Old Dominion University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry CHEM 121N – Fall 2014

Foundations of Chemistry I
Chapter 3.1-3.4
3.1 Chemical Equations
3.2 Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
3.3 Formula Weights
3.4 Avogadro’s  Number  and  the  Mole

Stoichiometry: study of the quantitative

relations between amounts of
reactants and products
______________________ in chemical reactions
• Based on the Law of Conservation of Mass by Antoine Lavosier (1789)

Chemical equation: equation that uses ________________________

chemical symbols to show what happens during a
______________________________ in a concise representation
chemical reaction

starting
Reactant(s): the ____________________ substance(s) in a chemical reaction; appear on the left
Product(s): the substance(s) _______________________
formed as a result of a chemical reaction; appear on the right

Stoichiometric coefficient: number in front of each molecular species in a chemical equation used to
balance the atoms
____________________________________ on the reactant side of the chemical equation with the atoms on the
product side to follow the law of conservation of mass
delta
Conditions: shown over the arrow; like heat (_______), reflux (process of
______________________________
boiling and condensing to recycle solvent), catalyst present (increases the
rate
______________ not consumed
of a reaction, but is ______________________ in the overall reaction)

States of matter: abbreviations describing the reactants and products written in parentheses
to the right of each compound; (g) = ______________,
gas (l) = _________________,
liquid (s) =
_________________,  (aq)  =  “aqueous”  or  _______________________________
solid dissolved in water

2 2

Problem: in the following reaction, name and identify the reactants, products, and catalyst; which substance(s)
has/have been dissolved in water?

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Old Dominion University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry CHEM 121N – Fall 2014
C6H12O6 (aq) ⎯⎯ 2 CH3CH2OH (l) + 2 CO2 (g)
glucose
______________ ethanol
_____________ carbon dioxide
____________________

catalyst
reactant in product product
water

Why do we use coefficients instead of changing subscripts to balance?

• Different combinations of hydrogen and oxygen elements can make either ______________
water (H2O) or
___________________________
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) products
• Changing the _________________
subscript in a formula changes the ________________
identity of the substance;
• Changing the ____________________
coefficient in front of a formula changes only the ______________
amount of the substance

Balancing Chemical Equations:

equal number
GOAL: when balancing chemical reactions, you must have an ______________________ atom
of each _____________ on
_____________________
both sides of the chemical equation
Tips:
1. Identify all reactants and products and write their correct formulas on both sides of the equation
2. Start balancing the equation by adding stoichiometric coefficients (start with element seen least number
of  times  first)…DON’T  ALTER  CHEMICAL  FORMULAS
3. Check your balanced equation to be sure that you have the same total number of atoms on both sides of
the equation arrow

Example: balance the following reaction and name the reactants and products:
___Al + ___Fe2O3  ___Al2O3 + ___Fe
_________________
aluminum ____________________
iron(III) oxide ___________________
aluminum oxide ______________
iron

Step 1: Al + Fe2O3  Al2O3 + Fe

Al not balanced Fe not balanced

Step 2: balance  Fe  atoms…

_____Al + _____Fe2O3  _____Al2O3 + _____ Fe

Step 3: balance  Al  atoms…

_____ Al + _____Fe2O3  _____Al2O3 + _____ Fe

Three Types of Reactions:

1. Combustion reactions
2. Combination reactions
3. Decomposition reactions

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Old Dominion University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry CHEM 121N – Fall 2014
Combustion reactions: a generally rapid reaction in which an element or compound burns in ____________________;
these reactions often produce a _______________
• Example: combustion of hydrocarbons from candle wax produces a candle flame
C25H52 (s) + _____ O2 (g)  _____ CO2 (g) + _____ H2O (g)

• Example: combustion of natural gas (mainly methane and propane) produces a bunsen burner flame
CH4 (g) + _____ O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + _____ H2O (g)

CH3CH2CH3 (g) + _____ O2 (g)  _____ CO2 (g) + _____ H2O (g)

Combination reaction: ________________________ to form ________________________

• Ionic products: reactions of _______________ with __________________________________________

____________ + _______________  _________________________

magnesium “burns  in” oxygen “to  form” magnesium oxide

_____________ + ______________  ___________________

zinc “reacts  with” iodine “to  produce” zinc iodide

• Molecular products: reactions of ____________________ with ________________________

________________ + _________________  _________________________
sulfur dioxide “reacts with”   oxygen “to  form” sulfur trioxide

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Old Dominion University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry CHEM 121N – Fall 2014
______________
C2H2 + ______________
Br2  _______________________
C2H2Br2
acetylene “reacts  with” bromine “to  produce” dibromoethene

Decomposition reaction: ____________________________________

1 substance decomposes (breaks down) to form ____________________,
2+ products
often with the input of ____________________________
energy

• Reactions often initiated by heat

℃
CaCO3
______________ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CaO
__________________ CO2
+ ______________________________
calcium carbonate calcium oxide carbon dioxide

∆
___________________
2KNO3 → ________________
2KNO2 + _________________________
O2
potassium nitrate potassium nitrite oxygen

• Reactions are sometimes initiated by shock (i.e. nitroglycerin)

2NaN3
__________________ ⎯⎯⎯ 2Na
_________________ 3N2
+ _______________________
sodium azide sodium nitrogen

• Reactions use direct electric current:

_____________________ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ____________________ + ___________________
Water hydrogen oxygen

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Old Dominion University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry CHEM 121N – Fall 2014
chemical formula
Formula weight (FW): sum of the atomic weights for the atoms in a _________________________
• the  quantitative  significance  of  a  “formula”;  used  more  for  ___________________________
ionic compounds which exist
in nature as 3-D arrays of ions and not as single molecules
• Example: formula weight of calcium chloride (CaCl2)
= [(11 × atomic  mass  of  Ca)  ]
x atomic mass of Ca + [(2
2 x×atomic
atomic  mass  of  Cl)]
mass of Cl

= [(1Ca)(40.08  amu)]
1Ca 40.08 amu + [(2  Cl)(35.453  amu)]
2 Cl 35.453 amu = 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟗  𝐚𝐦𝐮
110.99 amu

Molecular weight (MW): sum of the _____________________

atomic masses (in amu) of the atoms in a __________________
molecule
• If the chemical formula is that of a molecule, the molecular weight is the same as the formula weight
• Examples:
molecular weight of a molecule of nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
= [(2  H)(1.01  amu)]
1N 14.01 amu + [(1  O)(15.99  amu)]
2 O 15.99 amu = 45.99 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟐  𝒂𝒎𝒖
amu

molecular weight of a molecule of ethane (C2H6)

= [(2  C)(12.01  amu)]
2 C 12.01 amu + [(6  H)(1.01  amu)]
6 H 1.01 amu = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟕  𝒂𝒎𝒖
30.07 amu

molecular weight of a molecule of methanol (CH3OH)

= [(1  C)(12.01  amu)]
1C 12.01 amu + [(4  H)(1.01  amu)]
4H 1.01 amu + [(1  O)(15.99  amu)]
1O 15.99 amu = 32.04
𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟒  𝒂𝒎𝐮
amu

percent of a substances mass

Percent composition: describes the chemical makeup of a substance; the ___________________________________
due to each of its ________________________
constituent elements (also called elemental composition); calculated percentages total 100%
• Percent composition by mass ≡  ____________________________
mass (weight) percent of the compound

(number  of  atoms)(atomic  weight)

%  Composition  of  Element =   × 100%
(FW  of  the  compound)

Example: find the percentage of carbon in ethane (C2H6, FW = 30.070 amu)

(2  atoms  C)(12.01  amu)
(2 atoms C)(12.01 amu) 24.02  amu
24.02 amu
%  C
%C =   × 100%
100% = × 100%
100% = 𝟕𝟗. 𝟖𝟗%
79.89%
(30.070  amu)
(30.070 amu) 30.070  amu
30.070 amu

Practice: what is the mass percent of each element in sodium chlorite (NaClO2)?
Formula weight = (1 Na) 22.99 amu + 1 Cl 35.45 amu + 2 O 15.99 amu = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 𝒂𝒎𝐮

% Na = =

%O = =

% Cl = 100% – %Na – %O = 100% – 25.42% – 35.38% = 39.20%

Atomic mass unit (amu): too small to be useful in our daily lives as chemists; in the
lab we cannot work with individual molecules (they are too small)
Recall: 1 amu = 1.66054 × 10–27 kg = 1.66054 × 10–24 g
Mole (mol): Latin for  “heap”  or  “pile”
• the amount of substance that contains as many objects (atoms, molecules,
ions, etc.) as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12; this is an amount
that  brings  us  to  “lab  size”
• 1 mol = _______________________________
6.02212199x10^23 particles
• 1 mol of C has a mass of 12.000 g

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Old Dominion University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry CHEM 121N – Fall 2014
• Example: how many molecules of octane are in 1 mol of octane (C8H18)?
23
6.022 x× 10^23
6.022 10 (molecules of octane / mol)

• Practice: how many atoms of carbon are in 1 mol of carbon (C)?

6.022 × 1023

Avogadro’s  constant  (NA): Amedeo Avogadro (Italian physicist) experimentally

determined the number of elementary entities in a mole
NA = 6.02212199 × 1023 mol–1 accepted form = _______________________
6.022 x 10^23

single atom of an element

Molar mass: the mass of a ______________________________________ (in amu)
• the mass (in grams) of _______________________________ (in
1 mol of atoms of the element )
• mass of one 12C atom = 12 amu = 12

Proof: (12 )(1.660539×10-27 )( )(6.02212199×1023 ) = 12

• Element molar mass: the ______________________

atomic weight for the element from the Periodic Table
• Diatomic elements: molar mass is ___________________________________
twice the atomic weight
• Formula weights of ionic compounds (in amu): will be the same number as the molar mass (in )
• compound atomic masses elements
Mass of a __________________ is the sum of the ___________________ (in amu) of the __________________
in the molecule
• Moles provide a bridge from the molecular-scale to the real-world scale

Interconverting between masses, moles and number of particles (molecules / ions / atoms / formula units):

• 6.022 x 10^23
1 mole of atoms/ions/molecules contains _______________________________________ of those particles.
23
• 1  mole  of  molecules  (or  formula  units)  contains  Avogadro’s  number  (6.022×10 ) times the
number of atoms (or ions)
________________________________ of each element in the compound

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Old Dominion University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry CHEM 121N – Fall 2014
• Examples:
a) How much does 1 molecule of water (H2O) weigh in amu?
𝐚𝐦𝐮
= (2 H)21.01
H amu + 1 O 1 O 15.99 amu = 𝟏𝟖.18.01𝟎𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐞
amu/molecule

b) How much does 1 mole of H2O weigh in grams (g)?

. (18.01 amu/. H2O)(1.6606x10^-24g/amu)
× . × 𝐠
= = 𝟏𝟖.18.01
𝟎𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥
g/mol
(6.022 x 10^23 molecules/mol)
c) How many water molecules are in a 9.00-g sample of H2O?
. × 𝟐𝟑 molecules
= 9.00 g .
= 𝟑. 𝟎𝟏
3.01×x𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬
10^23

d) How much does 1 molecule of H2O weigh in grams?

. 𝟐𝟑
= . ×
= 𝟐.2.99
𝟗𝟗 ×x 𝟏𝟎
10^-23𝐠

• Practice:
(a) What is the molar mass of 1 mol of helium (He) atoms in (or the mass of 6.022 × 1023 He atoms)?
𝐠
Look at Periodic Table: 4.0026 amu = 4.0026
𝐦𝐨𝐥

(b) Calculate the molecular mass of methanol (CH3OH) in .

= [(1  C)(12.01  amu)] + [(4  H)(1.01  amu)] + [(1  O)(15.99  amu)] = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟒  𝒂𝒎𝐮
𝐠
= 𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟒 𝐦𝐨𝐥

(c) How many moles of magnesium are in 87.3 g of Mg?

Grams ←    use molar mass →  Moles ←  use  Avogadro’s  number →  Molecules

= 87.3 g = 3.59 mol Mg

.

(d) Calculate the number of grams of lead (Pb) in 12.4 moles of lead.
.
= 12.4 mol = 2.57×103 g Pb
(e) Calculate the number of atoms in 0.551 g of potassium (K).
. ×
= 0.551 g .
= 8.49×1021 K atoms
Balanced equations:    obey  the  law  of  conservation  of  mass  (Lavosier,  1789)…“mass  is  neither created nor destroyed in a
chemical  reaction”
• Example: using the molecular masses for each compound, prove that the mass of reactants must equal the mass
of products in the following reaction:

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Old Dominion University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry CHEM 121N – Fall 2014

2 moles 7 mols 4 mols 6 mols

4C + 12H + 14O 4C + 8O + 12H + 6O

(30g C2H6)/mol (32g O2)/mol (44g CO2)/mol (18g H2O)/mol

(2 mol * molar mass C2H6) + (7 mol * MM O2)

= 284g

(4 mol * MM CO2) + (6 mol + MM H2O)

= 284g

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