1.Asrat D. Shigella and Salmonella serogroups and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Ethiopia. 2008.

....................................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.Greenwood D, Slack RC, Barer MR, Irving WL. Medical Microbiology E-Book: A Guide to Microbial
Infections: Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory Diagnosis and Control. With STUDENT CONSULT
Online Access: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012. ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.Organization WH. Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella
dysenteriae type 1. 2005. ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.Sánchez-Vargas FM, Abu-El-Haija MA, Gómez-Duarte OG. Salmonella infections: an update on

epidemiology, management, and prevention. Travel medicine and infectious disease. 2011;9(6):263-77.
....................................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.Nesa M, Khan M, Alam M. Isolation, identification and characterization of salmonella serovars from
diarrhoeic stool samples of human. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2012;9(1):85-93. ... Error!
Bookmark not defined.

6.Coburn B, Grassl GA, Finlay B. Salmonella, the host and disease: a brief review. Immunology and cell
biology. 2007;85(2):112-8. ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.Demissie A, Wubie T, Yehuala FM, Fetene M, Gudeta A. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility
patterns of Shigella and Salmonella species among patients with diarrhea attending Gondar Town Health
Institutions, Northwest Ethiopia. Sci J Pub Health. 2014;2(5):469-75. ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.Reda AA, Seyoum B, Yimam J, Fiseha S, Jean-Michel V. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Salmonella
and Shigella isolates in Harar, Eastern Ethiopia. Journal of Infectious Diseases and Immunity.
2011;3(8):134-9. ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.Sivapalasingam S, Nelson JM, Joyce K, Hoekstra M, Angulo FJ, Mintz ED. High prevalence of
antimicrobial resistance among Shigella isolates in the United States tested by the National Antimicrobial
Resistance Monitoring System from 1999 to 2002. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2006;50(1):49-
54. .................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.Qu M, Lv B, Zhang X, Yan H, Huang Y, Qian H, et al. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of bacterial
pathogens isolated from childhood diarrhea in Beijing, China (2010–2014). Gut pathogens. 2016;8(1):31.
....................................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.Mamuye Y, Metaferia G, Birhanu A, Desta K, Fantaw S. Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility patterns
of Shigella and Salmonella among under 5 children with acute diarrhoea: A cross-sectional study at selected
public health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Clinical Microbiology: Open Access. 2015. .......... Error!
Bookmark not defined.

12.Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED. The global burden of typhoid fever. Bulletin of the World Health
Organization. 2004;82(5):346-53................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.Kotloff KL, Winickoff JP, Ivanoff B, Clemens JD, Swerdlow DL, Sansonetti PJ, et al. Global burden of
Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. Bulletin
of the World Health Organization. 1999;77(8):651. ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.Kumar Y, Sharma A, Sehgal R, Kumar S. Distribution trends of Salmonella serovars in India (2001–
2005). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009;103(4):390-4. .... Error!
Bookmark not defined.

15.Zhang J, Jin H, Hu J, Yuan Z, Shi W, Yang X, et al. Antimicrobial resistance of Shigella spp. from
humans in Shanghai, China, 2004–2011. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease. 2014;78(3):282-
6. .................................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

16.Beyene G, Tasew H. Prevalence of intestinal parasite, Shigella and Salmonella species among diarrheal
children in Jimma health center, Jimma southwest Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. Annals of clinical
microbiology and antimicrobials. 2014;13(1):10. .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

17.Lamboro T, Ketema T, Bacha K. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella and Shigella
Species Isolated from Outpatients, Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Canadian
Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology. 2016;2016. ........ Error! Bookmark not defined.

18.Debas G, Kibret M, Biadglegne F, Abera B. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of

shigella species at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. 2011;49(3):249-56.
....................................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

19.Mekonnen H, Kebede A, Menkir S. Isolation rate and drug resistance patterns of Shigella species among
diarrheal patients attending at Hiwot Fana Hospital, Harar, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Science and
Technology. 2014;7(1):15-25. ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

20.Nunes MdR, Magalhães PP, Penna FJ, Nunes JM, Mendes EN. Diarrhea associated with Shigella in
children and susceptibility to antimicrobials. Jornal de pediatria. 2012;88(2):125-8.Error! Bookmark not
defined.

21.Orrett FA. Prevalence of Shigella serogroups and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in southern
Trinidad. Journal of health, population, and nutrition. 2008;26(4):456......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
22.Xia S, Hendriksen RS, Xie Z, Huang L, Zhang J, Guo W, et al. Molecular characterization and
antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates from infections in humans in Henan Province, China.
Journal of clinical microbiology. 2009;47(2):401-9. ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

23.Talebreza A, Memariani M, Memariani H, Shirazi MH, Shamsabad PE, Bakhtiari M. Prevalence and
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Shigella Species Isolated From Pediatric Patients in Tehran. Archives of
Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 2016;4(1). ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

24.Rahbar M, Deldari M, Hajia M. Changing prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of different
Shigella species in Tehran, Iran. The Internet J Microbiol. 2007;3(2). ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.

25.Urvashi SS, Dutta R. Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Shigella species over five years at a tertiary-
care teaching hospital in north India. Journal of health, population, and nutrition. 2011;29(3):292. ... Error!
Bookmark not defined.

26.Savadkoohi RB, Ahmadpour-Kacho M. Prevalence of Shigella species and their antimicrobial resistance
patterns at Amirkola children hospital, North of Iran. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics. 2007;17(2):118-22.
....................................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

27.Altayyar IA, Abdalla AM. Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns and Sero-grouping of Salmonella Isolated
from Clinical Specimens in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Emer Life Sci Res. 2015;1(2):8-12. ..... Error!
Bookmark not defined.

28.Cajetan ICI, Bassey BE, Florence IN, Nnennaya IR, Casmir AA. Prevalence and Antimicrobial
Susceptibility of Salmonella Species Associated with Childhood Acute Gastroenteritis in Federal Capital
Territory Abuja, Nigeria. 2013. ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

29.Moyo SJ, Gro N, Matee MI, Kitundu J, Myrmel H, Mylvaganam H, et al. Age specific aetiological
agents of diarrhoea in hospitalized children aged less than five years in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC
pediatrics. 2011;11(1):19. .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

30.Altayyar IA, Elbreki MF, Ali MO, Ali AA. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of
Salmonella spp Isolated from Gastroenteritis Patients, Southwestern, Libya.Error! Bookmark not defined.

31.Eguale T, Gebreyes WA, Asrat D, Alemayehu H, Gunn JS, Engidawork E. Non-typhoidal Salmonella
serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and co-infection with parasites among patients with diarrhea and other
gastrointestinal complaints in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC infectious diseases. 2015;15(1):497. ..... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
32.Mache A. Salmonella serogroups and their antibiotic resistance patterns isolated from diarrhoeal stools
of pediatric out-patients in Jimma Hospital and Jimma Health Center, South West Ethiopia. Ethiopian
Journal of Health Sciences. 2002;12(1). ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

33.Mache A. Antibiotic resistance and sero-groups of Shigella among paediatric out-patients in southern
Ethiopia. East African medical journal. 2001;78(6):296-9. ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

34.Getamesay M, Getenet B, Ahmed Z. Prevalence of shigella, salmonella and cmpylobacter species and
their susceptibility patters among under five children with diarrhea in hawassa town, south Ethiopia.
Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences. 2014;24(2):101-8. ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

35.Kahsay AG, Teklemariam Z. Prevalence of Shigella among diarrheic children under-5 years of age
attending at Mekelle health center, north Ethiopia. BMC research notes. 2015;8(1):788.Error! Bookmark
not defined.

36.Desenclos J, Zergabachew A, Desmoulins B, Chouteau L, Desve G, Admassu M. Clinical,

microbiological and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of diarrhoea in Korem, Ethiopia. The Journal of
tropical medicine and hygiene. 1988. ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

37.Tiruneh M. Serodiversity and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Shigella isolates at Gondar University
teaching hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2009;62(2):93-7. ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

38.Yismaw O, Negeri C, Kassu A. A five-year antimicrobial resistance pattern observed in Shigella species
isolated from stool samples in Gondar University Hospital, northwest Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health
Development. 2006;20(3). ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

39.Zaidi MB, Estrada-García T, Campos FD, Chim R, Arjona F, Leon M, et al. Incidence, clinical
presentation, and antimicrobial resistance trends in Salmonella and Shigella infections from children in
Yucatan, Mexico. Frontiers in microbiology. 2013;4. ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

40.Yang H, Chen G, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Cheng J, Hu L, et al. Surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns
among Shigella species isolated in China during the 7-year period of 2005-2011. Annals of laboratory
medicine. 2013;33(2):111-5. .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

41.Jomezadeh N, Babamoradi S, Kalantar E, Javaherizadeh H. Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of

Shigella species from stool samples among hospitalized children in Abadan, Iran. Gastroenterology and
Hepatology from bed to bench. 2014;7(4):218. ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

42.Huruy K, Kassu A, Mulu A, Gebretsadik S, Andargie G, Tadesse T, et al. High level of antimicrobial
resistance in Shigella species isolated from diarrhoeal patients in University of Gondar Teaching Hospital,
Gondar, Ethiopia. Pharmacology Online. 2008;2:328-40. ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
43. Abdullahi M. Incidence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of salmonella species in children
attending some hospitals in kano metropolis, kano state–Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied
Sciences. 2010;3(1). ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

44. Tadesse G. Prevalence of human Salmonellosis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BMC infectious diseases. 2014;14(1):88. ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.