Chemistry

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Easy
Question 1:
Suggest a method to purify a liquid which decomposes at its boiling point?
Answer 1:
The process Distillation Under reduced pressure is used to purify a liquid which
decomposes at its boiling point.

Question 2:
How will you separate a mixture of o–nitrophenol and p–nitrophenol?
Answer 2:
o–nitrophenol is steam volatile therefore it can be separated by Steam distillation.

Question 3:
Lassaigne's test is not shown by diazonium salt .Why?
Answer 3:
On heating diazonium salt, loses Nitrogen and could not fuse with the Sodium
metal therefore diazonium salt does not show Positive Lassaigne's test for
Nitrogen.

Question 4:
Why alcohols are weaker acids than Water?
Answer 4:
The alkyl group in alcohol is has +I effect due to which electron density increases
on oxygen atom which makes the release of H⁺ ion more difficult from alcohol
R→ O – H.

Question 5:
Why is nitric acid added to Sodium Extract before adding Silvernitrate for testing
halogens?
Answer 5:
Nitric acid is added to decompose NaCN & Na₂S.
NaCN + HNO₃ → NaNO₃ + HCN
Na₂S + HNO₃ → 2NaNO₃ + H₂S

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Question 6:
Write the hybridized state of C atoms in the following:
𝐶𝐻2=𝐶𝐻−𝐶≡𝑁
Answer 6:
SP², SP², SP
Question 7:
Which bond is more polar in the following pairs of molecules?
a) H₃C–NH₂, H₃C–OH
b) H₃C–OH, H₃C–SH
Answer 7:
a) C–O is more polar because O is more electronegative than N.
b) C–O is more polar because O is more electronegative than S.

Question 8:
In which C-C bond of CH₃CH₂CH₂Br, the inductive effect is expected to be the
least.
Answer 8:
Magnitude of inductive effect diminishes as the intervening bonds increases.
Hence, the effect is least in the bond between C–3 and C–2.

Question 9:
Why (CH₃)₃C⁺ carbocation is more easily formed than ( CH₃)₂C⁺H carbocation?
Answer 9:
Tertiary butyl carbocation is more stable than isopropyl carbocation.

Question 10:
Diphenylketone (C₆H₅–CO–C₆H₅) shows tautomerism. Explain.
Answer 10:
It contains two alpha H atoms.

Question 11:
What are Electrophiles and Nucleophiles?
Answer 11:
Electrophiles: The species which have one atom the octet of which is incomplete
they attract nucleophiles are called Electrophiles e.g. BF₃, Cl⁺ etc.
Nucleophiles: The species which carry negative charge or a loan pair of electrons
on an atom for donation are called Nucleophiles e.g. HS⁻, (CH₃)₃N: etc.

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Question 12:
Write resonance structure of CH₂ = CH–CHO.
Answer 12:
Proper structure I, II, III.

Question 13:
Explain Hyperconjugation.
Answer 13:
Hyperconjugation is a general stabilising interaction. It involves delocalisation of
𝜎 electrons of C–H bond of an alkyl group directly attached to an atom of
unsaturated system or to an atom with an unshared p orbital. The s electrons of
C–H bond of the alkyl group enter into partial conjugation with the attached
unsaturated system or with the unshared p orbital. Hyperconjugation is a
permanent effect.

Question 14:
Why does C–H bond length decrease in the order C₂H₆ > C₂H₄ > & C₂H₂?
Answer 14:
Because the hybridisation on the C-atoms of these are SP³, SP² and SP
respectively .The p-orbitals are bigger in size and p–character decreases in the
order SP³ > SP² > SP

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Average
Question 1:
Write IUPAC names for the following compounds.
a) ClCH₂CH₂OH.
b) CH₂=CH–CHO.
c) CH ≡C–COOH.
Answer 1:
a) 2–Chloroethan –ol.
b) Prop–2–en–1–al.
c) Prop–2–yn– 1–oic acid.

Question 2:
How Sodium fusion extract is prepared?
Answer 2:
A small piece of dry Sodium metal is heated with an organic compound in a
fusion tube for 2-3 minutes and the red hot tube is plunged in to distilled water
contained in a china dish. The contained of the china dish is boiled, cooled and
filtered. The filtrate is known as Sodium fusion extract.

Question 3:
Explain the principle of Paper Chromatography.
Answer 3:
Paper Chromatography is based on the difference in the rates at which the
components of a mixture are adsorbed. The material on which different
components are adsorbed is called Stationary phase which is generally made up
of Alumina, Silica gel or Activated Charcoal. The mixture to be separated is
dissolved in a suitable medium and it is called Moving phase. The moving phase
is run on the stationary phase, the different compounds are adsorbed on stationary
phase at different rates.

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Difficult
Question 1:
Write a short note on RESONANCE EFFECT.
Answer 1:
The polarity produced in the molecule by the interaction of two pi bonds or
between a pi bond and loan pair of electron present on an adjacent atom is known
as RESONANCE EFFECT. There are two types of resonance effect:
Positive resonance effect (Transfer of electron is away from an atom or
substituent group attached to the conjugated system) +R effect
e.g. –OH, -OR, -NH₂
Negative resonance (Transfer of electron is towards the atom or substituent group
attached to the conjugated system) –R effect
e.g. –COOH, -CHO, -CN

Question 2:
Differentiate between the principles of estimation of nitrogen in an organic
compound by (i) DUMAS method (ii) KJELDAHL'S method
Answer 2:
(i) Dumas method: A known mass of organic compound is heated with excess of
CuO in an atmosphere of CO₂, when nitrogen of the organic compound is
converted into N₂ gas, the volume of N₂ gas thus obtained is converted into STP
and the percentage of nitrogen is determined by the formula.
𝑃1 𝑉1 × 273
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑇𝑃 =
760 × 𝑇1
28 × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁2 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑇𝑃 × 100
% 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 =
22400 × 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

(ii) Kjeldahl's: A known mass of organic compound is heated with conc. H₂SO₄
in presence of K₂SO₄ and little CuSO₄ or Hg in a long necked flask called
Kjeldahl's flask. When nitrogen present in the compound is quantitatively
converted into (NH₄)₂SO₄.(NH₄)₂SO₄ thus obtained is boiled with excess of
NaOH solution to liberate NH₃ gas which is absorbed in a known excess of a
standard acid such as H₂SO₄ or HCl
1.4 × 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 × 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑
%𝑁 =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

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