Nama : Romy Layinul Fuad

NIM : P1337420216069

A SMOKING
Smoking affects all organs of body which reduce health of smokers and cause of many
diseases. When people smoke cigarettes so chemicals enter in lungs than pass in the body. Some
of these chemical substances are nicotine, Carbon monoxide and tar. These chemicals interfere in
mechanism of air filtering and cleaning of lungs. This smoke leads to lung irritation and mucus
over production. Smoking causes various changes in lung and airways, from these some last for
short time and sudden eg: pneumonia and cold, some last for long time like for rest of life these
changes are chronic eg: emphysema.[1, 2] However 90% of overall lung cancer cause by
smoking and 80% of overall deaths from COPD are due to smoking. It increases risk of death
due to various issues.

Smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and is
considered to be the leading preventable cause of death in the world.1,2 Internationally, 25% of
middle-aged cardiovascular deaths are attributable to smoking.3 The European Society of
Cardiology reported recently that smoking causes 28% of cardiovascular deaths in men aged 35
to 69 years and 13% in women of the same age.4 In the European Region of the World Health
Organisation (WHO), smoking is the second most important risk factor in the burden of
disability-adjusted life years and is the primary risk factor for premature mortality, associated
with about 1.6 million deaths each year.5 In the European Union (EU), 15% of all-cause deaths
are attributed to smoking, amounting to 655,000 smoking-related deaths each year,6 while in
Greece, the percentage of deaths from any smoking-associated cause, among individuals ages 35
and older, has been estimated to be 18.1%.
 Cigarette smoking is said to be responsible for over 25 diseases in humans some of which
include chronic bronchitis, ischaemic heart disease and cancers of the lung, oral cavity, urinary
bladder, pancreas, and larynx [1], [2]. Cigarette smoking has also been implicated either as a
contributory factor or causal agent in the following health conditions: osteoporosis, blindness,
impotence, loss of teeth, diabetes, reduced fertility, cataracts, asthma, reduced sperm count,
fungal eye infection, early menopause, stomach ulcers, cardiovascular heart diseases, reduced
lung function, reduced lung growth, and atherosclerosis [3], [4]. Smokers also face a much
greater risk of premature death than non-smokers [4] [5]. Unfortunately, these health
implications are not the exclusive preserve of active smokers but are also shared by passive or
second-hand smokers [4], [6], [7]. There are suggestions based on research that smoking tends to
cause cognitive decline and results in the loss of grey matter tissue in the brain with time [8]. At
the end of the twentieth century, deaths from smoking related illnesses had risen to 4 million a
year worldwide and projections indicate that this could rise to 10 million a year by 2030 [4].

Cigarette smoking is an important and independent risk factor for atherosclerosis,

coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disorders. (2). There is a dose response
relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and cardiovascular morbidity and
mortality (3). Long delay between smoking and onset of smoking related diseases resulted in the
ignorance of ill effects of smoking (4). On an average smoker Iose more than a day of their life
span for every week of smoking. Smoking kills more than one in three regular smokers (5). In
India consumers not paid much attention to the tobacco smoking related diseases. (6). Qualities
ofIndian cigarettes are far away from western standards.
 The result obtain are as in smokers 29 individuals have in between 0-30sec breath
holding time, 21 individuals have in between 31-60sec breath holding time, no individual have
duration of 61-90sec. In non-smokers 7 individuals have duration in between 0-30sec, 38
individuals have duration in between 31-60sec and 5 individuals have duration in between
61-90sec breath holding time.

The present study was composed of 25 healthynon-smokers as controls and 75 active

smokers between the age group of 20 to 60 years as the test group. Depending upon the duration
and intensity of smoking, cigarette smokers were divided into 3 sub groups of mild, moderate
and heavy smokers, as stated above. The results of the present study are given in table-1 and
graph-1. Table-1 gives the levels of total cholesterol, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and VLDL-C in
normal (Group- I), in mild smokers (Group-II A), in moderate smokers (Group –II B) and in
heavy smokers (Group –II C). Graph-I depicts the comparison of the parameters in different test
groups (Group- IIA, II B and IIC). As it is evident from the table-1 and graph-1, the intensity and
duration of smoking shows a significant increase in levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C,
VLDL-C in almost all the groups of cigarette smokers as compared to non smokers.
Simultaneously a significant reduction in level of HDL-C is observed in cigarette smokers as
compared to non-smokers and a parallel increase in these parameters with the increase in
intensity and duration of smoking.

Conclusions
Smoking, through its basic ingredients nicotine and CO, increases oxidative stress, endothelial
damage and dysfunction, is associated with significantly higher serum concentrations of total
cholesterol and triglycerides, reduces the cardioprotective HDL, and by promoting intravascular
inflammation represents a significant risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and
cardiovascular disease. In addition, nicotine deregulates cardiac autonomic function, boosts
sympathetic activity, and increases HR at rest, while it blunts HR elevation during progressive
exercise and lowers the maximum HR that can be achieved. In parallel, the smoking-induced CO
binds with haemoglobin and myoglobin, reduces arterial O2 blood saturation, and compromises
the efficiency of respiratory enzymes, resulting in dysfunction of the O2 production,
transportation and delivery system, especially during exercise; this can substantially reduce the
functional capacity and the performance of the circulatory system.
 References

SafilaNaveed, AnamAbid. 2015. Effect of smoking on lungs function: Survey based study. JIPBS,
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George Papathanasiou1, Anastasia Mamali2, Spyridon Papafloratos3, Efthimia Zerva4. 2014.

Effects of Smoking on Cardiovascular Function: The Role of Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide.
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SafilaNaveed et al. 2015. Effect of smoking on lungs function: Survey based study. JIPBS: Vol 2
(2), 131-134.

Devaranavadgi B. B ,Aski B.S, Kashinath R. T &Hundekari I. A. Year 2012. Effect of Cigarette

Smoking on Blood Lipids – A Study in Belgaum, Northern Karnataka, India. Global Journal of
Medical Research Volume XII Issue VI Version I