Ejercicios del captulo 10.4 Pruebas de validez, Introduccin a la lgica, Irving M.

Copi; Carl Cohen.

Ejercicios: I. Construya una prueba formal de la validez de cada uno de los
siguientes ejercicios:
(∀x)Ax → ¬Bx, (∃x)Cx ∧ Ax (∃x)Cx ∧ ¬Bx
1. v (∀x)Ax → ¬Bx
2. v (∃x)Cx ∧ Ax
3. f (∃x)Cx ∧ ¬Bx
4. v Aa → ¬Ba 1 VG
5. v Ca ∧ Aa 2 VP
6. f Ca ∧ ¬Ba 3 FP
7. v Ca 5 VC
8. v Aa 5 VC

9. f Aa v ¬Ba 4 VI
⊗
8, 9
10. f Ca f ¬Ba 6 FC
⊗ ⊗
7, 10 9, 10

(∀x)Dx → ¬Ex, (∀x)F x → Ex (∀x)F x → ¬Dx

1. v (∀x)Dx → ¬Ex
2. v (∀x)F x → Ex
3. f (∀x)F x → ¬Dx
4. v Da → ¬Ea 1 VG
5. v F a → Ea 2 VG
6. f F a → ¬Da 3 FG
7. v Fa 6 FI
8. f ¬Da 6 FI

9. f Fa v Ea 5 VI
⊗
7, 9
10. f Da v ¬Ea 4 VI
⊗ ⊗
8, 10 9, 10

1
(∀x)Gx → Hx, (∀x)Ix → ¬Hx (∀x)Ix → ¬Gx
1. v (∀x)Gx → Hx
2. v (∀x)Ix → ¬Hx
3. f (∀x)Ix → ¬Gx
4. v Ga → Ha 1 VG
5. v Ia → ¬Ha 2 VG
6. f Ia → ¬Ga 3 FG
7. v Ia 6 FI
8. f ¬Ga 6 FI

9. f Ia v ¬Ha 5 VI
⊗
7, 9
10. f Ga v Ha 4 VI
⊗ ⊗
8, 10 9, 10

(∃x)Jx ∧ Kx, (∀x)Jx → Lx (∃x)Lx ∧ ¬Kx

1. v (∃x)Jx ∧ Kx
2. v (∀x)Jx → Lx
3. f (∃x)Lx ∧ ¬Kx
4. v Ja ∧ Ka 1 VG
5. v Ja → La 2 VG
6. f La ∧ ¬Ka 3 FP
7. v Ja 4 VC
8. v Ka 4 VC

9. f Ja v La 5 VI
⊗
7, 9
10. f La f ¬Ka 6 FC
⊗
9, 10

2
(∀x)M x → N x, (∃x)M x ∧ Ox (∃x)Ox ∧ N x
1. v (∀x)M x → N x
2. v (∃x)M x ∧ Ox
3. f (∃x)Ox ∧ N x
4. v M a ∧ Oa 2 VP
5. v Ma 4 VC
6. v Oa 4 VC
7. v Ma → Na 1 VG

8. f Ma v Na 7 VI
9. ⊗ f Oa ∧ N a 3 FP
5, 8

10. f Oa f Na 9 FC
⊗ ⊗
6, 10 8, 10

6 (∃x)P x ∧ ¬Qx, (∀x)P x → Rx (∃x)Rx ∧ ¬Qx

1. v (∃x)P x ∧ ¬Qx
2. v (∀x)P x → Rx
3. f (∃x)Rx ∧ ¬Qx
4. v P a ∧ ¬Qa 1 VP
5. v Pa 4 VC
6. v ¬Qa 4 VC
7. v P a → Ra 2 VG

8. f Pa v Ra 7 VI
9. ⊗ f Ra ∧ ¬Qa 3 FP
5, 8

10. f Ra f ¬Qa 9 FC
⊗ ⊗
8, 10 6, 10

3
7 (∀x)Sx → ¬T x, (∃x)Sx ∧ U x (∃x)U x ∧ ¬T x
1. v (∀x)Sx → ¬T x
2. v (∃x)Sx ∧ U x
3. f (∃x)U x ∧ ¬T x
4. v Sa ∧ U a 2 VP
5. v Sa 4 VC
6. v Ua 4 VC
7. v Sa → ¬T a 1 VG

8. f Sa v ¬T a 7 VI
9. ⊗ f U a ∧ ¬T a 3 FP
5, 8

10. f Ua f ¬T a 9 FC
⊗ ⊗
6, 10 8, 10

8 (∀x)V x → W x, (∀x)W x → ¬Xx (∀x)Xx → ¬V x

1. v (∀x)V x → W x
2. v (∀x)W x → ¬Xx
3. f (∀x)Xx → ¬V x
4. f Xa → ¬V a 3 VG
5. v Xa 4 VI
6. f ¬V a 4 VI
7. v W a → ¬Xa 2 VG

8. f Wa v ¬Xa 7 VI
9. v V a → Wa ⊗ 1 FP
5, 8

10. f Va v Wa 9 VI
⊗ ⊗
6, 10 7, 10

4
9 (∃x)Y x ∧ Zx, (∀x)Zx → Ax (∃x)Ax ∧ Y x
1. v (∃x)Y x ∧ Zx
2. v (∀x)Zx → Ax
3. f (∃x)Ax ∧ Y x
4. v Y a ∧ Za 1 VP
5. v Ya 4 VC
6. v Za 4 VC
7. v Za → Aa 2 VC

8. f Za v Aa 7 VI
9. ⊗ v Aa ∧ Y a 3 FP
6, 8

10. f Aa f Ya 9 VI
⊗ ⊗
8, 10 5, 10