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BESIII

Hadron Form Factors in BESIII


Cristina Morales (Helmholtz-Institut Mainz)
on behalf of BESIII-Collaboration
Outline:
● Experiment
● Motivation
● Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Factors
● Hyperon Electromagnetic Form Factors
● Pion Form Factor
● Summary
HADRON2015
September 13th – 18th, 2015, Newport News
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BESIII@BEPCII

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BESIII @ BEPCII
Double ring e+e- collider:
● Beam energy: 1.0 – 2.3 GeV
● Crossing angle: 22 mrad
● Design Luminosity at Ψ(3770): 1033 cm-2 s-1
,85% achieved
● Optimum energy: 1.89 GeV
● Energy spread: 5.16·10-4
● Number of bunches: 93
● Bunch length: 1.5 cm
● Total current: 0.91 A

MDC:

TOF: time of flight (two layers plastic scintillator): σ(t) ~ 90 ps

EMC: Cs I(Tl), barrel+2 end caps:


σ(E)/E < 2.5 %, σ(x) < 6mm for 1 GeV e-
1T
MUC: time of flight (RPC): σ(xy) < 2 cm

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BESIII Data
BESIII Data
BEPCII Samples
Collider
Samples

~130 scan points (~1.3 fb-1)

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Motivation

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Hadron Form Factors
● All hadronic structure and strong interactions in form factors but subject to QED corrections
Hadronic vector current: (2s+1) form factors. For baryons 2 electromagnetic FFs:

Vector current. Dirac and Pauli FFs:


B

Sachs parametrization:

B
B = p, n, Λ, Σ ...

GE(4M2) = GM(4M2)
PQCD and analiticity: PQCD and analiticity:
asymptotic behaviour asymptotic behaviour

Form Factors real unphysical region Form Factors complex

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1
Hadron Form Factors

● Fundamental properties of hadrons


Contain information on charge, magnetization distribution
Connected to distribution, dynamics of quarks
Crucial testing ground for models of hadron internal structure
Necessary input for experiments probing hadronic structure, or trying to understand
modification of hadronic structure in hadronic medium

● Driving renewed activity on theory side:


Models trying to explain all four EM FFs of Nucleons
Trying to explain data at both low and high q2
Progress on QCD based calculations
...

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Baryon EM FFs in BESIII
● BESIII @ BEPCII: e+e- -annihilation: access to time-like form factors from
Direct annihilation Initial State Radiation

B B

B
B
B = p, n, Λ, Σ ...

Coulomb correction factor:

Effective form factor (assume |GE| = |GM|):

Separation of |GE| and |GM| through angular analysis:

with
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Data Samples for Hadron FFs
Data available for Hadron FFs measurements:

Direct annihilation Initial State Radiation

BaBar (500 fb-1)

ΛΛ ΣΣ ΞΞ ΩΩ ΛcΛc

Visible luminosity! Simulations with


Phokhara MC v8.0 Phokhara v8.0

2
q (GeV/c )
2
q (GeV/c )

Complementary approaches:

● High accuracy in q2 ● Continuous q2-range available: m2th < q2 < s


● High geometrical acceptance for hadron ● Full angular distribution in hadronic center-of-mass
pair (93%)
● Detection efficiency independent of q2 and hadronic
● Low background angular distribution
● Acceptance at threshold ≠ 0
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Nucleon EM FFs in BESIII

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+ -
e e → pp Phys. Rev. D91, 112004 (2015)

Analysis based on 157 pb-1 collected in 12 scan points between 2.22 – 3.71 GeV in 2011 and 2012

● Main features: Born cross section


◌ p and p from vertex, in time, back to back, E p,p = ECM/2
◌ Background negligible, ~4 GeV Bhabha subtracted
→ effective form factor
◌ Efficiencies 60% (2.23 GeV) … 3% (~4 GeV)
◌ Radiative corrections from ConExC (NLO in ISR) Angular analysis:
Extraction of Rem and |GE,M|
◌ Normalization to e+e-→e+e-, e+e-→ γγ (Babayaga 3.5)
ε·

ε∙
No steps observed in cross section. Overall uncertainty improvement by 30%
Rem = |GE|/|GM| and |GM| for three ECM. Rem consistent with BaBar and R=1. |GM| extracted for first time!

PRD87,092005(2013)
PRD91,112004(2015)
Nucl. Phys. B411,3 (1994)
Arxiv:1507.08013 (2015)

Unphysical region
|G|

q (GeV/c2 ) 11
-
Prospects for e e → pp, ppγISR +

PRD87,092005(2013)
e+e- → pp PRD91,112004(2015)
Nucl. Phys. B411,3 (1994)
BESIII 2015: 21 scan points between 2.0 and 3.08 GeV (552 pb -1) Arxiv:1507.08013 (2015)

● Expected statistical accuracies or Rem=|GE|/|GM|=1 between


9 % and 35% (similar to space-like region for same q2-region)

Unphysical region
● Expected accuracies for |GM| between 3 to 9%, 9 to 35 % for |GE|

e+e- → ppγISR
Data samples (ECM): ψ(3770),ψ(4040), 4230, 4260, 4360, 4420,
4600. Total: 7.4 fb-1

ECM = 4.230 GeV, Phokhara MC v8.0


● Analysis for each ECM and q, then combine statistics
Photon tagged
● ISR kinematics: photon and pp-system with small opposite |cosΘγ| < 0.93
polar angles |cosΘp,p| < 0.93
12%
53%
Photon untagged
● Efficiencies: ~20% -γ-untagged, ~6% γ-tagged analysis |cosΘγ| > 0.93
● From 2.1 GeV up untagged-photon analysis possible 41%

● Remaining e+e-→ ppπ0 subtracted from data


● Final statistics competitive with BaBar

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-
Prospects for e e → nn, nnγISR +

Only two direct measurements of neutron effective FF


Nucl. Phys .B517,3 (1998)
BESIII data cover wide range (1.87 – 3.08 GeV) with
unprecedented statistics PRD90, 112007 (2014)

→ measurement of cross section and |G| in wide q 2-region


BESIII data region
→ could provide the first measurement of Rem
Strategy:
◌ First identification of n and γISR:
EMC shower information
◌ neutron identification
◌ event kinematics (geometry)
2
q (GeV/c )
e+e- → nn
● n/n detection efficiencies of ~20/30% (efficiencies up to % level) BESIII

● Main background from beam background processes EMC calorimeter


CsI(Tl): 15X0 ,
● Unprecedented statistics above 2.0 GeV (~300 evts at 2.4 GeV)
λI = 171.5 g/cm2, ρ = 4.53 g/cm3
e+e- → nnγISR → 52% n/n interact in EMC

● Only tagged analysis possible (efficiencies at per mille level) MUC: Iron + resistive plates
λI = 132.1 g/cm2, ρ = 7.874 g/cm3
● Increase detection efficiency using TOF, MUC 56 cm Fe thickness in barrel
● Main background from e+e- → nnπ0 and e+e- → γγ(γ) (Neural → ~96 % n/n interact in MUC
Network)
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Hyperon EM FFs in BESIII

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+ -
e e → ΛΛ (BESIII Preliminary!!)

Analysis based on 40.5 pb-1 collected in 4 scan points between 2.2324 – 3.08 GeV in 2012 test run
BESIII event display
● at ECM = 2.2324 GeV (mth = 2.2317 GeV)
ΛΛ ECM = 2.2324 GeV
From Λ →pπ- and Λ →pπ+ (BRpπ= 64%)
◌ well defined pπ, possible p-annihilation
From Λ →nπ0 (BRnπ0 = 36%)
◌ n-annihilation in EMC (Neural Network), well defined p π0 π- p
π+
- +
● at ECM ≥ 2.4 GeV, from Λ →pπ and Λ →pπ
◌ p, p, π- and π+ from interaction vertex, in time, ΛΛ back to
back, EΛ,Λ = ECM/2 ...
e+e- → ΛΛ →pπ-pπ+
ConExc MC
Current results improve uncertainty by at least 10% for low q 2 and even more for ECM > 2.4 GeV

BE
S III BE
Pr S III
* *
el Pr
im ** el
in im
a ry |G| in
a ry
*PRD76,092006 (2007)
** Z Phys C48, 23(1990)

q q
Cross section does not Coulomb interaction at
vanish at threshold!! quark level? 15
-
Prospects for e e → Hyperons +

From 2015 scan full determination of lambda- FFs possible:

Rem = |GE|/|GM|
● Imaginary part of FFs leads to polarization observables:
MC Rem=1
Parity violating decay: Λ →pπ MC Rem=2

and

Θp : Angle between proton ΘΛ: Λ polar angle in CM


and polarization axis in Λ-CM Φ : relative phase between GE and GM

Expected statistical accuracies for Pn between 6 and 17% Phokhara v8.0

Expected statistical accuracies for Rem = |GE|/|GM| =1 between 14 and 29% 2


q (GeV/c )

● Also available from threshold (2015, 2014, 2011 data):

ee → ΛΣ0, Σ0Σ0,Σ-Σ+, Σ+Σ-, Ξ0Ξ0, Ξ+Ξ-, Ω+Ω-, Λ-cΛ+c

measurements of effective FF and measurements of effective FF, ΞΞ ΩΩ ΛcΛc


Rem and Pn at single energy points Rem and |GM| at threshold ΣΣ
possible possible ΛΛ

ee → ΛΣ0, Σ0Σ0 previously measured by


BaBar, no Rem extraction possible

2
q (GeV/c )

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Pion FF in BESIII

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- + -
e e → π π γISR
+
arXiv:1507.08188 (submitted to PLB)

(gμ-2)
● Goal: hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to ɑμ =
2
ɑ SM
μ
=ɑ QED
μ

weak
μ
+ɑ hadr
μ

→ most relevant contribution to ɑμhadr below 1 GeV: σ(e+e- →π+π-)

Disagreement between existing measurements limits knowledge of ɑ μ


2
q (GeV/c )
● Features of BESIII analysis:
◌ 2.9 fb-1 from Ψ(3770)
◌ studied range between 600 – 900 MeV
◌ only tagged analysis possible below 1 GeV
◌ main background from e+e-→μ+μ-γISR prefectly understood (<1%o )
◌ luminosity from BhaBha events → 0.5% accuracy (Babayaga NLO)
◌ FF fit function: Gounaris-Sakurai parametrization 2
q (GeV/c )
◌ radiative corrections from Phokhara v8.0

Syst. uncertainty in cross section 0.9%


Compatible with prev. measurements (1σ)
More than 3σ deviation wrt (gμ-2)SM prediction confirmed
Data from untagged analysis and above Ψ(3770) will be used
Analysis will be extended below 600 MeV and above 900 MeV
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Summary

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Summary & Outlook

● BESIII excellent laboratory for hadron form factor measurements: scan data + ISR tecnique

● Proton Form Factors and their ratio have been measured using a small amount of data

● Preliminary results on Λ just released

● New high statistics data between 2.0 and 3.1 GeV will significantly improve FFs
measurements for protons, neutrons, lambdas and other hyperons.
Also from ISR measurements exciting results for nucleon FFs expected

● ISR technique allows access to energies below 2 GeV: the first result is the charged pion,
more to come
● Other related topics being studied (not reviewed here):
◌ Baryon production threshold measurements
◌ Space-like transition FFs of mesons (light-by-light contributions to (gμ-2) )

Thank you!

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Backup

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BEPCII Collider
BEPCII Collider
Symmetric e+e--collider
Beam Energy: 1.0 – 2.3 GeV
Design Luminosity 1033 cm-2 s-1
Achieved Luminosity 70%@Ψ(3770)
BESIII Detector
BEPCII Collider
Magnet yoke SC Magnet
(1 T)

Beam pipe

R inner: 63mm 6240 CsI(Tl) crystals: 28cm (15X0)


R outer: 810 mm Barrel: |cosΘ|<0.83
Length: 2582 mm Endcap: 0.85 < |cosΘ| <0.93
43 Layers

BTOF: two layers;


ETOF: 48 crys. for each
Experimental Situation: proton FFs

● Initial direct measurements of σBorn(ee--> pp) had very poor statistics:


→ only extraction of effective form factor, |G|, possible

|G|
(Assumption: |G| = |GE| = |GM|)

|G| =
New measurements by BaBar (ISR) and pp-experiments:
◌ Steep rise at threshold
◌ Steps near 2.25 and 3.0 GeV
◌ Asymptotic behavior in SL and TL regions differ:
◌ |GMTL(10 GeV2)| = 2|GMSL(10 GeV2)|
q=

● Only BaBar and PS170 with statistics for angular analysis


→ extraction of R = |GE| /|GM| possible
◌ Precision between 11% and 43%, (<1% precision in SL)
◌ Strong tension between Babar and PS170
◌ No individual determination of G and G
E M

q=
e+e- → pp (Phys. Rev. D91, 112004)

Analysis based on157 pb-1 collected in 12 scan points between 2.22 – 3-71 GeV in 2011 and 2012
● Selection:
Only 2 oppositely charged tracks in detector: ECM = 2.4 GeV e+e- → pp MC

◌ identified as p and p: dE/dx + Tof +E/pp < 0.5


◌ from interaction vertex: |Rxy| < 1cm, |Rz| < 10 cm
◌ same time of flight window: |tofp – tofp|< 4ns
◌ back to back signature
◌ sharing ECM
◌ for ECM > 2.4 GeV low polar angles rejected (Bhabha)
BESIII
● Background: event display (XY-view)
◌ Beam background, ee--> two-body and multi-body with p and p → negligible
◌ Only remaining Bhabha at ECM> 3.40 GeV corrected for

ECM = 2.2324 GeV ECM = 2.2324 GeV


e+e- → pp (Phys. Rev. D91, 112004)

● Results:
◌ from σBorn(ee--> pp) measurement, extraction of effective form factor, |G| :

|G| = |GE| = |GM| |G|

Nobs : observed signal events


L : integrated luminosity

|G|
Nbkg : estimated background (from MC)
ε : detection efficiency (from MC)
1 +δ: radiative factor (from MC)

Agreement with previous measurements and overall


uncertainty improved by 30%
q=

◌ from proton angular distribution in CM: extraction of R = |G E|/|GM| and |GM|:

► fit differential cross section with:


ε ∙
∙|GM|2
► from second moment of cosθp:

;
e+e- → pp (Phys. Rev. D91, 112004)
e+e- → pp
BESIII Data Samples
(Phys. Rev. D91, 112004)
Proton threshold
Xiaorongs protons-paper
Xiaorongs lambda memo S. Pacetti
-
Prospects for e e → ppγISR +

Available data samples (ECM): ψ'',ψ(4040), Y(4230), Y(4260),


Y(4360), Y(4420), Y(4600). Total: 7.4 fb-1

dN(ppγ)/dq

LISR
Efficiencies, background, radiative
factor, (functions dependent on q)
MC simulations
Add all corrected data from
Strategy: different ECM for each q-bin
for each ECM
tagged and Normalize with LISR
ECM = 4.230 GeV, MC simulation
untagged analysis
Photon tagged
Born cross section, |cosΘγ| < 0.93
Effective form factor |cosΘp,p| < 0.93
12%
53%
Photon untagged
Angular analysis: |cosΘγ| > 0.93
Extraction of R 41%
and |GE,M|

For q > 2.1 GeV: Large efficiencies (~20%) from untagged photon analysis
provide large statistics and better |GE|/|GM| accuracies
1
For q < 2.1 GeV: Only tagged measurement possible for ECM ≥ 3.773 GeV.
Low efficiencies (~6%), lower statistics than BaBar. Perhaps untagged analysis of J/ψ and ψ(3686) possible ?!
+ -
e e → ΛΛ (BESIII Preliminary!!)

Analysis based on 40.5 pb-1 collected in 4 scan points between 2.2324 – 3.08 GeV in 2012
ECM = 2.2324 GeV e+e- → ΛΛ MC
● Selection at ECM = 2.2324 GeV (mΛΛ = 2.2317 GeV)
Reconstruction of ee-->ΛΛ from Λ -->pπ- and Λ -->pπ+ (BR 64%)
◌ only pi and pi in detector
◌ pion-momentum well defined
◌ Anti-proton annihilation--> secondary particles |R r| ~3 cm
→ 43 ± 7 events observed

Reconstruction of ee-->ΛΛ from Λ -->nπ0:(BR 36%)


a ry Data
◌ Multivariate Analysis (boosted decision tree) to identify n in
◌ pπ0 well defined li m Signal MC
Pre Bkg MC
→ 22 ± 6 events observed
II I
S
BE
● At ECM = 2.4, 2.8 and 3.08 GeV
Reconstruction of ee-->ΛΛ from Λ -->pπ- and Λ -->pπ+
Only 4 oppositely charged tracks in detector:
a ry Data
◌ identified as p, p, π- and π+ in Signal MC
li m Beam bkg
◌ from interaction vertex
Pre qq bkg
◌ ΛΛ invariant mass cut II I
S
◌ ΛΛ back to back signature BE
◌ sharing ECM
+ -
e e → ΛΛ (BESIII Preliminary!!)

● Results:
◌ from σBorn(ee--> ΛΛ) measurement, extraction of effective form factor, |G| :

|G| = |GE| = |GM| |G|

BE BE
SI * SI *
II II
Pr ** Pr
e e

|G|
lim lim
in in
ar ar
y y

*PRD76,092006 (2007)
** Z Phys C48, 23(1990)
q q

Cross section expected to vanish at threshold (q =2mΛ ):

with Λ q
2

Coulomb interaction at
quark level?
320 ± 58 63.4 ± 5.7
-
Prospects for e e → ΛΛ, ΣΣ, ΞΞ... +

From BESIII 2015: 15 points above llbar threshold!

Parity violating decay: Λ -->pπ, emission of proton depends on Λ-


polarisation
ΞΞ ΩΩ ΛcΛc
(*) ΣΣ
(*) Angle between proton and ΛΛ
polarization axis in mother's
rest frame
◌ Imaginary part of FFs leads to polarization observables:

Λ Λ

Expected statistical accuracies for Pn between 6 and 17%

R = |GE|/|GM|
(2015) MC R=1
◌ Expected statistical accuracies for R = |GE|/|GM| =1 (2015) MC R=2

between 14 and 29%

Complete determination of TL Ffs possible!!

Also available from threshold:


ee → ΛΣ0, Σ-Σ+, Σ0Σ0, Σ-Σ+, Ξ0Ξ0, Ξ+Ξ-, Ω+Ω-, Λ-cΛ+c
0
pπ, pπ , γΛ, nπ-, Λπ0, Λπ, ΛK, Λπ,
64%, 52%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 68%, 1% q = Ecm (GeV)
Hyperon TL EM FF in BESIII

1.88 2.23 2.31 2.38

4.57
1
e+e- → Hyperons
BESIII Data Samples
e+e- → Hyperons
BESIII Data Samples
e+e- → Hyperons
BESIII Data Samples
2.6464

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