Changing visual environment from city core to city fringe/edge cities

Our cities consist of three distinct entities:

o the historic town, - city core
o the newly planned development - fringe development
o intermediate transitional zone- urban rural fringe.
 B

Grain size of core

Grain size of fringe
development
Open space typology
 Changing visual environment from city core to city fringe/edge cities

Urbanization is one of the most powerful socio-economic components of the modern society.
twentieth century technology leads to rapid expansion of cities, especially the metropolitan areas.
Since resource constraint restricts vertical expansion of the city to a considerable extent, cities in developing
countries experience more horizontal Growth swallowing vast tracts of rural lands in this process.

Fringe areas are directly profited from the urban growth surpluses of the core city.

Concept of Urban Fringe:

Smith's discussion (1937) of the "urban fringe" around Louisiana marks the first use of this term to signify "the
built-up area just outside the corporate limits of the city." As a landscape phenomenon, the fringe area varies
from city to city and from one time to another.
but there is a close dependence on public transport
Edge cities, term designating commercial complexes that have grown up on the margins of large American cities,
a development that dates mainly from the 1970s. The term was coined by Joel Garreau in his book Edge City: Life
on the New Frontier (1991). Sometimes called "technoburbs," edge cities typically develop at the intersection of
major highways and feature the amenities that serve large suburban populations in such locations—shopping
malls, entertainment centers, hospitals, schools, regional airports, and the like. These settings have proved
attractive to businesses for corporate headquarters, which are often sited on appealingly sylvan "campuses," and
for office buildings that can house smaller companies

Garreau established five rules for a place to be considered an edge city:

1. Has five million or more square feet (465,000 m²) of leasable office space.
2. Has 600,000 square feet (56,000 m²) or more of leasable retail space.
3. Has more jobs than bedrooms.
4. Is perceived by the population as one place.
5. Was nothing like a "city" as recently as 30 years ago. Then it was just bedrooms, if not cow pastures.

•Most edge cities develop at or near existing or planned freeway intersections, and are especially likely to
develop near major airports. They rarely include heavy industry. They often are not separate legal entities but
are governed as part of surrounding counties
•they are built at automobile scale.
•Spatially, edge cities primarily consist of mid-rise office towers (with some skyscrapers) surrounded by massive
surface parking lots and meticulously manicured lawns, almost reminiscent of the designs of Le Corbusier.
Instead of a traditional street grid, their street networks are hierarchical, consisting of winding parkways (often
lacking sidewalks) that feed into arterial roads or freeway ramps
There are certain factors that helped the emergence of edge cities;
•they are the advanced development of the automobile, which in turn lead to the need for parking,
the rise of communications and the entry of more individuals into the work place (i.e. women).

•The creation of the edge city also includes political groups that aided in the creation of the edge city
in a particular way. Within the edge city exists a privatized proto-government that is an alternative to
normal politics. These “shadow governments can tax, legislate for, and police their communities, but
they are rarely accountable, are responsive primarily to wealth (as opposed to numbers of voters),
and subject to few constitutional constraints”.[Shadow governments form as private organizations
come to edge cities. In most cases a ‘privatopia’ is formed within edge city residential areas.
•Corporate players remain important to the strength of urban and regional subsets.
•Garreau describes that the edge city has a tendency to have a large service-orientated industry
linked to the national economy. The edge city offers supplies to the local area in the form of retail
facilities and consumer services
•Progressively different services begin to move towards the edge city as the population of corporate
businesses increase. The corporate offices fill in space in edge cities and provide connections to
exterior locations if decisions are being made from those locales.
•Not only do corporate, service, transportation based edge cities exist but the innovation-driven edge
cities will generate extra-metropolitan linkages. These innovative edge cities expand various corporate
activities as hosts. Edge cities may create a significant growth in sophisticated retail, entertainment,
and consumer service facilities, which in turn leads to a rise in local employment opportunities.
•The edge city has a tendency to affect the surrounding areas by procuring more opportunities within
the labor market. They are well suited to an economy which is known for a service-orientated market
as well as sustaining major manufacturing sectors
•Study of core and pheriphery dichotomy
•Align theory and case studies with area of consern
•Image of the core and legibiligity of pheriphery
• conecct