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Generation in DIgSILENT
Insu Kim, Member, IEEE, Raeey Regassa, Member, IEEE, and Ronald G. Harley, Member,
IEEE
Abstract - As distributed generation (DG) has been deployed Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS), and thus the 5.13
in radial distribution networks, it changes their steady-state and percent difference shown in [1] may not be acceptable since it
transient behavior. To analyze the potential impact of DG on the
exceeds the maximum ±5 percent variation allowed by ANSI
distribution network, this study models a distribution network
C84.1-2011 Range A for systems with DG connections. In
enhanced by the DG system, particularly the photovoltaic (PV)
addition, many studies did not model sufficiently complex
system, in the Digital Simulation and Electrical Network
Calculation Program (DIgSILENT) and the Open Distribution feeders with more than 1,000 buses. Therefore, this study
System Simulator (OpenDSS). As a first case study, this study models (1) the IEEE 37-bus test feeder as an example of the
initially examines load models, voltage regulators, and single- and distribution network enhanced by DG systems, particularly
three-phase transformers provided by DIgSILENT and
photovoltaic (PV) systems, and (2) feeder 11 (with the number
OpenDSS, adds a single-phase PV system to the IEEE 37-bus test
of 3,434 buses) as example of the complex distribution
feeder, and compares steady-state power-flow solutions of the
IEEE 37-bus test feeder calculated by DIgSILENT to those
network without DG systems. For this purpose, this study
calculated by OpenDSS. As a second case study, this study also examines load models, voltage regulators, and single- and
models sufficiently complex feeders, or feeder JI with the number three-phase transformers provided by DIgSILENT and
of 3,434 buses. The test distribution network developed in OpenDSS, adds a 5-kW single-phase photovoltaic (PV) system
DIgSILENT will be used in various fields for analyzing the
to the IEEE 37-bus test feeder, and compares steady-state
steady-state or transient behavior of DG-enhanced distribution
power-flow solutions of the IEEE 37-bus test feeder and feeder
systems.
11 calculated by DIgSILENT to those calculated by OpenDSS.
Index Terms - Distributed generation (DG), IEEE 37-bus test If the test feeder developed in DIgSILENT shows sufficiently
feeder, feeder JI, photovoltaic (PV), DIgSILENT, and OpenDSS. less difference in steady-state solutions to OpenDSS, then it
could be used in various fields for analyzing the steady-state or
I. INTRODUCTION dynamic behavior of DG-enhanced distribution systems.
Since distributed generation (DG) systems were deployed in This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the
distribution networks, their potential impact on the distribution problem statement, and Section 3 presents the modeling of a
network such as reverse power flow and an increase in voltage distribution network consisting of load models, voltage
has been analyzed carefully to ensure their smooth integration regulators, and transformers. Section 4 introduces two case
into distribution networks. Therefore, many studies have studies. One is a case study that adds a single-phase PV system
modeled distribution networks such as IEEE 13- and 34-bus to the IEEE 37-bus test feeder and another is feeder 11 as an
test feeders using power system analysis software such as the example of sufficiently complex feeders. Section 5 calculates
Digital Simulation and Electrical Network Calculation the steady-state power-flow solutions of the case studies using
Program (DIgSILENT) [1-5]. Among these studies, one study DIgSILENT and OpenDSS. Section 6 summarizes major
Analysis Package (RDAP), and showed a maximum 5.13 Using DIgSILENT (version of 14.1.3), this study models
percent difference in the voltage of phase C compared to those two examples of a distribution networks, firstly the IEEE 37-
calculated by RDAP [1]. However, these studies did not bus test feeder and secondly the feeder 11; these models can be
compare their solutions to those calculated by the Open used to analyze the dynamic and steady-state effects of DG
systems on distribution networks. This study also adds a
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Science single-phase PV system as an example of a DG system to the
Foundation under Grant #1232070, which was used for part of the work
IEEE 37-bus test feeder and compares the steady-state power
presented herein.
Insu Kim is with Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762 USA (e flow solutions of the IEEE 37-bust test feeder and feeder 11 to
mail: insu.kim@aamu.edu). those calculated by OpenDSS (version of 7.6.4.36).
Ronald Harley and Raeey Regassa are with the Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA (e-mails: rharley@ece.gatech.edu and
raey@gatech.edu). Ronald Harley is also a Professor Emeritus at the
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
as "constant I;" and conservation voltage reduction (CVR) Pa and Qa = initial operating active and reactive power,
load, referred to as "CVR model." Fig. 1 illustrates the Va = initial operating voltage,
characteristics of a constant power load model provided by ap ,bp = coefficients for phase dependency in equation (1),
OpenDSS. For example, an oblique line with a negative slope
eo , eb , ec = coefficients for voltage dependency (or
for 0.95 S; V S; l.05 represents a constant power load model
p p p
TABLE 1
B. Modeling of the Voltage Regulator
CharactenstIcs 0f load models 0f OpenDSS and DTgSILENT DIgSILENT and OpenDSS present a voltage regulator
Voltage Coefficients in OpenDSS
model that automatically maintains a constant voltage level by
Element Equation
Sensitivity and D1gSlLENT
. on-load tap-changer (OLTC) transformers with mUltiple taps,
S =Vl = Vi eose + jVl sine
p ocV
O O
Constant P ,QocV o and 0 typically 32 taps, in which one tap indicates an increase or a
= Constant (P + JQ)
decrease in the voltage, typically by 0.0625 percent (::::5/8
'
s=vI =P+jQ
1 1
Constant I PocV .QocV 1 and 1 percent). To illustrate the difference between the voltage
Constant .
s= Vi =V =P+jQ
• 2 2
2
2 and 2 regulator models of both software systems, this study evaluates
Z
/z PocV .QocV
the simple network in Fig. 2. A transformer with line-to-Iine
b
s=P+JQ =PnV' +QnV
CVR a b 0.16SaS1.19 [6, 7]
Pocv ,Qocv
Model I.4S<b<20.12 [7, 8] voltages of 138 kV and 4.8 kV, a capacity of 5 MVA, and
where infinite magnetizing impedance is connected in delta-wye and
Pn and Qn = nominal active and reactive power at the supplies three unbalanced constant power loads. The
transformer has an OLTC with a positive-sequence target
nominal voltage, respectively.
voltage of 122 V (32 taps, a bandwidth of 2 V, 5/8 percent
1.3 changes per tap position, a PT ratio of 40, and a primary CT
1.2
rating of 350 A) without a line drop compensator.
1.1
V
----- ----- ------ ----- --,"- - --""r-
V
'��r ..
----- ----- ------ ----- -- ---
L:G
\�
" Slack
0.9 .... ��..L_
On-Load Tap-Changer Transfonner
0.8 / 138/4.8 kVLL , 5MVA, DlYn,
"
J 07
V %X(I%), %R(0.5%)
g:::> 0.6 /
Q. Distribution Line
0.5 // (Type 721, 0.56388 k m)
0.4 /
701
0.3 /'1'
/ 100 k VA @ 0.95 PF (Phases AB)
0.2
90 k VA @ 0.93 PF (Phases BC)
0.1 / 1 IO k VA @ 0.90 PF (Phases CA)
o / Fig. 2. Simple network with an OLTC transformer and three
o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2
loads connected in parallel across two phases.
PU Current
�
[11, 12].
r'"f1
%X(3%), %R(I%),
_ No Load Current (0.2% )
100 kVA @ 1.00 PF (Phase A) The local loads of the IEEE 37-bus test feeder consist of 13
Fig. 3. Simple network with a single-phase transformer. delta-connected constant power loads, 6 delta-connected
constant current loads, and 6 delta-connected constant
TABLE III impedance loads, supplied by a three-phase transformer of 5
Steady-state power-flow solution of a single-phase transfonner of OpenDSS
MVA. The local loads modeled in this study are presented in
and DTgSILENT
I : the Appendix. In addition, this study adds a single-phase 5-kW
Positive-Sequence Line-to-Neutral Voltage
Bus
OpenDSS DTgSILENT % Difference PV system on bus 775. TABLE IV to TABLE VI show the
799 1.00000 1.00000 0 detailed model descriptions of the test feeder and the 5-kW PV
775 (Phase A) 0.98938 0.98941 +0.003%
system. Load and line data for the test feeder are found in [13,
14]. This study added a distribution line with a length of 100
IV. CASE STUDY
feet (type 721) between buses 709S and 775.
The IEEE PES Distribution System Analysis Subcommittee Distribution feeder models, including "11, Kl, and Ml,"
proposed various feeders (4-, 13-, 34-, 37-, 123-, and 8,500- were published by EPRI on a public domain website for
bus) for research purposes [13, 14]. This study modified the research purposes (to analyze the impacts of PV systems on
IEEE 37-bus test feeder as a distribution network, shown in large distribution feeders) [15-17]. This study models feeder
Fig. 4 and modeled feeder 11, shown in Fig. 5, using Jl in Fig. 5 as a large distribution network example, which is
OpenDSS and DIgSILENT. located in the northeastern United States [15-17]. TABLE VII
shows the detailed information of the substation, including
feeder 11 that supplies 1,384 individual residential,
commercial, and light industrial loads at a nominal line-to-line
TABLE IV
1.0200
0.9400
TABLE V ���Eg�����gg�g������������������������
Buses
VoItage reguIator
(a) Phase A
Location 799-701 line-to-Neutral Voltage in PU
� Max % %
1.0350 ,
,,
Difference of 1.22
Frequency 60Hz .. -
-
-
..
Positive-Sequence Target Voltage 124 V .. ..
....
" -_ ...
-
,
"--
..... "
1.0250 ,
.. ..
\ ; ........... "\,
....... -_ ...
-- .. __ ........ ,
Bandwidth 2V ,
"
,
,
\----
r---___
,
PT Ratio 20 1.0150
,I
,
,
,
CT Primary Rating 700 ,
.- '
UJOSO ,
Ignored
,
Line Drop Compensator
\ ..
L. .. ..
0.9950
,
,
TABLE VI
I hase PV system
S'mgle-pl 0.9850
Rating 5 kW
0.9750
Nominal Line-to-Neutral Voltage 0.120 kV E R�E � � R � ��� R� � �����E ��E � E � � �� ��E � �
Frequency 60Hz Buses
[15-17] ,
,
1.0100 ,
Max %
... ...
'
,
........ - ....
Difference of 2.01 00 ' -
The Number of Customers of 0.9500 -
I
1,384
Feeder J1
Customer Type Residential, Commercial, Light Industrial 0.9300
(c) Phase C
V. RESULTS
Fig. 6. Comparison of the steady-state power-flow solutions of
To validate the IEEE 37-bus test feeder and feeder 11 the modified IEEE 37-bus test feeder.
modeled by DIgSILENT, this study calculates the steady-state
power flow of the test feeders using OpenDSS. Fig. 6 TABLE VIII
compares the steady-state power-flow solutions (or voltage
Total power, vo tage, and current on buses 799 and 7r )
2.00%
The authors would also like to thank Roger C. Dugan at
o
o
1.50% o
EPRI for his input to discussions pertaining to the load models
1.00%
-1.50%
domain for research studies.
-2.00%
500 1000 lS00 2000 2500 3000 3500
Buses
REFERENCES
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AFRICON, Victoria Falls, Livingstone, Zambia, Sept. 13-15, 20II.
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I erence 0f vo Itages o·
Percent d"ffi f fieeder Jl enhancement for unbalanced multiphase distribution networks, "
Category Ph. A Ph . B Ph . C Average 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, Detroit,
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VI. CONCLUSION considering grid losses, maximum loading factor and bus voltage
limits, " lET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 6, pp,
The objective of this study is to build the IEEE 37-bus test 1262-1271, 2012,
feeder enhanced by DG (distributed generation), particularly a [4] H. Funrnilayo, J. Silva, and K. Butler-Purry, "Overcurrent
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3,434 buses in DIgSILENT. This study examined the
[5] J, Seuss and R, Harley, "Determining reactive power levels
characteristics of load models, voltage regulators, and single necessary to provide optimal feeder line voltage regulation, " 2013
and three-phase transformers, modeled the IEEE 37-test feeder North American Power Symposium, Manhattan, Kansas, USA, Sept.