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Reyes
BIOCHEMISTRY Society at Stanford University and who sits on
an advisory committee on human cloning for
The Nature of Biochemistry the state of California “when will we clone
human”.
Biochemistry is the study of compounds,
chemical reactions, and molecular interactions
that are involved in the production,
maintenance and reproduction of living Broad/Scope Scientific Discipline
organisms. Biochemistry will serve as a
central component of all the health sciences, Biochemistry is the study of the structure,
composition, and chemical reactions of
including microbiology , genetics, physiology,
nutrition, medicine, dentistry and nursing. substances in living systems.
Biochemistry
catalyze chemical reactions, how cholesterol
contributes to heat disease, how aspirin lowers spills over into pharmacology,
body temperature, and how AZT inhibits the physiology, microbiology, and clinical chemistry. In
growth of the AIDS virus. these areas, a biochemist may investigate the
mechanism of a drug action; engage in viral
research; conduct research pertaining to organ
In summer, 2001, Associate Editor Gunjan
function; or use chemical concepts, procedures,
and techniques to study the diagnosis and therapy
Singha of Flash Forward magazine and co- of disease and the assessment of health.
director of a program in Genomics, Ethics and
Nurun Nahla I. Reyes
metabolism is call anabolism, while destructive
metabolism is catabolism
Branches of Biochemistry
COMPLEXITY AND ORGANIZATION
- Complexity refers to elaborate structures
RESPONSIVENESS TO STIMULI OR
- Is more essential to life than is food. solvent for many ionic compounds and neutral
molecules.
- even
A person can live for several days or months,
without food but dies with in 5 to 10
c. Water properties altered by solutes
-4 properties of water (colligative properties)
days without water. (Dehydration). Water loss a. freezing point
will kill for quicker than starvation. Loss of b. boiling point
body water to an extent of 20% results to c. vapor pressure
death. d. osmotic pressure
• Water Intake - 150 mEq/L – average sum of concentration of
all the cations in serum. This is balanced by
• Fluids and beverages – 1,200 ml- 1,500 ml 150 milliequivalents of anions.
2. proteins
• Organs 3. carbohydrates
• SKIN – 350 ml of water is lost daily through 1. Bulk elements (N,Na,Mg,P,S,Cl,K, and Ca)
the skin by diffusion. 450 ml – 700 ml of water required in relatively large amounts.
is lost through skin.
Electrolytes
Tissues
-Acid, base and salt under current process is
known as electrolytes in the process of ionization. Organs
• POSITIVE IONS ( CATIONS)
• Sodium (Na+) Systems
Nurun Nahla I. Reyes
•
- Multiplication
- Specific function according to location Nucleolus
• Plasma Membrane
nucleus.
molecules into and out of the cell. - This is a membranous network that extends
throughout the cell.
• Cell Wall
- It produce lipid compounds such as
phospholipids, steroids and fatty acids.
- The cell wall functions to support and protect
-
the cell.
fungi have walls composed of chitin. - The rough appearance is due to the presence
of ribosomes on the membrane.
• Nucleus
cell.
-
•
The structure responsible for the movement of
cilia and flagella.
Lysosomes
the digestion of the vesicle contents. - These are hair-like structures projecting from
the cell for cell movement.
• Peroxisomes
• Centrioles and Centrosome
- These are vesicles that contain enzymes
which oxidize (remove hydrogen) from a - They are involved in the formation of
variety of different compounds and pass the microtubules.
hydrogen to oxygen.
• Vacuoles
• Actin Filaments (Microfilaments)
-
This structure stores water and dissolved
substances.
Tissues
Tissue is a cellular organizational level
• Chloroplasts
intermediate between cells and a complete
organism. A tissue is an ensemble of cells,
not necessarily identical, but from the same
- It is the site of photosynthesis in the plants. origin, that together carry out a specific
function. Organs are then formed by the
•
functional grouping together of multiple
tissues. The study of tissue is known as
Mitochondria
histology or, in connection with disease,
- It is the powerhouse of the cell where ATP,
histipathology.
the energy currency of the cell is produced.
Classification of Tissues
• Cytoskeleton
- It is a network of protein molecules that provides
Connective Tissue
Muscular Tissue
the Nervous Tissue
•
Epithelial Tissue
Microtubules
Nurun Nahla I. Reyes
solvents. The particle in a colloidal solution is
comparatively small.
Systems
•
-colloidal solution manifest the tyndall effect.
Skeletal System That is , the path of a powerful beam of light
through a colloidal solutions appears strongly
• Digestive System
luminous when viewed at right angle.
4. Brownian movement
• Respiratory System
- the suspended particles of colloidal
solutions are observed to be continuous, rapid
• Circulatory System
vibratory motion. This is attribute to the incessant
bombardment of the particles of the solute by the
•
movement of solvent.
Excretory System
5. Electrical charges
• Reproductive System (Male & Female)
- colloidal particles especially suspensoids
are electrically charged, the charge being
• Nervous System
distributed over the surface of the entire particle.
The migration of particles either to positive and
• Endocrine System
negative poles of an electrical-field is called
ELECTROPHORESIS.
6. Surface tension
Physical Chemistry
-the total surface area presented by
colloidal particles is enormous compared to those
Biochemistry dealing as it does with the
of suspension.
chemistry of living matter, requires the Classification
knowledge of physical chemistry and possibly
all other branches of chemistry for he proper
understanding of the biochemical processes. Emulsoids
The important physicochemical phenomena is
essential and necessary. Suspensoids
albumin can hold 18 cc of water. When plasma
Filtrability proteins are lost as in hemorrhage.
-The particles of colloids solution can pass
through ordinary filter paper but not through Influence by he temperature and hydrogen
parchment membrane. concentration
employment of paper as supporting medium.
6. Thin Layer Chromatography
Comparison of True Solutions, Colloidal 7. Gel Filtration Chromatography
Solutions and Suspension 8. Gas Liquid Chrmatography
Emulsions
Surface Tension
A dispersion of small drops of one liquid in
another liquid.
- the force by which the surface molecules Types :
are held is called Surface tension.
- the stronger the attraction between 1.Emulsions in which oil is dispersed in water
molecules, the greater is the surface tension. known as the oil water type.
- surface tension may be measured by the
use of a stalagmometer. This is a pipette of a 2. Emulsion in which water is dispersed in oil
special design with a capillary tube ending , known as the water oil type.
permitting a measured amount of liquid to flow out
drop by drop.
b. Adsorption
Viscosity
Liquid tends to flow due to its fluidity. The
-accumulation of substances of the surface resistance which a liquid offers to flowing is
of solid or liquid. viscosity. This varies greatly with different liquids.
Nurun Nahla I. Reyes
The rate flow of a protein solution through capillary
tube by gravity or under pressure is measured and
compared with that of the solvent alone.
Factors:
Temperature
Chemical nature
Colloids
Osmosis
Diffusion
Dialysis