Neuroanatomy

#brain
#cerebrum
Things to discussed today:

– CRANIAL CAVITY AND AN – SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION TO THE – BRAINSTEM
BRAIN
– CRANIAL NERVES
– MENINGES
– CEREBELLUM
– MAJOR CORTICAL
– BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE
STRUCTURES
BRAIN
– VENTRICULAR SYSTEM
– 4 UNPAIRED
– ETHMOID
– SPHENOID
– FRONTAL
– OCCIPITAL
– 2 PAIRED
– PARIETAL
– TEMPORAL
Meninges
Some Major Cortical Structures
Major Fissures/Sulci
Brain Vesicles and Derivatives
Cerebrospinal
Fluid (CSF)
Serves as a further protection
against damage to the brain and
spinal cord

Provides chemical stability –

nutrition

Bouyancy
Ventricular System
– Ventricles: fluid filled spaces in the brain
– Lateral ventricles – side of the hemisphere
– 3rd ventricle – small slit at the base of the brain
inside the diencephalon
– 4th ventricle – diamond shaped expansion of
the central spinal canal in brainstem
– Capillary beds in pia mater of meninges
extend into the 4 ventricles of the brain
where they form choroid plexus (surrounded
by astrocytes)
– Isolated by “BBB”
– tight junctions
– Astrocytes help regulate flow into CSF
– Some substance easily, rapidly passed (CHO,
O2, CO2, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, heroin,
anesthesia)
– Others cross more slowly (creatinine, urea,
Na, K, Cl)
– Larger molecules cannot cross at all (CHON,
antibodies)
– Difficulty getting drugs to brain tissue
– Any trauma to head may damage BBB
Ventricular System
Vascular System of the Brain

– Interconnection between the carotid and vertebral arteries

Circle of Willis
Carotid Circulation
 • Left (direct
Carotid branch from Carotid • Internal • ACA
aorta ICA
artery • Right artery • external • MCA
(brachiocephalic
Carotid Circulation
Homunculus
 Vertebro-basilar Circulation

• Left (branch
from
descending • Right vertebral
• PICA
SUBCLAVIAN aorta) SUBCLAVIAN artery VERTEBRAL
ARTERY ARTERY ARTERIES • Anterior Spinal
• Right (branch • Left vertebral
Artery
from artery
brachiocephalic
artery)
VERTEBRAL ARTERIES

BASILAR ARTERIES
• PICA
• AICA
• SCA
Vertebro Basilar Artery

SUBCLAVIAN VERTEBRAL BASILAR

PCA
ARTERY ARTERY ARTERY
Cerebrum

– The largest component of the brain

– Brodman’s area
Basal Ganglia

– Set of subcortical nuclei situated at the base of the forebrain and lateral to the
thalamus
– Consists of caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus
– Strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem
– Considered “pathways” through which the motor cortex modulates itself
– Striatum or neostriatum = caudate nucleus and putamen
– Pallidum or paleostriatum = globus pallidus only
– Lenticular nucleus = globus pallidus and putamen
– Corpus striatum = caudate nucleus and lenticular nucleus
Basal Ganglia

– Primary role is motor control

– Influences the lower motor neurons and modulate the cortical output
– Group of projection pathways that influence motor control is called the
EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM
– To modulate motor outflow from the cortex resulting in a smooth voluntary
motor activity
– Collaborates with the cortex in initiating and directing voluntary motor activity
– Hypofunction: akinesia
– Hyperfunction: movement disorder