Magmatic Differentiation PDF

FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION
Charles Darwin in 1844 first suggested the possibility that fractional crystallization
playsa role in the formation of igneous rocks. This is the process by which solids,
generally crytals, which form from a liquid are prevented from reacting with the liquid.
Evidence for Fractional Crystallization

1.Observed changes in bulk composition of liquid, e.g. a single volcanic flow or within
a single volcano.
2.Zoning in minerals - most silicate minerals crystallized in igneous systems exhibit
evidence of zonation, which reflect changes in composition.
3.Reaction Rims - produced by chemical reaction between crystals and liquid or
sudden changes in T and P.
e.g. pyroxene rims on olivine result when the liquid containing the olivine becomes
saturated with respect to silica as a result of the growth of olivine.
Mg2SiO4 + SiO2 ===> 2MgSiO3

In fractional crystallization the solids are removed or isolated from the liquid, resulting
in the remaining or residual liquid having a new composition.
e.g. Basalt liquid crystallizes olivine (Mg2SiO4) which is undersaturated with respect to
SiO2, causing the initial liquid in to become depleted in Mg and enriched in Si,
resulting in less Mg and more Si in the liquid, after forming the olivine.
If the olivine is now removed from the system, the residual liquid is now depleted in
Mg and enriched in Si compared with the parent liquid. Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004
Petrology & Economic Geology Laboratory
Dept. of Geology – FIKTM ITB
Many mechanisms of fractional crystallization have been proposed.
Gravitational Effects
This is the most often suggested mechanism which is interpreted to indicate that
fractional crystalization has occurred. This is dependant on the density of the solid
phase(s) and the density of the liquid phase from which the solids are crystillzing.
May have crystal settling or floatation as a means of fractionation.
Crystal Settling
Most often cited gravitational effect in the recorded in the published literature.
Early formed minerals olivine (3.3-3.4 g/cc) and pyroxene (3.2-3.5 g/cc) are generally
denser than the liquid (3.0 g/cc) from which they crystallize.
Due to the density contrast between liquid and solid, the solids settle out of the
liquid. Evidence for settling has been observed in a variety of environments from a
single lava flow, ~ 1 m thick, to plutons, 1,000's of metres thick.
e.g. Palisades Sill (Triassic Age), outcrops along the west bank of the Hudson
River, in New Jersey and has thickness that varies along its length from 230-365 m.
At or near the base of the sill is an approximately 2.5 m thick olivine-rich layer (with
20% olivine). This olivine has been interpreted to have been concentrated by crystal
settling from the overlying liquid, early in the crystallization process.
Calculations show that the olivine-rich layer accumulated in over approximately
7,000 hours (290 days).
Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Crystal Floatation
This aspect of fractional crystallization has been demonstrated experimentally
by Walker and Hayes (1977) and Campbell et al. (1979), for basaltic liquids
(3.0 g/cc).
Plagioclase (2.6-2.7 g/cc) has been shown to accumulate at the top of the liquid
by floatation.
Observed in volcanic flows, with plagioclase laths concentrated at or near the
top of the flow.
One other Fractional crystallization mechanism.
Convection Effects
This is interpreted to be due to P and T gradients within the magma chamber
as convection currents carry solid material through the chamber where they
experience various temperature and pressure variations.
Liquid circulates within the chamber
Crystallization occurs in the cool portion of the cell
Absorption occurs in the hot portion of the cell
Result is zoned crystals if the absorption is incomplete
Convection is only effective when the volume of liquid is much greater than the
volume of solid.
Fractionation Mechanisms
Fractionation mechanisms relate the final composition observed in an

igneous suite to the original, primary composition of the source material
which yields the end product.
For fractionation an Evolutionary link is implied, yet no specific process
is suggested.
DEFINED
•Formation of a variety of substances from an initially homogeneous,

single parent material. Any mechanism which accomplishes this is a
fractionation or differentiation mechanism.
Every fractionation mechanism involves the migration or transport of

atoms of a particular element relative to other elements, resulting in
different bulk compositions formed from a single starting product.
The composition of the source material producing the magma may effect
the type and degree of fractionation the magma undegoes.
The obvious manifestation of fractionation is the variation observed in
the chemical composition for a single volcanic flow or pluton.
We will look at three fractionation processes: Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004
CHEMISTRY OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
The chemical composition of rocks is determined by analyzing a powder of
the rock. This aspect of geology is carried out in ERSC 3P31 - Geochemistry.
Routine geochemical analysis of geologic materials can be carried out using
either or a combination of the following two techiques:
1.X-ray Fluoresence Spectroscopy (XRF) to determine both major and trace
elements
2.Atomic Absorbtion Spectrometry (AAS) to determine both major and trace
elements
Specialized techniques and or equipment are necessary to determine other
elements.
The composition of an igneous rock is dependant on:

1.Composition of the source material
2.Depth of melting
3.Tectonic environment where crystallization occurs. e.g. rifting vs.
subduction
4.Secondary alteration

LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY Dept. of Geology – FIKTM ITB
Immiscibile - liquids can not be mixed, e.g. oil and vinegar

Proposed to explain the juxtaposition of two distinctly different 'liquid'
compositions with no intervening, intermediate composition.
e.g. globular masses of granitic composition in a basaltic matrix.
Varioles, spherulres ===> variolitic, spherilitic
This process has been in and out of favour with petrologists for the past
century.
Liquid immiscibility has been proposed to have played a role in the formation,
by fractionation, of:
1.Archaean volcanic rocks from the Abitibi Belt of NE Ontario and NW
Quebec.
2.Lunar Mare Basalts. All Apollo missions returned samples exhibiting
evidence for immiscibility.
3.Cretaceous deep sea basalts.
In all of the above ==> basalt host with 'granitic' globules or varioles.
Immiscibility has also been proposed and or observed for alkali intrusions,
which may have two silicate liquids or a silicate and carbonate liquid, and
mafic intrusions, which may have silicate and sulphide liquids.
HYBRIDIZATION AND ASSIMILATION
A magma rising through the crust may assimilate country rock
material as it passes from its source area to its site of crystallization. The
assimilated material will change (contaminate) the chemical signature of
the magma, resulting in a 'new' liquid, which when solidified will be
distinctly different from the original, uncontaminated magma.
Xenoliths and inclusions within a plutonic or volcanic rock provide
evidence for the assimilation process.
Assimilation is a thermodynamic
process involving the following principles;
Heat of solution = heat of melting + heat of mixing
where:
1.Heat of solution is the ability of a magma to

dissolve an inclusion.
2.Heat of melting is the heat capacity of of the
solid phases plus the heat of crystallization of the
minerals involved.
3.Heat of mixing is the heat required to mix the phases.
Examples of Assimilation
For a basaltic liquid assimilating a granitic solid consisting of quartz, feldspar
(plagioclase and alkali feldspar and biotite. Q, F and B will be melted, the heat
for melting comes from the heat generated by the crystallization of olivine and
pyroxene from the liquid, not from the temperature of the basaltic liquid.
The granite inclusions will not be completely melted ====> partial melting.
The end result is a basaltic andesite with inclusions of chewed up, partially
digested granitic material.
For the reverse process where granitic liquid incorporates basalt, the anhydrous
minerals in the basalt (olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase) become altered to
micas, amphiboles and epidote by the addition of H2O.
The heats of crystallization of quartz, feldspar and biotite from a granitic liquid are
not large enough to melt the basalt inclusions, resulting in very minor changes
in the original liquid composition. The result is a granite with amphibolite
inclusions.
Any changes caused by assimilation and hybridization are dependant on the

nature of the inclusions and the nature of the magmatic liquid into which the
inclusions are emplaced.
DEFINITION and VARIABILITY Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Solidified from molten material or a MAGMA
MAGMA - naturally occurring liquid (mobile rock material) generated within the earth, capable of
intrusion and/or extrusion from which igneous rocks have been derived by solidification and
other processes.
Magma may or may not contain:
Solids - crystals, xenocrysts, xenoliths or rock fragments
Gases - dissolved gaseous phases in the liquid
LIQUID PHASE:
Chemical species in liquid phase consist of metallic ions, e.g. Fe2+ (ferrous), Fe3+ (ferric), Mg2+, Na+ etc. held
within a discontinuous, fluctuating matrix of variously linked Si, Al and O atoms.
The relative abundance of the ions present is dependant on the composition of the magma and
the physical conditions, T and P, under which the magma exists.
GAS PHASE:
Most melts are capable of containing gases dissolved in solution in the liquid phase
Gas species include H2O, CO2, H2S, CH4 (Methane), NH3 (Ammonia)
With a decrease in Pressure, gases come out of solution and form discrete gas bubbles in the
liquid - produces vesicles in volcanic rocks, responsible for explosive nature of volcanic
eruptions.
The composition of the gas phase varies widely in magmas reflecting the composition, T and P of
formation, source material etc.
SOLID PHASE:
May be crystals which form early as the result of crystallization from the liquid or rock fragments,
xenoliths, or inclusions of country rocks.
GENERALITIES CONCERNING MAGMAS
Cooling
1.magmas do not crystallize suddenly, crystallization occurs over a temperature interval of approx. 100-
600°C, more commonly 100-200°C. The rate of cooling depends on the depth, shape of chamber,
crystallizing phases, etc.
2.Magmas cool exothermically, releasing heat into the host rock or atmosphere.
3.Magmas are open systems, which allows for the transfer of material, dissolved gases and fluids with
the surroundings.
4.Cooling is influenced by the environment.
Magmatic Temperatures
1.Extruded magmas = volcanics, are emplaced at atmospheric conditions, not influenced by Pressure.
The composition of the magma affects the crystallization temperature. For Basaltic rocks the observed
temperature range varies from 900-1500°C, commonly the range is 1000-1200°C.
2.Intruded Magmas = plutonic rocks, are emplaced at depth within the crust, and as sych Pressure
effects the temperature of crystallization. With increasing pressure the temperature of crystallization
decreases. Granitic plutons crystallize at approx. 600°C.
Rates of Ascent and Cooling

These are related to the structure and physical characteristics of the magma body, e.g. size, shape,
viscosity, composition, etc.
Ascent- upper limit as inferred for kimberlites, which rise from the mantle at 40 km/hour.
- lower limit, a few cm/1000 years
Cooling, ranges from quenched material extruded at the surface to plutonic bodies. A medium to large
batholith with a volume of 10,000 km3 up to may require 10 million years to completely cool.

Major Elements
These are the 13 major oxide components which are reported as
weight percent (wt%).
Because these are

Range in Normal
OXIDE reported as a
Igneous Rocks
percentage the total
should sum to 100
SiO2 35 - 80 wt%
%, ideally, however
acceptable totals lie
Al2O3 8 - 22 wt%
in the range 98.5 to
TiO2, Fe2O3 (ferric), FeO (ferrous),
4 - 30 + Wt%
101 wt%.
MnO, MgO,CaO
Na2O 1.5 - 8 + wt%
K2O 0.5 - 8 + wt%
H2O+,- Varies
P2O5 < 0.15 wt%
CO2 Varies
2.Minor or Trace Elements
Values for these elements fall in the ppm range and are rarely reported in terms of
wt %.
Elements include:
Li, Be, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, plus F, Cl, S.
Theoretically any element can be analyzed for, but you must be aware of the overall
composition of the rock, e.g.:
Basalt - analyze for Cr, Ni, Cu, but not Li, Be, Ba as these are not important or
neccassary to analyze for as they are not present in detectable amounts.
Granite pegmatite with lepidolite mica, analyze for Li, Be, and Ba but not Cr, Ni, Cu.
3.Rare Earth Elements (REE or lathanides atomic number 57 to 71), are

reported in ppm or mg/g. The REE are important for petrogenetic studies, because
as a group the REE behave coherently.
Whenever you see a published whole rock or mineral analysis ask if it is a good
analysis, Does the total add to 100%.

LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY
Immiscibile - liquids can not be mixed, e.g. oil and vinegar

Proposed to explain the juxtaposition of two distinctly different 'liquid'
compositions with no intervening, intermediate composition.
e.g. globular masses of granitic composition in a basaltic matrix.
Varioles, spherulres ===> variolitic, spherilitic
This process has been in and out of favour with petrologists for the past
century.
Liquid immiscibility has been proposed to have played a role in the
formation, by fractionation, of:
1.Archaean volcanic rocks from the Abitibi Belt of NE Ontario and NW
Quebec.
2.Lunar Mare Basalts. All Apollo missions returned samples exhibiting
evidence for immiscibility.
3.Cretaceous deep sea basalts.
In all of the above ==> basalt host with 'granitic' globules or varioles.
Immiscibility has also been proposed and or observed for alkali intrusions,
which may have two silicate liquids or a silicate and carbonate liquid, and
mafic intrusions, which may have silicate and sulphide liquids.
Liquid Immiscibility
• Liquid immiscibility in the Fo-SiO2 system
Figure 6-12. Isobaric T-X phase

diagram of the system Fo-Silica at 0.1
MPa. After Bowen and Anderson (1914)
and Grieg (1927). Amer. J. Sci.

MODAL ANALYSIS
Two types of analysis are useful when examining Igneous Rocks:
1.Modal analysis - requires only a thin section,
2.Normative analysis - requires a chemical analysis.
MODAL ANALYSIS
Produces an accurate representation of the distribution and volume
percent of the mineral within a thin section. Three methods of analysis
are used:
1.Measure the surface area of mineral grains of the same mineral,
relative to the total surface area of the thin section.
2.Measure the intercepts of each mineral along a series of lines.
3.POINT COUNT - Count each mineral occurrence along a series of
traverse line across a given thin section. For a statistically valid result >
2000 individual points must be counted.
The number of grains counted, the spacing between points and
successive traverse lines is dependant on the mean grain size of the
sample.

Advantages
One can compare rocks from different areas if you only have a thin
section, no chemical analysis is required, using a petrographic
microscope.
Gives the maximum and minimum grain sizes.
Disadvantages
Meaningless if the sample has a preferred orientation of one or
more minerals.
Porphyritic rocks are difficult to count.
Total area of sample must be sufficiently larger than the max.
diameter of the smallest grain size.

NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION
Numerous means exist for classifying and naming rocks, all of which arise because as
humans we feel we have to recognize and categorize common or contrasting features in
related things.
Systems of nomenclature and classification may reflect:
genetic, textural, chemical or mineralogical features.
GENETIC
basic system which classifies rocks on the basis of where they form.
plutonic - at depth
hypabyssal - intermediate depth
volcanic - on the Earth's surface.
This system is not very practical, but it serves as a first approximation, it tells nothing about
mineralogy, chemistry of the rocks and can not distinguish basalt from rhyolite.
TEXTURAL
relies on the grain size of individual minerals in the rock.

aphanitic - fine grained < 1 mm
phaneritic - medium grained 1 to 5 mm
coarse grained (pegmatitic) > 5 mm
This system has the same shortcomings as a genetic classification, however specific textures
present may aid in classification, e.g., phenocryst, ophitic, coronas, but these are not
indicative of a specific environment of formation or a specific lithology.
CHEMICAL
This type of classification requires a complete chemical analysis of the rock in
order to pigeonhole a sample, and is not practical under field conditions where
only a hand lens and hammer are available. A chemical classification system has
been proposed for volcanic rocks and a comparable scheme for plutonic rocks is
not available.
This leaves us with a system based on mineralogy.
2.MINERALOGICAL
The one gaining application is the result of several years work by the IUGS
Subcommission on the Classification of Igneous Rocks or Streckeissen
Classification.
IUGS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
This is based on Modal Mineralogy (MODE - an accurate representation of the

distribution and volume percent of minerals within a given rock).
The system is simple to use, can be applied in the field, using a hand lens and a
hammer. It is based on the percentages of Q (quartz), A (alkali feldspar), P
(plagioclase), and F (feldspathoids, e.g. nepheline, leucite). Further subdivisions
are dependant on the type and percentage of mafic minerals present.
NORMATIVE ANALYSIS OR NORM
Normative analysis is defined as the calculation of a theoretical assemblage of standard
minerals for a rock based, on the whole rock chemical composition as determined by
analytical techniques. The original purpose for the norm was essentially taxonomic. An
elaborate classification scheme based on the normative mineral percentages was
proposed. The classification groups together rocks of similar bulk composition
irrespective of their mineralogy. Various types of NORMs have been proposed - CIPW,
Niggli, Barth. Each of theses proposals has its own specific advantages and/or
disadvantages.
The CIPW norm, originally proposed in 1919, was proposed as a means of comparing and
classifying all igneosu rocks for which chemical analyses wers available. The NORM
takes it's name from the four authors who proposed it - Cross, Iddings, Pirsson
and Washington. This NORM was very elegant and based on a number of
simplifications:
1.The magma crystallizes under anhydrous conditions so that no hydrous minerals
(hornblende, biotite) are formed.
2.The feromagnesium minerals are assumed to be free of Al2O3.
3.The Fe/Mg ratio for all feromagnesium minerals is assumed to be the same.
4.Several minerals are assumed to be incompatible, thus nepheline and/or olivine never
appear with quartz in the norm.
Since the CIPW NORM was introduced in 1919 several other normative calculations have
been suggested, e.g. Niggli norm, Barth mesonorm. The latter is used commonly when
examining granitic rocks. Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004
Al2O3 Saturation Petrology & Economic Geology Laboratory
PLPAlumina Saturation
Independant of the silica saturation, alumina saturation is based on the 1:1
alkali:alumina ratio of feldspars and feldspathoids. Any excess or deficiency in
alumina in a rock is reflected in the mineralogy. Four classes of alumina
saturation/undersaturation are:
1.Peraluminous - Al2O3 > (CaO + N2O + K2O)

corundum appears in the norm
Minerals present in the rock are: muscovite, topaz, tourmaline, spessartine-
almandine, corundum, andalusite and sillimanite.
2.Metaluminous - Al2O3 < (CaO + Na2O + K2O) but Al2O3 > (Na2O + K2O).
anorthite appears in the norm
Al-bearing minerals are typical, e.g. biotite, hornblende.
3.Subaluminous - Al2O3 = (Na2O + K2O)

normative anorthite is small
Feldspars and feldspathoids are the only minerals with essential Al2O3.
4.Peralkaline - Al2O3 < (Na2O + K2O) and rarely Al2O3 < K2O
Acmite, sodium silicate and rarely potassium silicate appear in the norm.
Alkali ferromagnesium minerals common, e.g. aegerine, riebeckite, richerite
Rock Classification (Silica saturation)
•Oversaturated - contains primary silica mineral
•Saturated - contains neither quartz nor an unsaturated mineral
•Unsaturated - contains unsaturated minerals
Al2O3 Saturation
Four subdivisions of rocks independant of silica saturation, based on the

molecular proportions of Al2O3, Na2O, K2O and CaO applied mainly to
granitic lithologies.
Peraluminous - Al2O2 > (Na2O + K2O + CaO)

Metaluminous - Al2O3 < (Na2O + K2O + CaO) but Al2O3 > (Na2O + K2O)
Subaluminous - Al2O3 = (Na2O + K2O)
Peralkaline - Al2O3 < (Na2O + K2O)

Silica Saturation
Incompatible Phases
Under magmatic conditions some minerals react with free silica to form
other (more silica-rich) minerals. These reactant minerals are said to be
undersaturated (with respect to SiO2). Other minerals are stable (can
coexist) with free silica (generally in the form of quartz) and are said to be
saturated (with respect to SiO2).
Typical reactions are:
•2SiO2 + NaAlSiO4 =======> NaAlSi3O8

quartz + nepheline =======> albite
•2SiO2 + KAlSiO4 =======> KAlSi3O8
quartz + kalsilite =======> orthoclase
•SiO2 + KAlSiO4 =======> KAlSi2O6
quartz + kalsilite =======> leucite
•SiO2 + Mg2SiO4 =======> 2MgSiO3
quartz + Mg-rich olivine =======> enstatite

Shand (1927) proposed the following list of minerals, subdivided on the
basis of silica saturation and/or undersaturation, i.e. those that coexist with
quartz (+Q) and those that do not coexist with quartz (-Q).

Saturated (+Q) Undersaturated (-Q)
all feldspars leucite all pyroxenes nepheline all amphiboles sodalite

micas cancrinite fayalite (Fe-rich olivine) analcite spessartine
Mn3Al2(SiO4)3 forsterite (Mg-rich olivine) almandine Fe3Al2(SiO4)3
melanite (Ti garnet) sphene andradite zircon Ca3(Fe,Ti)2(SiO4)3 topaz
pyrope Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 magnetite perovskite ilmenite melilite apatite
corundum calcite
Undersaturated (-Q)
Olivin Leucite Basalt, Komba Vulcan Island of Flores Sea
0.5mm
Saturated (+Q) Undersaturated (-Q)

all feldspars leucite all pyroxenes nepheline all amphiboles sodalite
micas cancrinite fayalite (Fe-rich olivine) analcite spessartine
Mn3Al2(SiO4)3 forsterite (Mg-rich olivine) almandine Fe3Al2(SiO4)3

melanite (Ti garnet) sphene andradite zircon Ca3(Fe,Ti)2(SiO4)3
topaz pyrope Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 magnetite perovskite ilmenite melilite
apatite corundum calcite
Saturated (+Q)
Saturated (+Q)
0.5mm
Arabian Granite of Mekah and Madinah

letters to nature Petrology & Economic Geology Laboratory
Nature 327, 692 - 695 (1987); doi:10.1038/327692a0
Evidence for liquid immiscibility in the upper mantle

Hans E. F. Amundsen
Liquid immiscibility, the separation of magmas into two or more

immiscible liquid phases, has been shown to occur both experimentally1–
3 and in nature 4,5, but this phenomenon has received only limited
attention in modelling magmatic processes, as known cases of liquid
immiscibility are generally restricted to magma compositions encountered
during late stages of crystal fractionation, and relatively shallow crustal
levels. Here I report the results of a study of trapped quenched liquids in
spinel Iherzolite xenoliths, these are fragments of upper mantle material
carried to the surface in volcanic rocks. These xenoliths carry quenched
coexisting basaltic, carbonatitic and volatile-rich ultramafic liquids,
showing the existence of a previously unknown field of three-liquid
immiscibility. This type of immiscibility occurs in primitive volatile-rich
magma compositions at upper mantle to crustal levels. Furthermore,
metasomatic growth of amphibole ± apatite ± phlogopite in the Iherzolites
is associated with introduction of carbonatitic and volatile-rich ultramafic
liquids, indicating that such liquids may play an important role in mantle
metasomatism.
HISTORICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
Several aspects which historically have played and continue to play
a role in the classification of igneous rocks should also be
considered.
GRADATION IN SILICA CONTENT

-referred to as acid or basic, implying a range of silica content.
Acidic > 66 wt% SiO2

Granites ~ 72 wt% SiO2, granodiorites ~ 68 wt% SiO2
Intermediate - 52 to 66 wt% SiO2

Andesite 57 wt% SiO2
Basic - 45 to 52 Wt% SiO2

Basalts range from 48 to 50 wt%
Ultrabasic - < 45 wt% SiO2

peridotites 41 to 42 wt% SiO2

COLOUR GRADATION
Felsic rocks are light coloured, contain felsic minerals (e.g. qtz, feldspar,
feldspathoids) which are themselves light in colour and have a low density which
contribute to the pale colour of the rock.
Mafic Rocks are denser and dark coloured, the result of containing mafic minerals
(pyroxene, amphibole, olivine, biotite). These minerals contribute to the green, brown
and black colour of these rocks.
Ultramafic vs. ultrabasic
SATURATION CONCEPT
Used in reference to the SiO2 and Al2O3 which are the two most abundant components of
igneous rocks.
SiO2 Saturation
Minerals present in igneous rocks can be divided into two groups:
Those which are compatible with quartz or primary SiO2 mineral (tridymite, cristobalite)
these minerals are saturated with respect to Si, e.g feldspars, pyroxenes.
Those which never occur with a primary silica mineral. These are undersaturated minerals,
e.g. Mg-rich olivine, nepheline.
The occurrence of quartz with an undersaturated mineral causes a reaction between the two
minerals to form a saturated mineral.
2SiO2 + NaAlSiO4 ===> NaAlSi3O8
Qtz + Ne ===> Albite
SiO2 + Mg2SiO4 ===> 2MgSiO3
Qtz + Ol ===> En Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004
Rhyolite Granite
Texture ?
Composition ?
Genetic Type ?
Obsidian boulder deposit
Basaltic columnar joints of Devil tower
Basaltic columnar joints

Olivin basalt
Gabro
Amphibolitic inclusions from
basaltic protolith in granitic rock
Biotite granite porphyr

Petrology & Economic Geology Laboratory South African Igneous Complex
Petrology & Economic Geology Laboratory Bushveld Igneous Complex of South Africa
Bushveld Igneous Complex of South Africa Dept. of Geology – FIKTM ITB
Chromite-Olivine Layered Intrusion
(Cumulated Rock) of B IC - South Africa Petrology & Economic Geology Laboratory
Chromite-Olivine-Anorthosite Layer, An
Outcrop of BIC Related to Gravity Settling Petrology & Economic Geology Laboratory
of Early Differentation Process Dept. of Geology – FIKTM ITB
0.5mm
1mm
Chromite-Anorthosite-Olivine Rock in Thin Section

Leucite-Olivine Basalt (Basanite)
Of Komba Vulcan Island – Flores Sea
Dacite of Karangsambung Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Classification of Igneous Rocks

Figure 2-4. A chemical classification of volcanics based on total alkalis vs. silica.
After Le Bas et al. (1986) J. Petrol., 27, 745-750. Oxford University Press.

(a) Q
The rock must contain a total of
at least 10% of the minerals below. Quartzolite
Renormalize to 100% 90 90
Quartz-rich
Granitoid
60 60
ite
ran
To
ar G
Grano-
na
Granite
lite
ldspe
diorite
ali F
A lk
Alkali Fs. 20 20 Qtz. Diorite/

Quartz Syenite Qtz. Gabbro
Quartz Quartz Quartz
Alkali Fs. Syenite Monzonite Monzodiorite
5 5 Diorite/Gabbro/
Syenite Syenite Monzodiorite
10 35 Monzonite 65 90 Anorthosite
A (Foid)-bearing (Foid)-bearing (Foid)-bearing P
Syenite Monzonite Monzodiorite
10 10 (Foid)-bearing
Diorite/Gabbro
(Foid)-bearing
(Fo
Alkali Fs. Syenite

id)
ro
(Foid) (Foid) bb
S
ye
Monzosyenite Monzodiorite
Ga
nit
id)
e
( Fo
60 60
(Foid)olites

F

Figure 2-5. Classification of the pyroclastic rocks. a. Based on type of material. After Pettijohn
(1975) Sedimentary Rocks, Harper & Row, and Schmid (1981) Geology, 9, 40-43. b. Based on the
size of the material. After Fisher (1966) Earth Sci. Rev., 1, 287-298.
Pyroclastic Rock of Kendan – Cicalengka Bandung

Classification of Pyroclastic Rocks


Magmatic Differentiation PDF

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FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION

Evidence for Fractional Crystallization

Mg2SiO4 + SiO2 ===> 2MgSiO3

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Fractionation mechanisms relate the final composition observed in an

•Formation of a variety of substances from an initially homogeneous,

Every fractionation mechanism involves the migration or transport of

The composition of an igneous rock is dependant on:

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Immiscibile - liquids can not be mixed, e.g. oil and vinegar

1.Heat of solution is the ability of a magma to

Any changes caused by assimilation and hybridization are dependant on the

Rates of Ascent and Cooling

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Because these are

Na2O 1.5 - 8 + wt%

K2O 0.5 - 8 + wt%

P2O5 < 0.15 wt%

3.Rare Earth Elements (REE or lathanides atomic number 57 to 71), are

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Immiscibile - liquids can not be mixed, e.g. oil and vinegar

Figure 6-12. Isobaric T-X phase

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

relies on the grain size of individual minerals in the rock.

phaneritic - medium grained 1 to 5 mm

coarse grained (pegmatitic) > 5 mm

IUGS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

This is based on Modal Mineralogy (MODE - an accurate representation of the

1.Peraluminous - Al2O3 > (CaO + N2O + K2O)

3.Subaluminous - Al2O3 = (Na2O + K2O)

Four subdivisions of rocks independant of silica saturation, based on the

Peraluminous - Al2O2 > (Na2O + K2O + CaO)

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Typical reactions are:

•2SiO2 + NaAlSiO4 =======> NaAlSi3O8

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Dept. of Geology – FIKTM ITB

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Dept. of Geology – FIKTM ITB

Arabian Granite of Mekah and Madinah

Evidence for liquid immiscibility in the upper mantle

Liquid immiscibility, the separation of magmas into two or more

GRADATION IN SILICA CONTENT

Acidic > 66 wt% SiO2

Intermediate - 52 to 66 wt% SiO2

Basic - 45 to 52 Wt% SiO2

Ultrabasic - < 45 wt% SiO2

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Basaltic columnar joints

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Dacite of Karangsambung Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Alkali Fs. 20 20 Qtz. Diorite/

Alkali Fs. Syenite

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004

Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004