmission Control Protocol.
TCP/IP = Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
TEC = ThermoElectric Cooler (Peltier effect).
Texel = Bilinear TEXtured pixEL (3D video).
TFA = Two Factor Authentication, also 2FA (strong, multi-factor
authentication).
TFT = Thin Film Transistor (active matrix display).
TFTP = Trivial File Transfer Protocol.
TGA = TrueVision Graphic file (Targa).
THD = Total Harmonic Distortion.
THX = Tomlinson Holman's eXperiment theater Hi-Fi audio/video standard
(LucasFilm Home/Cinema: George Lucas' first film: "THX 1138").
THX EX = Tomlinson Holman's eXperiment EXtended theater Hi-Fi audio/video
extended standard (LucasFilm Home/Cinema: George Lucas' first film:
"THX 1138").
TIFF = Tagged Image File Format (Aldus).
T&L = Transform & Lighting (3D video).
TLD = Top Level Domain (Internet domain name suffix: .com, .org, .net etc).
TLS = Transport Layer Security (secure Internet protocol).
TMDS = Transition Minimized Differential Signaling DVI + HDMI high speed
serial data technology (Silicon Image).
TMM = Terabit Molecular Memory technology (Toshiba DVD).
TNT = TwiN Texel processing engine (NVIDIA RIVA TNT 2D/3D).
TNT2 = TwiN Texel 2 processing engine (NVIDIA RIVA TNT2 2D/3D).
TPU = Texture Processing Unit (3dfx Voodoo family 3D chipsets).
TRIPS = Tera-op Reliable Intelligently adaptive Processing System (IBM CPUs).
TSR = Terminate and Stay Resident program/device/driver.
TTF = True Type Font.
TTL = Time To Live (Internet protocol).
TWI = True Web Integration (Microsoft).
______________________________________________________________________________
U-ATA = Ultra Advanced Technology Attachment (EIDE/ATA disk controller/drive).

U3D = Universal 3D graphics format technology (3DIF).
UAA = Universal Audio Architecture (Microsoft).
UAE = Unrecoverable Application Error.
UART = Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter.
UASP = USB Attached SCSI Protocol (INCITS/SCSITA/MSC/USB-IF/ASUS).
UCE = Unsolicited Commercial E-mail.
UCS = Universal multiple octet coded Character Set (International Standard
ISO/IEC).
UDDI = Universal Description Discovery and Integration (network protocol).
UDF = Universal Disc Format (Compact Disc).
UDI = Uniform Driver Interface.
UDMA = Ultra Direct Memory Access (EIDE/ATA disk controller/drive).
UDMA/33 = Ultra DMA/Ultra ATA 33.33 MB/second tranfer rate (EIDE/ATA hard
disk controller/drive technology).
UDMA/66 = Ultra DMA/Ultra ATA 66.66 MB/second tranfer rate (EIDE/ATA hard
UDMA/100 = Ultra DMA/Ultra ATA 100 MB/second tranfer rate (EIDE/ATA hard
UDMA/133 = Ultra DMA/Ultra ATA 133 MB/second tranfer rate (EIDE/ATA hard
UDO = Ultra Density Optical drive (Plasmon).
UDP = User Datagram Protocol.
UDSL = Universal Digital Subscriber Line modem technology (Texas Instruments).
UDSP = Uniprocessor Digital Signal Processor Drive Electronics based
architecture.
UEFI = Unified Extensible Firmware Interface BIOS technology
(AMD/AMI/Apple/Dell/HP/IBM/Intel/Lenovo/Microsoft/Phoenix).
UHF = Ultra High Frequency.
UHD = Ultra High Definition, also SHV, also UHDTV, also UHDV (Nippon Hoso
Kyokai/Fujitsu) (new digital TV standard: 4320 lines).
UHDTV = Ultra High Definition TeleVision, also SHV, also UHD, also UHDV
(Nippon Hoso Kyokai/Fujitsu) (new digital TV standard: 4320 lines).
UHDV = Ultra High Definition Video, also SHV, also UHD, also UHDTV (Nippon
Hoso Kyokai/Fujitsu) (new digital TV standard: 4320 lines).
UI = User Interface (2D/3D computer/terminal/device platform interface) (also
GUI).
UL 1449 = Underwriter Laboratory tests certification technology for Transient
Voltage Surge Suppressors compliance.
Ultra160/m SCSI = Ultra3 SCSI technology (160 MB/s burst transfer rate).
Ultra2b SCSI = Ultra2 SCSI technology (80 MB/s burst transfer rate).
Ultra ATA = Ultra Advanced Technology Attachment (EIDE/ATA disk
controller/drive).
Ultra DMA = Ultra Direct Memory Access (EIDE drive controller).
Ultra SCSI = Ultra1 SCSI technology (40 MB/s burst transfer rate).
UMA = Upper Memory Area.
UMB = Upper Memory Block.
UMPC = Ultra Mobile Personal Computer.
UMR = Upper Memory Region.
UNC = Uniform Naming Convention.
UNDI = Universal Network Device Interface API (networking) (Intel PXE).
UNIX = MultiUser Network Operating System.
UPnP = Universal Plug and Play technology.
UPS = Uninterruptible Power Supply.
URI = Uniform Resource Identifier.
URL = Uniform Resource Locator.
URM = Universal Retention Mechanism (Slot 1 CPU).
USB = Universal Serial Bus technology.
USB2 = Universal Serial Bus version 2.0 technology.
USENET = USEr NETwork (newsgroups).
USR = US Robotics.
UTC = Coordinated Universal Time international time standard.
UTF = Universal Character Set (UCS) Transformation Format (variable width
encoding standard).
UUE = Uniform Resource Locator UNIX Encoded.
UUENCODE = Unix to Unix Encoding.
UUID = Universally Unique IDentifier 16-byte (128-bit) unique number (software
and hardware identification standard) (also GUID + IID).
UVGA = Ultimate Video Graphics Array standard (1024x768 pixels, 768p).
UWB = UltraWideBand technologies (MBOA).
UXGA = Ultra EXtended Graphics Array standard (1600x1200 pixels, 1200p) (also
UXVGA).
UXVGA = Ultra EXtended Video Graphics Array standard (1600x1200 pixels, 1200p)
(also UXGA).
______________________________________________________________________________
V.90 = ITU PCM 56 Kbps analog modem transfer technology.

V.92 = ITU PCM 56 Kbps analog modem transfer technology.
VAR = Value Added Reseller.
VAT = Virtual Allocation Table (Compact Disc).
VBE = VESA BIOS Extensions.
VBI = Vertical Blanking Interval.
VCD = Video Compact Disc (MPEG-1 encoding).
VCM = Virtual Channel Memory.
VCP = Video Cassette Player.
VCPI = Virtual Control Program Interface.
VCR = Video Cassette Recorder.
VDSL = Variable Digital Subscriber Line modem technology.
VESA = Video Electronics Standards Association.
VFAT = Virtual File Allocation Table (Microsoft Windows).
VFD = Vacuum Fluorescent Display.
VFIR = Very Fast InfraRed protocol (Hewlett Packard).
VfW = Video for Windows.
VGA = Video Graphics Array standard (640x480 pixels, 480p).
VHD = Very High Density printer interface (Centronics).
VHF = Very High Frequency.
VIVO = Video In Video Out.
VIS = Visual Image Size.
VLB = VESA Local Bus (VL bus).
VLM = Very Large Memory addressing (Intel Merced).
VLSI = Very Large Scale Integration.
VMM (1) = Virtual Memory Manager (Microsoft Windows).
VMM (2) = Virtual Machine Monitor.
VoIP = Voice over Internet Protocol.
VP8 = Video codec format used by WebM + HTML5 (On2/Google).
VPN = Virtual Private Network.
VPU = Visual Processing Unit (3Dlabs P10 family 2D/3D video chipsets).
VR (1) = Virtual Reality.
VR (2) = Voltage Regulator (CPU).
VRE = Voltage Regulator Enhanced (MMX/SSE/KNI/3DNow! CPU dual voltage).
VRAM = Video Random Access Memory.
VRM = Voltage Regulator Module (CPU).
VRML = Virtual Reality Modeling (3D) Language.
VSA-100 = Voodoo Scalable Architecture (3dfx Napalm 2D/3D video chipset).
VSM = Virtual Storage Management (Microsoft Windows 32-bit).
VXD = Virtual eXtended (everything) device Driver (Microsoft Windows
95/98/ME).
______________________________________________________________________________
W3C = World Wide Web Consortium (universal Internet standards).

WAIS = Wide Area Information Server.
WAN = Wide Area Network.
WAR = Wide Aspect Ratio display (16:9 = cinema/TV letterbox format).
WAV = WAVeform audio file format (Microsoft).
WBEM = Web Based Enterprise Management Initiative.
WDF = Windows Driver Foundation 32-bit or 64-bit (Microsoft approved).
WDM = Windows Driver Model 32-bit or 64-bit (Microsoft approved).
WebGL = Web based Graphics Language (Canvas HTML 3D video API).
WebM = Web Multimedia VP8 video and Vorbis audio Matroska container format
(On2/Google).
WebP = Web Picture lossy image format (On2/Google).
WEP = Wired Equivalent Privacy (wireless networks).
WFA = Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Alliance.
WfM = Wired for Management.
WfWG = Microsoft Windows for WorkGroups 3.1x.
WGA = Windows Genuine Advantage [Microsoft mandatory authenticity validation
system :(].
WHATWG = Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group
(Apple/Mozilla/Opera).
WHQL = Windows Hardware Quality Labs (Microsoft approved).
Wi-Fi = Wireless Fidelity (IEEE 802.11g technology, 54 mbps, 5 GHz, up to 70
m).
WiMAX = Broadband Wireless Access technologies (Intel).
Win16 = Microsoft Windows 16-bit OS API code.
Win2000 = Microsoft Windows 2000 (formerly NT 5.0).
Win2003 = Microsoft Windows 2003.
Win2008 = Microsoft Windows 2008 (code name Longhorn).
Win2K = Microsoft Windows 2000 (formerly NT 5.0).
Win2K3 = Microsoft Windows 2003.
Win2K8 = Microsoft Windows 2008 (code name Longhorn).
Win31 = Microsoft Windows/WfWG 3.1x.
Win32s = Microsoft Windows 32-bit extensions for Windows/WfWG 3.1x 16-bit.
Win3x = Microsoft Windows/WfWG 3.xx.
Win7 = Microsoft Windows 7.
Win95 = Microsoft Windows 95/95a OSR1/95B OSR 2.0/95B OSR 2.1/95C OSR 2.5.
Win98 = Microsoft Windows 98/98 SP1/98 SE(U).
Win9x = Microsoft Windows 95/95a OSR1/95B OSR 2.0/95B OSR 2.1/95C OSR
2.5/98/98 SP1/98 SE(U).
WinFS = Windows Future Storage 32-bit file layer (Windows Vista).
WinFX = Microsoft Windows 32-bit/64-bit OS managed API code (Windows Vista).
WinME = Microsoft Windows ME (Millennium Edition).
WinNT = Microsoft Windows NT 3.xx/4.0 (New Technology).
WinNT3 = Microsoft Windows NT 3.xx (New Technology).
WinNT4 = Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 (New Technology).
WinNTx = Microsoft Windows NT based OSes: NT, 2000, XP, 2003, Vista, 2008 + 7.
WinOSR1 = Microsoft Windows 95a OSR1.
WinOSR2 = Microsoft Windows 95B OSR 2.0/95B OSR 2.1/95C OSR 2.5.
WINS = Windows Internet Name Service protocol (Microsoft).
WinVista = Microsoft Windows Vista.
WinXP = Microsoft Windows XP (eXPerience).
WIPS = Wireless based Intrusion Prevention Systems (wireless security
monitoring).
WMF = Microsoft Windows MetaFile.
WMV HD = Microsoft Windows Media Video High Definition.
WOFF = Web Open Font Format W3C standard (Microsoft/Opera/Mozilla).
WORA = Write Once Run Anywhere (Sun Java).
WORE = Write Once Run Everywhere (Sun Java).
WORM = Write Once Read Many (CD-R).
WOSA = Windows Open Services Architecture (Microsoft).
WOSSA = Windows Operating Systems and Services Architecture (Microsoft).
WPA (1) = Wireless Protected Access security technology (Wi-Fi Alliance).
WPA (2) = Windows Product Activation [Microsoft mandatory activation :(].
WPE = Windows Protection Error (Microsoft Windows).
WPG = WordPerfect Graphic file.
WQXGA = Wide Quad EXtended Graphics Array standard (2560x1600, 1600p).
WRAM = Windows Random Access Memory.
WS-Discovery = Web Services Discovery network protocol (Intel/Microsoft).
WSXGA = Wide Super Ultra EXtended Graphics Array standard (1440x900 pixels,
900p) (also Wide XGA+).
WSXGA+ = Wide Super EXtended Graphics Array Plus standard (1680x1050 pixels,
1050p) (also Wide XGA+).
WTX = Workstation Advanced Technology EXtended (motherboard form factor).
WUXGA = Wide Ultra EXtended Graphics Array standard (1920x1200 pixels, 1200p)
(also WUXVGA).
WUXVGA = Wide Ultra EXtended Video Graphics Array standard (1920x1200 pixels,
1200p) (also WUXGA).
WWIF = World Wide InterFace.
WWW = World Wide Web.
WXGA = Wide EXtended Graphics Array standard (1366x768 pixels, 768p) (also
Wide XGA).
WYSIWYG = What You See Is What You Get.
______________________________________________________________________________
x2 = 3Com/US Robotics 56 kbps analog modem transfer technology.

X3D = EXtensible 3D (W3C).
X86 = Intel X86 CPU (family compatible).
X87 = Intel X87 FPU (family compatible).
XAML = EXtensible Application Markup Language based on XML (Microsoft
Windows).
XBL = XML Binding Language (Mozilla/W3C).
XDR-SDRAM = Xtreme Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
(Rambus).
Xeon = Intel Pentium II/III/IV Xeon CPU (80686).
X-Fi = Xtreme Fidelity audio technology (Creative Labs).
XGA = EXtended Graphics Array standard (1024x768 pixels, 768p) (also XVGA).
XHTML = EXtensible Hypertext Markup Language (W3C).
XHTML 1.1 = EXtensible HyperText Markup Language 1.1 standard (W3C).
XHTML5 = EXtensible HyperText Markup Language 5.0 standard (W3C).
XLL = EXtensible Link Language (W3C).
XML = EXtensible Markup Language (W3C).
XMM = EXtended Memory Manager.
XMPP = Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (IETF).
XMS = Microsoft, Intel, Lotus and AST EXtended Memory Specifications.
XPS = XML Paper Specification (Microsoft).
XSL = EXtensible Stylesheet Language (W3C).
XSLT = EXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (W3C).
XT = EXtended Technology (motherboard form factor).
XUL = EXtensible User Interface Language based on XML (Mozilla/W3C).
XVGA = EXtended Video Graphics Array standard (1024x768 pixels, 768p) (also
XGA).
______________________________________________________________________________
Y2K = Year 2000.

______________________________________________________________________________
ZAK = Zero Administration Kit for Windows NT workstations.

ZAW = Zero Administration initiative for Windows.
Z-buffer = Third (3rd) dimension/depth/z axis memory (3D video).
ZCLV = Zone Constant Linear Velocity (Compact Disc).
ZFS = Zettabyte File System 128-bit file system technology (Sun).
ZIF = Zero Insertion Force (CPU socket).
ZIP = ZIPped (compressed) file format (PKWare).
______________________________________________________________________________
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MDGx MAX Speed WinDOwS �Tricks � Secrets � Bugs � Fixes

Here are 1000+ Computing, Hardware, Software, Internet, Networking,

GLOSSARY.TXT Contents: [alphabetical order]

Glossaria, Dictionaria, Encyclop�dia, Compendia + Referentia:

1080i = 1920x1080 interlaced screen resolution (computer monitors + HDTV).

A3D = Aureal 3D surround sound technology.

b = bit (binary digit): unit of digital information: 1 bit = 0 or 1.

CaaS = Computing as a Service, a.k.a. on demand computing [via local thin

EAX = Environmental Audio EXtensions (Creative Labs Live!/Audigy/Extigy/X-Fi

FAQ = Frequently Asked Questions.

GB = GigaByte (1 GB = 1,024 MegaBytes = 1,048,576 KiloBytes).

HAL = Hardware Abstraction Layer (Microsoft Direct3D virtual 3D video

i-MLSE = Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (Sony/Panasonic Blu-Ray Disc

Java = Sun Microsystems programming language.

K56flex = Lucent/Rockwell 56 kbps analog modem transfer technology.

L1 = Level 1 cache (on CPU).

NAC = Network Admissions Control technology (Cisco).

OAW = Optically Assisted Winchester hard disk technology (Seagate).

P II = Intel Pentium II CPU (80686 Klamath/Deschutes Xeon + Celeron).

QBE = Query By Example.

RAID = Redundant Array of Inexpensive (Independent) Disks.

S3TC = S3 Texture Compression architecture (S3 Savage3D/2000).

T-Buffer = Multiple Frame Buffer rendering engine (3dfx Voodoo4/5/6 3D).

U-ATA = Ultra Advanced Technology Attachment (EIDE/ATA disk controller/drive).

V.90 = ITU PCM 56 Kbps analog modem transfer technology.

W3C = World Wide Web Consortium (universal Internet standards).

x2 = 3Com/US Robotics 56 kbps analog modem transfer technology.

Y2K = Year 2000.

ZAK = Zero Administration Kit for Windows NT workstations.

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