Wireline For Drilling Engineers

Gaia Earth Sciences Limited
Wireline Operations for Drilling Engineers
March 2007
Written by Stuart Huyton of Gaia Earth Sciences Limited

Wireline Operations for Drilling Engineers March 2007
Contents
1 Choice of wireline tools vs. measurements required.......................................................... 1
1.1 Evaluation Services .................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Auxiliary Services ...................................................................................................... 1
2 Logging Equipment & Tool types...................................................................................... 2
2.1 Surface equipment...................................................................................................... 2
2.1.1 Rig-up Equipment .............................................................................................. 2
2.1.2 IDW - Integrated Depth Wheel .......................................................................... 2
2.1.3 CMTD - Cable-Mounted Tension Device.......................................................... 2
2.1.4 Cables ................................................................................................................. 2
2.2 Auxiliary tools............................................................................................................ 2
2.2.1 ACTS-B - Auxiliary Compression Tension Sub................................................ 2
2.2.2 GPIT - General Purpose Inclinometry Tool....................................................... 2
2.2.3 TCC - Telemetry Cartridge ................................................................................ 2
2.2.4 DTC - Digital Telemetry Cartridge.................................................................... 2
2.2.5 EDTC – Enhanced Digital Telemetry Cartridge ................................................ 3
2.2.6 DTA - Downhole Tool bus Adapter................................................................... 3
2.2.7 WXT-A - Wireline Cross-Over Tool ................................................................. 3
2.2.8 Weakpoints......................................................................................................... 3
2.2.9 Wireline Jars....................................................................................................... 3
2.3 Resistivity................................................................................................................... 3
2.3.1 Water-based mud................................................................................................ 3
2.3.2 Oil-based mud .................................................................................................... 4
2.4 Density ....................................................................................................................... 6
2.4.1 LDT - Lithology Density Tool ........................................................................... 6
2.4.2 PEX (HILT) - Platform Express......................................................................... 6
2.4.3 PEX150 .............................................................................................................. 6
2.5 Neutron....................................................................................................................... 6
2.5.1 CNT - Compensated Neutron Tool .................................................................... 7
2.5.3 PEX150 .............................................................................................................. 7
2.6 GR/Spectral GR.......................................................................................................... 7
2.6.1 SGT - Scintillation Gamma-Ray Tool ............................................................... 7
2.6.3 PEX150 .............................................................................................................. 7
2.6.4 NGT - Natural Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Tool................................................ 7
2.7 Sonic........................................................................................................................... 7
2.7.1 SDT - Sonic Digital Tool ................................................................................... 8
2.7.2 DSLT - Digitizing Sonic Logging Tool ............................................................. 8
2.7.3 DSI (DSST) - Dipole Shear Sonic Tool ............................................................. 8
2.7.4 MSIP (Sonic Scanner) - Modular Sonic Imaging Platform ............................... 8
2.8 Magnetic resonance.................................................................................................... 9
2.8.1 CMR - Combinable Magnetic Resonance Tool ................................................. 9
2.8.2 CMR-200............................................................................................................ 9
2.8.3 CMR-plus ........................................................................................................... 9
2.8.4 MREX - Magnetic Resonance eXpert................................................................ 9
2.9 Imaging/Dipmeter ...................................................................................................... 9
2.9.1 Electric ............................................................................................................. 10
2.9.2 Acoustic............................................................................................................ 10
2.10 Callipers ................................................................................................................... 10
2.11 Pressures/Sampling .................................................................................................. 11

2.11.1 MDT - Modular Formation Dynamics Tester .................................................. 11
2.11.2 Quicksilver Probe............................................................................................. 12
2.11.3 Cased Hole Dynamics Tester ........................................................................... 12
2.11.4 Pressure eXpress .............................................................................................. 12
2.12 Coring....................................................................................................................... 13
2.12.1 MSCT - Mechanical Sidewall Coring Tool ..................................................... 13
2.12.2 CST - Chronological Sample taker .................................................................. 13
2.13 Seismic ..................................................................................................................... 13
2.13.1 Check shot surveys........................................................................................... 13
2.13.2 Vertical seismic profiles (VSP)........................................................................ 13
2.13.3 Deviated well survey or vertical incidence VSP.............................................. 14
2.13.4 Offset VSP surveys .......................................................................................... 14
2.13.5 Walk-away surveys .......................................................................................... 14
2.13.6 CSI Combinable Seismic Imager ..................................................................... 14
2.13.7 VSI Versatile Seismic Imager .......................................................................... 14
3 Logging modes for each tool type.................................................................................... 15
3.1 Sampling Rate .......................................................................................................... 15
3.1.1 Resistivity, Nuclear .......................................................................................... 15
3.1.2 Sonic................................................................................................................. 15
3.1.3 CMR ................................................................................................................. 15
4 Pros and cons of different tools........................................................................................ 16
5 Tool string combinations and implications ...................................................................... 16
5.1 Wireline Toolstrings................................................................................................. 17
5.1.1 Resistivity-Sonic-Density-Neutron-Gamma ray .............................................. 17
5.1.2 Pressures-Sampling (MDT-single probe)......................................................... 18
5.1.3 Pressures-Sampling (MDT-dual packer).......................................................... 19
5.1.4 CMR Toolstring ............................................................................................... 20
5.1.5 Imaging Toolstring (UBI-OBMI)..................................................................... 21
5.1.6 Seismic Toolstring (VSI) ................................................................................. 22
5.2 TLC Toolstrings ....................................................................................................... 23
5.2.1 UBI-AIT-PPC-OBMI-GPIT-PEX Toolstring .................................................. 23
5.2.2 GR-PPC-DSI-MDT-CMR+-GR Toolstring...................................................... 24
6 Normal logging speeds & ratings..................................................................................... 25
7 Logging modes vs logging speed ..................................................................................... 28
8 Depths............................................................................................................................... 28
8.1 Depth control............................................................................................................ 28
8.2 Driller’s Depth vs Wireline Depth ........................................................................... 29
9 A comparison between Schlumberger and Baker Atlas................................................... 31
10 About the Author.......................................................................................................... 42
The aim of this short course is to provide a basic level of logging knowledge for drilling
engineers, in order to improve their understanding of wireline operations, and the implications
of different tool types on operating time etc.
1 Choice of wireline tools vs. measurements required

Logging runs are normally divided into evaluation runs and auxiliary runs.
Evaluation runs acquire the main data types which are required for the petrophysical
evaluation and for input to the reservoir model.
Auxiliary runs are those used for other purposes such as cement bond logging, stuck pipe
operations, cutters, punchers etc.
1.1 Evaluation Services

Petrophysical analysis involves the determination of physical properties of the formation
rocks in order to locate and quantify hydrocarbons. Of these properties the ones normally
measured are:
• Natural radioactivity
• Neutron Porosity
• Bulk Density
• Resistivity
• Sonic properties
To make an evaluation it is necessary to use all of these measurements in order to determine

the true or effective porosity, the volume of that porosity occupied by water and the volume
occupied by hydrocarbon.
All of these are usually acquired during the first logging run, in what is usually described as a
supercombo or quad-combo run (resistivity, neutron, density, sonic).
Further runs are usually made for the following:
• Formation pressures
• Formation fluid samples
• Magnetic resonance logs
• Images
• Cores
• Seismic
1.2 Auxiliary Services

Auxiliary services include:
• Cement bond • Callipers

• Free-point/Back-off • Magnetic fishing tool
• Corrosion
Gaia Earth Sciences Ltd 1 of 42

2 Logging Equipment & Tool types

2.1 Surface equipment
Included here are the ancillary devices and tools which are required for logging operations.
2.1.1 Rig-up Equipment

This consists of the sheave wheels, tie-down chain, spade and WMC line. This load-bearing
equipment is subject to regular inspections and certification. The WMC line is usually part of
the rig equipment.
Note: Schlumberger have recently down-rated some items of rig-up equipment and some units so it
may not be possible to pull up to the normal 50% working load of the logging cable. In order to fully
utilise the maximum pull on the cable it important to have fully rated rig-up equipment and to have the
logging unit properly certified as well. This can make the difference between pulling out of the hole
and a fishing job!
2.1.2 IDW - Integrated Depth Wheel

This is the primary depth measuring device. It is mounted on the cable just in front of the
drum. There are two independent measuring wheels. It must be calibrated every 6 months
and the wheels checked for wear.
2.1.3 CMTD - Cable-Mounted Tension Device

This measures cable tension at surface. It is mounted just behind the IDW. It should be
calibrated every 6 months.
2.1.4 Cables
There are many types of logging cable depending on the application. The cable for openhole
logging has twin armour and seven electrical conductors. The armour is used as a ground or
earth connection. Schlumberger cables do not generally have magnetic marks on them these
days whereas Baker Atlas ones should have.
2.2 Auxiliary tools

2.2.1 ACTS-B - Auxiliary Compression Tension Sub
This measures the tension or compression between upper and lower heads of the tool. It is
run with most modern tools and is essential for running logs on drill-pipe.
2.2.2 GPIT - General Purpose Inclinometry Tool

This provides directional information: deviation, azimuth and relative bearing. (Usually an
indication of the angle of rotation of the tool from its high side.)
2.2.3 TCC - Telemetry Cartridge

This is the older CTS, Cable Telemetry System, telemetry cartridge, used to send tool signals
up the cable. It uses the DTB, Downhole Tool Bus.
2.2.4 DTC - Digital Telemetry Cartridge

This is a newer DTS, Digital Telemetry System, cartridge. It uses the FTB Fast Tool Bus.

2.2.5 EDTC – Enhanced Digital Telemetry Cartridge

This is the latest telemetry cartridge and is required for some of the newer tools as it gives a
higher bandwidth.
2.2.6 DTA - Downhole Tool bus Adapter

This is used to convert between two different telemetry systems so that older tools can be
combined with newer ones (think of it as a slip road onto a motorway).
2.2.7 WXT-A - Wireline Cross-Over Tool

This is the downhole switch which is used to switch between two different toolstrings run
together. This allows longer, more complex strings to be run together but sequentially. It is
useful for reducing operation time for TLC runs.
2.2.8 Weakpoints
Weakpoints are located in the logging cable head and allow disconnection of the cable if tools
become stuck. There are two types of weakpoint: fixed rating and electrically actuated.
Weakpoints with a fixed rating must be carefully chosen so that they may be safely broken
(using draw-works) with the toolstring at TD without exceeding the safe working load of the
cable. Electrically actuated weakpoints can not be used with some toolstrings.
2.2.9 Wireline Jars

Hydraulic wireline jars are routinely run by Baker Atlas but not by Schlumberger. They can
be a valuable addition to a wireline toolstring and have saved many a fishing job.
2.3 Resistivity
2.3.1 Water-based mud
2.3.1.1 Laterolog
Laterologs are used primarily for determining the resistivity (Rt) of the virgin formation.
They can only be used in conductive mud. Older tools need a bridle (or stiff bridle for TLC).
2.3.1.2 DLT - Dual Laterolog

Also DST Dual Laterolog and MSFL Tool, which has a 4-arm calliper at its base and has a
tendency to get stuck; not advised for first RIH in bad hole.
This is an old tool which is not commonly run any more; however, it may still be around in
some places.
The Dual Laterolog Tool (DLT) provides deep and shallow resistivity measurements, LLD
and LLS. The DST (dual laterolog micro spherically focused tool) is a DLT that includes an
SRS (micro spherically focused resistivity sonde), giving a very shallow measurement MSFL
(micro spherically focused log)

2.3.1.3 HALS - High Resolution Azimuthal Laterolog Sonde

Part of PEX. The HALS provides deep and shallow resistivity, mud resistivity and azimuthal
resistivity readings. It is a bottom-only tool and not very common these days.
2.3.1.4 HRLA - High-Resolution Laterolog Array Tool

This tool is through-wired and requires no bridle. It provides five independent, actively
focused, depth and resolution matched measurements that are useful in thinly bedded and
deeply invaded formations.
2.3.1.5 ARI - Azimuthal Resistivity Imager

Also called ALAT Azimuthal Laterolog Tool. This tool combines the standard DLT
measurements with a 12-channel azimuthal resistivity image and a high resolution deep
resistivity measurement.
2.3.1.6 MCFL - Micro-Cylindrically Focused Log

Part of PEX. The MCFL provides a microresistivity measurement in conductive muds which
provides the resistivity of the invaded zone. (If run in oil-based mud in combination with a
CMR, the MCFL should have a dummy pad installed to reduce noise.)
2.3.1.7 SP - Spontaneous Potential

This is a measurement of electrical potential (voltage) produced by the interaction of
formation water, conductive drilling fluid and shales.
2.3.2 Oil-based mud

Induction tools are used to measure resistivity in oil-based mud systems, but there are many
cases when it is okay to run an induction tool in Water Based Mud, see the chart below. On a
recent job in North Africa the wrong tool type was sent to the rig and bad resistivity data was
acquired, it is one of the most basic questions to ask when planning for a job.

2.3.2.1 DIT - Dual Induction Tool

This is an older tool which is not commonly run but may still be around in some locations.
It provides an Induction Deep (ID) and Induction Medium (IM) resistivities with fixed
focuses. It can also provide an SFL Spherically Focused Log and SP measurement if run in
water-based mud.
2.3.2.2 AIT - Array Induction Imager Tool

This gives five basic log resistivity curves with a median radial depth of investigation of 10,
20, 30, 60, and 90 inches and vertical resolution of 1, 2 & 4 feet. It uses vertical and radial
adaptive focus. The AIT-H needs much less rathole than the AIT-B, it is run at the base of the
PEX and is not through wired. The AIT-B/C is through wired but is significantly longer.
SP and mud resistivity can also be measured.

2.4 Density
2.4.1 LDT - Lithology Density Tool

This gives direct measurements of formation lithology and density. It uses a Caesium 137
gamma ray source and several detectors, mounted on a pad with a one-armed calliper.
2.4.2 PEX (HILT) - Platform Express

Also known as the Highly Integrated Logging Tool. The PEX tool is only applicable for use
in wells which are neither hot nor deep as it has a limited temperature and pressure rating (125
degC (260 degF), 10k psi). It uses a Caesium 137 gamma ray source and several detectors,
mounted on a pad with a one-armed calliper.
2.4.3 PEX150
This is a PEX tool rated to 150 degC (300 degF), 15k psi.
2.5 Neutron

2.5.1 CNT - Compensated Neutron Tool

This measures the neutron porosity (hydrogen nucleus) using a 16-Ci Americium Beryllium
neutron source and two thermal neutron detectors.
It must be run eccentered.

Also known as the Highly Integrated Logging Tool. The HGNS, Highly-integrated Gamma-
ray Neutron Sonde, is the part of the PEX which contains the neutron and gamma-ray
measurements. It uses the same 16-Ci Americium Beryllium neutron source as the CNT with
two thermal neutron detectors.
It must be run eccentered.
2.5.3 PEX150
2.6 GR/Spectral GR
2.6.1 SGT - Scintillation Gamma-Ray Tool
Measures natural gamma-ray activity in the borehole

Also known as the Highly Integrated Logging Tool.
Part of HGNS.
Measures natural gamma-ray activity in the borehole.
2.6.3 PEX150
2.6.4 NGT - Natural Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Tool

The NGT measures the natural gamma-rays and analyses the spectrum to estimate the
individual contributions of uranium, thorium and potassium to the total gamma-ray signal.
This can help to identify the clay type and sand can be identified as radioactive.
2.7 Sonic
Records acoustic data for the following applications:
• Porosity
• Lithology identification
• Synthetic seismograms
• Formation mechanical properties
• Formation correlations
• Cement bond quality
Sonic tools are used to measure the propagation time of Compressional, Shear and Stonely
waves. These are different modes of sound waves that propagate in the borehole and
formation. The main measurement is called DT, delta-T, and is a measure of the time taken
for each wave to reach the receiver. (Note that DT is measured in µs/ft so it is actually a
“slowness”)

All sonic tools should be run centred whenever possible (unless in very large hole) and never
bare.
2.7.1 SDT - Sonic Digital Tool

This is an older tool using CTS telemetry which might still be around. It uses a monopole
(symmetric) transmitter.
2.7.2 DSLT - Digitizing Sonic Logging Tool

This is a cartridge for running conventional sonic sondes under the newer DTS telemetry.
It uses a monopole (symmetric) transmitter.
2.7.3 DSI (DSST) - Dipole Shear Sonic Tool

This records sonic waveform data from both monopole (symmetric) and dipole (directional)
transmitter sources.
The dipole transmitter allows the measurement of shear waves in formations that are slower
than the mud.
The monopole transmitter is used to measure compressional DT, dipole propagation for
determination of shear DT, and low-frequency monopole acoustics for acquisition of the
Stoneley borehole mode waveforms.
2.7.4 MSIP (Sonic Scanner) - Modular Sonic Imaging Platform

This provides a range of advanced axial, azimuthal and radial measurements. Typical depths
of investigation equal two to three times the borehole diameter:
• Borehole-compensated monopole with long and short spacings
• Cross dipole
• Cement evaluation

2.8 Magnetic resonance

The CMR enables the measurement of important reservoir parameters not measured by
conventional logs: permeability, producible fluid type and irreducible water saturation.
Applications of CMR logs include:
• Lithology-independent porosity.
• Pore-size distribution for reservoir rock quality.
• Bound and free-fluid volumes.
• Identification of thin, permeable beds in laminated reservoirs.
• Hydrocarbon identification.
• Hydrocarbon pore volume for reserve calculations.
CMR tools work by manipulating the hydrogen nuclei contained in fluid molecules: either
water or hydrocarbon. This is the same principle as MR scanners used in hospitals.
They are affected by the presence of metallic debris in the borehole and so ditch magnets
should be in place during drilling and circulating prior to running CMRs.
These tools must be run eccentered, often with weights on wireline since the magnet sticks to
the casing and can cause problems RIH.
2.8.1 CMR - Combinable Magnetic Resonance Tool

This is an older tool with a very low logging speed of 100 to 600 feet per hour. It also
requires manual tuning.
2.8.2 CMR-200
This is a newer tool than CMR but also has some limitations.
2.8.3 CMR-plus
This tool has auto-tuning which is used after initial tuning sets up the correct frequencies. It
can also be logged at a much faster speed because it has a longer pre-polarisation magnet than
previous tools.
2.8.4 MREX - Magnetic Resonance eXpert

This is the latest CMR tool. It provides multiple depths of investigation ranging from 1.5 to 4
inches in one pass.
The tool is about twice the length of the older CMRs.
2.9 Imaging/Dipmeter
These tools are used for:
• Structural geology
• Sedimentary features
• Rock texture
• Complement to coring and formation tester programs
• Geomechanics
• Reservoir characterization

2.9.1 Electric
2.9.1.1 FMI - Formation MicroImager

This tool only works in conductive muds. It has four pads mounted on a four-arm calliper and
192 micro resistivity buttons.
2.9.1.2 OBMI - Oil-Base MicroImager

This tool only works in non-conductive muds. It has four pads mounted on a four-arm
calliper.
2.9.2 Acoustic
2.9.2.1 UBI - Ultrasonic Borehole Imager

The UBI consists of a rotating acoustic transducer. The size of the transducer must be
matched to the hole size. On the way down the transducer is flipped to measure fluid
properties against a plate at known distance. The transducer must be flipped back to face the
borehole wall in order to start logging.
There is a mud weight limitation with these tools and there is sometimes difficulty in starting
rotation at TD after flipping the transducer. Large holes can also be a problem due to viscous
forces acting on the larger subs.
2.10 Callipers
Various tools have mechanical callipers and these are either 1-arm or 4-arm. They can be
used to calculate integrated hole volume for use in cement calculations, however, the
integrated volumes usually use only a single calliper. The 4-arms tools provide measurements
of 2 diameters.
• PEX – single arm.

• FMI – 4-arm.
• OBMI – 4-arm.
• PPC – Powered Positioning Calliper, 4-arm.
In addition to mechanical callipers and acoustic calliper can also be obtained by the UBI in
open hole (or USIT in cased hole).

2.11 Pressures/Sampling
2.11.1 MDT - Modular Formation Dynamics Tester
The MDT is used for:
• Pressure measurement
• Fluid contacts and zone analysis
• Permeability estimation
• Depletion measurement
• Fluid sampling
It consists of some of the following modules:
• MRPC - Electrical power cartridge

• MRHY - Hydraulic power module
• MRPS - Single probe module
• MRSC - Conventional sample chamber modules
• MRMS - Multi-sample module
• MRPO - Pumpout module
• MRFA - Optical fluid analyzer module
• MRPD - Multi-probe module
• MRCF - Flow control module
• MRPA - Dual packer module
• LFA - Live fluid analyser
• CFA - Compositional fluid analyser
The pressure readings are made with Strain and quartz gauges.
Pre-tests (pressure readings) are used for fluid gradients.
Samples may be taken as follows:
• PVT samples - MPSR Modular PVT Sample Receptacle

• Single-phase samples - SPMC Single-Phase Multi Sample Chamber
• Large volume chambers - 1 gallon, 2 ¾ gallon.
Samples are taken at suitable points which have been identified during making pre-tests. In
order to get as clean (or contamination-free) sample as possible, the pump-out module is used
to pump fluid from the formation into the borehole. As this takes place, the contamination
levels can be monitored using one of the optical analysers: LFA or CFA. It may take a
considerable time for the fluid to clean-up sufficiently to take a sample. This depends on the
formation characteristics.
A mini-DST or mini-frac can be made with the dual packer module.
An example of an MDT formation pressure plot is given next.

MDT Formation Pressure Plot
6850.0
6900.0
6950.0
Gas
Depth (tvdss)
7000.0 Oil
Water
7050.0 Grad 1
Grad 2
Grad 3
7100.0
Grad 4
7150.0
7200.0
2940 2960 2980 3000 3020 3040 3060 3080 3100 3120 3140
Pressure (psia)
2.11.2 Quicksilver Probe

This tool uses a concentric probe assembly and needs two pump-out modules to be run. The
outer probe pumps out filtrate-contaminated fluid whilst the centre probe samples pure
reservoir fluid. The fluid properties for both parts of the probe are monitored to control the
independent pumping systems. This is being called “focused sampling” and it is claimed that
its use can decrease the sampling time by an order of magnitude – the price reflects this.
2.11.3 Cased Hole Dynamics Tester

This can be used for multiple pressure testing and sampling in cased wells. It does require
good cement.
Sequence:
• drills through casing and into the formation
• perform multiple pre-tests and take samples
• plugs the hole made in the casing
2.11.4 Pressure eXpress

This is a new tool which provides only pressure and fluid mobility measurements during the
first logging run i.e. it can be combined with PEX etc.. It can make pre-test measurements
very quickly because it uses a dynamically controlled pressure pretest system with precise
control of volume and drawdown rates in a wide mobility range. A pressure limit can also be
set as necessary.

2.12 Coring
2.12.1 MSCT - Mechanical Sidewall Coring Tool
This tool cuts cylindrical cores from the formation wall, stores them sequentially and returns
them to the surface for analysis.
The cores are 0.91 inches in diameter and 2.0 inches long. 50 cores can be recovered but with
optional configurations for recovering 75 or 20.
Applications include:
• Lithology analysis
• Secondary porosity analysis
• Porosity and permeability determination
• Confirmation of hydrocarbon shows
• Determination of clay content
• Determination of grain density
• Lithology determination
• Detection of fracture occurrence
The MSCT requires a lot of power, either from the rig, or a standalone powerpack. This needs to be
determined before mobilisation.
2.12.2 CST - Chronological Sample taker

Core Sample Taker or Sidewall Coring Tool
This is a percussive coring gun which used gunpowder to fire 30 bullets per gun. Two guns
can be combined to give 60 shots per run. Correct choice of the explosives and hardware is
essential with this tool. Schlumberger’s tool still needs full radio silence.
Applications include:
• Porosity measurement
• Permeability estimate
• Lithology identification
• Grain size, density, and shape indication
• Hydrocarbon identification
• Oil, gas, and water volume estimates
• Micro palaeontology.
2.13 Seismic
Seismic surveys are used for the following:
2.13.1 Check shot surveys

First break travel time information.
2.13.2 Vertical seismic profiles (VSP)

Additional reflection data from below the receiver position.

2.13.3 Deviated well survey or vertical incidence VSP

The source is maintained over the receiver position.
2.13.4 Offset VSP surveys

Imaging of reflectors away from the borehole.
2.13.5 Walk-away surveys

Multi-source positions with a limited number of receiver positions or array settings.
These are the main types of tools in use:
2.13.6 CSI Combinable Seismic Imager

3-axis sensors
Up to 4 tools in combination
2.13.7 VSI Versatile Seismic Imager

3-axis sensors
Up to 40 shuttles

3 Logging modes for each tool type

3.1 Sampling Rate
Most logging tools which make continuous readings are sampled so that the data is measured
only at these sample points. Normal sampling is every 6 inches. Hi-resolution sampling is at
a higher frequency that this and varies depending on the particular tool.
In addition to the sampling rate, different tools can also work with different vertical
resolutions. These are very much dependent on the individual tool and some of these are
summarised below.
3.1.1 Resistivity, Nuclear

Vertical resolution
Standard resolution Hi-resolution

Density 18 inches 2, 8 inches
Neutron 12 inches 2 inches
GR 12 inches -
Induction 48 inches 12, 24 inches
Laterolog 18 inches 8 inches
3.1.2 Sonic
There are many different modes for sonic logging especially for the newer tools. As a rule of
thumb, the more modes that are required, the slower will be the logging speed.
• Compressional
• Shear
• Stoneley
• Monopole/Dipole
Vertical resolution
Compressional DT 2 ft
Shear DT 8 to 10 ft or 10 to 12 ft; 2 ft
3.1.3 CMR
The CMR uses the following main modes:
• Bound fluid
• Enhanced precision
• Stations
Vertical resolution
Vertical resolution
Static 6 inches
Dynamic (high-resolution mode) 9 inches
Dynamic (standard mode): 18 inches
Dynamic (fast mode): 30 inches

4 Pros and cons of different tools

Logging tools are chosen depending on a number of factors to do with the logging
environment and the logging modes required.
Some older tools may be available which can make the same measurements as more modern
equivalents but usually at a cost in terms of a reduced logging speed.
Factors affecting tool choice:
• Temperature, pressure
• Logging modes required
• Logging speeds
• PEX vs LDT-CNT
• CMR+ vs CMR200
• NGT-D vs NGT-C
The main thing which decides the most suitable tool required is the data requirement of the
petrophysicist. Environmental factors may limit the choice of tool especially in HPHT wells
where the extreme tools may not be able to provide the same measurements.
5 Tool string combinations and implications

Toolstring combinations are fairly flexible these days with modern telemetry systems;
however, there are some combinations that should be avoided.
There are at least three telemetry systems in use with different tools. These are (from
newest): FTB (fast tool bus), DTB (downhole tool bus) and analogue. Analogue tools are
now fairly old but include tools like the mechanical coring tool, MSCT.
It is possible to combine FTB and DTB tools by using a telemetry adaptor, DTA. It is also
possible to run tools together but run them sequentially by using a downhole switch. This is
useful with pipe conveyed logging (PCL or TLC) as it allows non-compatible tools to be run
together but logged in turn.
Other factors which affect the combinability of tools are:
• Presence of through wires

• Length & weight of tools vs depth of well
CMR tools are sometimes problematic and consideration should be given to running these
alone or isolated sequentially with a switch.

5.1 Wireline Toolstrings

5.1.1 Resistivity-Sonic-Density-Neutron-Gamma ray

5.1.2 Pressures-Sampling (MDT-single probe)

5.1.3 Pressures-Sampling (MDT-dual packer)

5.1.4 CMR Toolstring

5.1.5 Imaging Toolstring (UBI-OBMI)

5.1.6 Seismic Toolstring (VSI)

5.2 TLC Toolstrings

5.2.1 UBI-AIT-PPC-OBMI-GPIT-PEX Toolstring

5.2.2 GR-PPC-DSI-MDT-CMR+-GR Toolstring

6 Normal logging speeds & ratings

Schlumberger T P Speed Baker Atlas T P Speed
degF Kpsi Ft/hr degF Kpsi Ft/hr
Auxiliary
ACTS-B 350 20 all TTRM 350 20 all
NAUTILUS- 500 30 all
TTRM
CMTD
Cables
Resistivity
Water-based mud
DLT 350 20 5000 DLL 350 20 4800-
6000
DLT-E, DST-E 350 20 5000
MSFL 350 20 3600 MLL 350 20 3000
SP n.a. 5000 SP n.a. n.a. 5000
HALS 260 10 3600
MCFL 260 10 3600 TBRT 350 20 3000
HRLA 350 20 1800- HDLL 350 20 1800-
5000 6000
ALAT 350 20 1800-
5000
Oil-based mud
DIT 350 20 5000 DPIL, DIEL 350 20 6000
SFL 350 20 5000 HDIL 350- 20 1800-
400 6000
AIT 350 20 5000 NAUTILUS-HDIL 500 30 1800-
6000
Density
LDT 350 20 1800 ZDL 350 20 1800
PEX 260 10 3600 FOCUS-ZDL 260 10 3600
PEX150 300 15 3600 NAUTILUS-CDL 500 30 1800
(compensated
density)
Neutron
CNT 400 20 1800 CN 350 20 1800
PEX 260 10 3600 FOCUS-CN 260 10 3600
PEX150 300 15 3600 NAUTILUS-CN 500 30 1800
HGNS 260 10 3600
GR/Spectral GR
SGT 350 25 1800 GR 350 20 1800
PEX 260 10 1800- FOCUS-GR 260 10 3600
3600
PEX150 300 15 1800-
3600
NGT 300 20 900- DSL 350 20 1800
1800
HNGS 300 20 1800-
3600

Schlumberger T P Speed Baker Atlas T P Speed

degF Kpsi Ft/hr degF Kpsi Ft/hr
Sonic
SDT 350 20 1800- DAL 350 20 3600
3600
DSLT-B/H 350 20 1800- MAC/XMAC 350 20 900-
3600 1680
DSI 350 20 900- FOCUS-DAL 260 10 3600
1800
MSIP 350 20 600-
3600
Magnetic resonance
CMR 350 20 300- MREX 350 20 180-
1800 1800
CMR-200 350 20 300-
1800
CMR-plus 350 20 300-
1800
Imaging/Dipmeter
Electric
FMI 350 20 900- STAR 350 20 600-
1800 3000
OBMI 350 20 1800 EI 350 20 1800
Acoustic
UBI 350 20 450- CBIL 400 20 750
1200
Callipers
1-arm, 4-arm 350 20 1800- 1,3,6 Arm 350 20 1800-
3600 3600
PEX 260 10 3600 FOCUS-2 axis 260 10 3600
FMI 350 20 900- STAR 350 20 600-
1800 3000
OBMI 350 20 1800 EI 350 20 600-
3000
UBI 350 20 450- CBIL 400 20 750
1200
PPC 350 20 1800
Pressures/Sampling
MDT 400 20 n.a. RCI 350 20 n.a.
MRPC 400 20 n.a. RCI-EB 350 20 n.a.
MRHY 400 20 n.a. RCI-CB 350 20 n.a.
MRPS 400 20 n.a. RCI-MB 350 20 n.a.
MRSC 400 20 n.a. FMT-Tanks 350 20 n.a.
MRMS 400 20 n.a. RCI-WA 350 20 n.a.
MRPO 400 20 n.a. RCI-RB 350 20 n.a.
MRFA 400 20 n.a. RCI-IB 350 20 n.a.
MRPD 350 15 n.a. n.a.
MRCF 400 20 n.a. RCI-BB 350 20 n.a.
MRPA 350 20 n.a. RCI-DP 350 20 n.a.
LFA 400 20 n.a. RCI-IB 350 20 n.a.
CFA 400 20 n.a. RCI-IB 350 20 n.a.
CHDT 350 20 n.a.
Pressure eXpress 300 20 n.a.

Coring
MSCT 350 20 n.a. RCOR 350 20 n.a.
CST 450 20 n.a. SWC 450 20 n.a.

7 Logging modes vs logging speed

Logging modes make a significant difference to logging speeds. Despite the advent of
toolstrings like Platform Express, PEX, which claim to be able to log at up to 3600 feet per
hour, many other factors usually combine to reduce the logging speed.
Resistivity tools, which do not have any pad contact with the formation, can be logged almost
at any speed.
Radioactive tools require slower speeds because of the statistical nature of radiation, source
strength and detector sensitivity. Therefore, the increase of logging speed for PEX over older
tools has a lot to do with the design of the tools and the advances in software processing to
extract better measurements.
Other factors which influence logging speed are the telemetry rate to surface through the
cable and the processing power of the PCs in the logging unit. Some units may have older
PCs which could mean a slower logging speed for some of the newer tools.
Some other tools will cause reduced logging speed depending on the operating modes. The
DSI can work in many different modes and reduce logging speed to 800 feet per hour if run in
all of them. CMR tools can also have reduced logging speed depending on the modes and the
environment.
Some older versions of tools can require reduced logging speeds when compared to the newer
versions. This particularly applies to NGT-C vs NGT-D and CMR vs CMR+ or CMR200.
However, it is important to determine the exact data requirements before allocating the tool
and only then can an estimate of logging speed be made for each run.
8 Depths
8.1 Depth control
Absolute depth control (first run-in-hole procedure) is usually followed on the first wireline
run in the hole.
Schlumberger depth control relies on the accuracy1 of the measuring wheel system called the
IDW2. There are two independent measuring wheels, each with a depth encoder. The second
wheel provides a back-up and allows measurement of wheel slippage.
On the first run down in the well, the depth measured by the IDW is considered to be
absolute. The only corrections necessary are those associated with the calibration of the depth
wheels, the type of cable being used and (on a semi-submersible) the tide.
The rig-up length is checked at surface and then at the casing shoe. Any significant change
(i.e. > 0.5 ft) in rig-up length is used to correct the depth at the casing shoe.
1
2 ft per 10,000 feet.
2
IDW = Integrated Depth Wheel

The difference between the depth wheels is constantly checked by the software and an alert
issued if this is excessive. It should be less than 5ft per 10,000 ft.
The tidal variation is also taken into account and any significant variations between starting
the run and reaching TD are used to correct the depth before logging.
In open-hole a down-log is made. At TD this is compared with the uncorrected up-log to

calculate the depth (stretch) correction to be added.
Typical depth control parameters:

IDW calibrated on: 11th February 2006
Wheel corrections: -7, -6
Rig-up length at surface 88.81 m
Rig-up length at shoe 89.2 m
Difference 0.39 m
Depth correction due to tide + 0.2 m
Depth correction at TD (up/down-log comparison) + 4.5
Baker Atlas depth control relies on the use of magnetic marks on the cable and stretch
corrections obtained from charts. Also, although the Baker Atlas depth measuring system has
two wheels, only one of them is used for depth input into the acquisition system. In order to
ensure that slippage is acceptable, the position of the magnetic marks must be continuously
monitored throughout the logging run.
8.2 Driller’s Depth vs Wireline Depth

The difference between driller's depth and wireline depth always provokes debate especially
at the time that the well is drilled. However, there is always a discrepancy and this is due to
the way in which the "depths" are measured. Driller's depth is calculated by strapping the
pipe at surface. The calculation of wireline depth is more complicated.
Wireline depth is measured using a depth wheel system at the surface. This measures the
length of the logging cable as it passes between two wheels. The cable tension is highest at
surface so this is where the maximum stretch occurs. As the tools are run into the well, the
wireline depth wheels measure absolute depth with an accuracy of 2 feet per 10,000 feet. As
this is a mechanical system, it is not perfect and, there will always be some slippage between
the two depth wheels. Normally this should not exceed 5 feet every 10,000 feet. This value
is constantly monitored by software and an alarm sounds if the slippage exceeds the
permissible level. If it does, the engineer must investigate why. The wheels are periodically
checked for wear and the whole system is calibrated regularly.
The only other things that can affect the depth are the changing tide or a change in the block
height by the driller. The change in tide is known from the tide tables and any change in
block height is checked for by measuring the length of the cable on surface (from logging unit
to rotary table (called the rig-up length)). This is measured just after activating the wave
motion compensator and just before entering open hole.
On reaching TD, the toolstring changes direction and the cable tension at surface increases
due to the increased friction on the cable. Thus the cable at surface between the measuring
wheels is now longer than when running in and so the depths all appear shallower and it is
necessary to apply a correction. The amount of this correction is the difference between the

wireline depth on the way down (which is taken as absolute) and the depth on the way up with
any tidal changes or changes in rig-up length taken into account.
The difference between the up and down tension can be considerable, especially in deviated
or S-shaped wells. It is possible to calculate the theoretical change in depth between up and
down using the different tensions, the length of the cable and the stretch coefficient. This
calculation doesn't work especially well in deviated wells but it can be used as a guide to
check that the up-log/down-log difference is within the expected range.
The depth system described here is for Schlumberger only. Baker Atlas do not rely on the
measuring wheel accuracy (they only use one) and their depth control relies on the use of
magnetic marks on the cable and corrections applied from stretch charts.

9 A comparison between Schlumberger and Baker Atlas

The tools and equipment supplied by Schlumberger and Baker Atlas are fairly similar in terms
of the measurements made and the tool configurations. The table below gives a comparison
between the two.
Schlumberger Baker Atlas

Auxiliary
ACTS-B TTRM
Auxiliary Compression Tension Sub Cable Head Tension, Mud Resistivity,
Downhole temperature sub. Note that when
run with the FOCUS (new quad combo) it
includes an accelerometer as well.
tension or compression between upper and Run at the top of the string, normally above the
lower heads of the tool Wireline JARS, which Schlumberger do not
use.
GPIT ORIT
General Purpose Inclinometry Tool Digital orientation tool.
IDW
Integrated Depth Wheel Dual Depth Wheels, one mechanical, one
electronic. Primary measurement employs
magnetic marks every 25M or 100FT.
CMTD
Cable-Mounted Tension Device Cable tension sensor – Sheave mounted
Cables
Swivels SAH-E/F – removes tool rotation from Swivels SWVL – removes tool rotation from
cable torque cable torque
Resistivity
Water-based mud
Laterolog Laterolog
Laterologs are used primarily for determining Ditto
the resistivity (Rt) of the virgin formation. Their
operating domain is restricted to conductive
muds and invasion: Rt>Rxo
DLT DLL – Dual laterolog tool. Dual Laterolog

instruments are electrode tools designed to
produce reliable formation resistivity
measurements in boreholes containing saline
drilling fluids. They operate by "focusing" a
survey current into the formation. Dual
Laterolog instruments are superior to induction
instruments in high resistivity (>100 ohm-m)
formations and/or well-bores with drilling fluids
more conductive than the in-situ formation
waters.
DLT-E, DST-E No such tool in BA. Must combine MLL/TBRT
for similar combo.
Dual Laterolog and MSFL Tool
The Dual Laterolog Tool (DLT) provides both
deep and shallow resistivity measurements,
LLD and LLS. The DST (dual laterolog micro
spherically focused tool) is a DLT that includes

an SRS (micro spherically focused resistivity

sonde), giving a very shallow measurement
MSFL (micro spherically focused log)
SP SP
HALS High Resolution Azimuthal Laterolog

Sonde
deep and shallow resistivity
mud resistivity
azimuthal resistivity
MCFL Micro-Cylindrically Focused Log ML. The Minilog is a pad device that measures
Part of PEX resistivity at two shallow, but different, depths
of investigation. This allows the identification of
mudcake, and therefore permeable formations.
TBRT. The Thin-Bed Resistivity (TBRT)
instrument provides high vertical resolution
previously associated only with micro-resistivity
devices, yet it has a depth of investigation in
the range of 13 to 21 in. (330 to 533 mm). As a
result, under ideal shallow invasion conditions,
the TBRT service can be used to measure
formation resistivities in beds less than 2 in.
(51 mm) in thickness. Even when invasion is
deeper, TBRT provides an excellent indication
of hydrocarbons in thin beds, and is the best
choice for bed identification when thin bed
processing is done to enhance the resolution
of standard resistivity tools.
Microresistivity measurement MLL. The Micro Laterolog is a focused pad
device that measures the resistivity of the
invaded zone near the borehole. It is designed
to work best when the resistivity of the flushed
zone is much greater than that of the mudcake,
a situation where the Minilog performs poorly.
When used in conjunction with deeper reading
resistivity measurements, the MLL can provide
a good indication of movable hydrocarbons
PROX. The Micro-Proximity Log is a focused
pad device that measures the resistivity of the
invaded zone near the borehole. It has a
deeper depth of investigation and larger
vertical resolution than the Microlaterolog, and
is designed to work best in fresh drilling muds
with thicker mudcakes, a situation where the
Microlaterolog performs poorly. When used in
conjunction with deeper reading resistivity
measurements, the PROX can provide a good
indication of movable hydrocarbons in these
conditions.
HRLA High-Resolution Laterolog Array Tool HDLL (direct competitor to HRLA) The High-
Definition Lateral Log (HDLL) service, a new-
generation array-type galvanic measurement
logging service, provides formation resistivities
at multiple depths of investigation in
conductive, water-based drilling mud systems.
The combination of the HDLL system’s high-
vertical resolution and deep-investigating
measurements with inversion processing
provides a detailed analysis of formation

resistivity (Rt), flushed zone resistivity (Rxo),

and depth of invasion. These measurements
provide more accurate formation resistivity
data than conventional systems in thinly
bedded hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs and in
the presence of deep drilling fluid invasion.
Using HDLL data results in a better reservoir
description, more accurate water saturation
(Sw) determination, and a detailed evaluation
of the drilling fluid invasion profile
ALAT Azimuthal Laterolog Tool

azimuthal resistivity device. It combines the No similar tool in B.A. ALAT’s are hardly used
standard DLT measurements with a 12- these days anyway.
channel azimuthal resistivity image and a high
resolution deep resistivity measurement.
SP SP
Oil-based mud
Induction Induction
DIT-E DPIL. The Dual Phase Induction Log measures

formation conductivity with three different
depths of investigation. These measurements
can be used to determine the conductivity of
the undisturbed formation, even in the
presence of deep invasion. The DPIL also
measures the spontaneous potential (SP),
which can be used to aid lithology
determination.
Dual Induction Tool-E DIEL. The Dual Induction-Focused Log
provides data from four measurements
performed simultaneously. These include
resistivity curves made by a deep investigation
induction, a medium investigation induction,
and a shallow investigation focused device.
Also, a spontaneous potential measurement is
made to aid in lithology identification. The three
resistivity measurements are combined to
provide a quantitative correction for the effects
of the invaded zone and, consequently, a more
accurate value for the resistivity of the
undisturbed formation, Rt. The Dual Induction-
Focused Log is applicable in all wells drilled
with low salinity or non-conductive drilling
fluids. It has particular application in medium to
low porosity formations where mud filtrate
invasion is common. Measuring the effects of
such invasion increases the accuracy of the
formation evaluation. In suitable conditions, the
response of the induction curves can be
enhanced to give vertical resolution down to 3
ft (0.91 m).

Induction Deep (ID) and Induction Medium (IM) IEL. The Induction Electrolog resistivity log is
for medium porosity formations drilled with low
salinity muds. It is also applicable in holes
drilled with non-conductive fluids and air.
Induction readings approximate true resistivity
where bed thickness is greater than 5 ft (1.524
m) and the diameter of invasion is less than 40
in. (1016 mm). Curves presented are the
gamma ray, spontaneous potential, short
normal, and the induction resistivity.
SFL Spherically Focused Log (current and
voltage)
SP SP sub needs to be included.
AIT Array Induction Imager Tool HDIL/FOCUS-HDIL (direct competitor to

AIT/PEX-AIT) The High-Definition Induction
Log (HDIL) service, a full-spectrum array-type
induction logging service, provides formation
resistivities at multiple depths of investigation
in freshwater- and oil-based drilling mud
systems. The combination of the HDIL
system’s high-vertical resolution and deep-
investigating measurements with inversion
Processing, provides a detailed analysis of
formation resistivity (Rt), flushed zone
resistivity (Rxo) and depth of invasion. The
FOCUS-HDIL is the PEX equivalent of an AIT-
H.
Five basic log resistivity curves with a median 6 depths of investigation, 10”-120”.
radial depth of investigation of 10, 20, 30, 60,
and 90 in
vertical resolution of 1, 2 & 4 ft 1, 2, 4 ft vertical resolution.
adaptive focus, both vertically and radially
SP SP
Mud resistivity
Density
LDT Lithology Density Tool ZDL. The Compensated Z-Densilog service
direct measurements of formation lithology and provides both formation bulk density and the
density photoelectric absorption index (Pe) data.
These measurements allow evaluation of
complex formations determining lithology and
porosity in such formations.
Gamma ray source – Caesium 137 Gamma ray source – Caesium 137
several detectors, mounted on a pad Dual detectors, mounted on a pad
one-armed calliper one-armed calliper
PEX (HILT) Platform Express FOCUS (direct competitor to PEX TLD)

densilog. Baker Atlas has introduced FOCUS,
the latest in high efficiency premium open hole
logging systems. All downhole instruments
have been redesigned, incorporating advanced
downhole sensor technology into shorter,
lighter, more reliable logging instruments that
are capable of providing formation evaluation
measurements with the same precision and
accuracy as the industry's highest quality
sensors at up to twice the speed of
conventional triple-combo and quad combo

logging tool strings. The logging system

consists of the four standard major open hole
measurements (resistivity, density, neutron,
acoustic), plus auxiliary services. The FOCUS
also has a two axis calliper for borehole
geometry alongside the ZDL calliper.
Gamma ray source – Caesium 137 Gamma ray source – Caesium 137
several detectors, mounted on a pad Dual detectors, mounted on a pad
one-armed calliper one-armed calliper
Neutron
CNT Compensated Neutron Tool CN/FOCUS-CN (direct competitor to CNL/PEX
CNL) Neutron logs are primarily used for
identification of porous formations and for the
estimation of porosity. Often, it is possible to
distinguish gas zones from oil or water zones
by the comparison of a neutron log with
another porosity log or with information from
core analysis. Combination of the Neutron log
with Z-Density (or Densilog) or Acoustilog
survey provides accurate porosity values,
shale content, and lithological information
16-Ci Americium Beryllium neutron source. 16-Ci Americium Beryllium neutron source.
two thermal neutron detectors two thermal neutron detectors
must be eccentered must be eccentered
PEX (HILT) Platform Express FOCUS. As per comments above for FOCUS
Highly Integrated Logging Tool densilog.
HGNS Highly-integrated Gamma-ray Neutron

Sonde
neutron and gamma-ray measurements
16-Ci Americium Beryllium neutron source. 16-Ci Americium Beryllium neutron source.
two thermal neutron detectors two thermal neutron detectors
must be eccentered must be eccentered
GR/Spectral GR
SGT Scintillation Gamma-Ray Tool GR – Gamma ray Tool. The Gamma Ray
logging instrument measures the natural
radioactivity of the formation and usually
correlates with the SP Curve. The instrument
has analog and digital varieties providing
combination with all instrument combinations,
including downhole seismic applications. The
Gamma Ray instrument can be run in any
liquid or air filled hole, either cased or uncased.
In cased hole, a Casing Collar Log (CCL) can
also be recorded simultaneously.
Measures natural gamma-ray activity in the ditto
borehole
PEX (HILT) Platform Express FOCUS, as above (quad combo solution)

Highly Integrated Logging Tool
Part of HGNS
Measures natural gamma-ray activity in the ditto
borehole
NGT Natural Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Tool DSL. The Digital Spectralog™ (and combined
Latest version is called the HGNS and can be Digital Gamma Ray) service differs from a
logged at 3600FT/HR. There are Many OLD standard gamma ray instrument - which

versions of NGT in the field, some of which are records total gamma rays as a function of
restricted to 900FT/HR. depth - in that it also measures the discrete
energy of each gamma ray detected. By
separating the total gamma ray signal into its
components, the Digital Spectralog can assist
customers in locating fracture zones,
identifying the lithology of subsurface
formations, measuring bed thickness,
correlating zones of interest between wells,
and making qualitative estimates of formation
permeability.
Measures the gamma-ray spectrum that Ditto.
occurs naturally in the formation to estimate
the individual contributions of uranium, thorium
and potassium to the total gamma-ray signal.
Sonic
SDT Sonic Digital Tool AL The Borehole Compensated Acoustilog
service presents measurement data on the
velocity of sound in formations penetrated by
the wellbore. The time interval between the
arrival of the acoustic pulses at finite-spaced
receivers in the instrument is measured and
recorded in units of microseconds per foot (or
microseconds per meter). Porosity can be
calculated when the value of the acoustic
travel time of the formation matrix is known.
Signature or VDL waveform presentations are
optional. Good correlation, particularly in low
porosity formations, and minimizing borehole
effects in rugose holes characterize the BHC
Acoustilog.
monopole (symmetric) transmitter Monopole, can be Long spacing, also known
as ACL, for large diameter boreholes.
DSLT-B/H DAL. The Digital Array Acoustilogs (a.k.a.

DAC) logging system acquires high-resolution,
full-wave acoustic data. This system uses two
low-frequency transmitters and an array of 12
downhole receivers to record compressional,
shear, and Stoneley waveforms simultaneously
in both open and cased wellbores.
Waveform amplitude, slowness, and arrival

time (delta t) Processing of the raw data can
be incorporated into advanced log analysis
programs to evaluate fractures, sand
production, and rock properties. One of the
primary advantages of waveform correlation is
its insensitivity to cycle skipping, making it
particularly effective in gas-saturated, rugose,
and washed out boreholes. In addition to
openhole applications, the Digital Array
Acoustilog instrument may be used for
through-casing acoustic logging and cement
bond evaluation.

Digitizing Sonic Logging Tool MAC. The Multipole Array Acoustilog (MAC)
logging system integrates a monopole acoustic
cartridge for running conventional sonic array with a dipole array, ensuring the
sondes SLS-D(C), SLS-E(W) and SLS-F(Z) complete acquisition of compressional and
under DTS telemetry shear data in both slow and fast formations in
a single logging pass. Each array has eight
receivers designed to measure a specific type
of signal, and each is configured with high-
powered transmitters, improving data quality in
both openhole and through-casing
applications. The MAC raw data are processed
to obtain waveform amplitude, slowness, and
arrival time. These data are incorporated into
advanced log analysis programs to evaluate
fractures and lithology, fluid content, and rock
properties. Synthetic seismograms can be
constructed for correlating with surface-seismic
data and calibrating velocity check-shot
surveys.
monopole (symmetric) transmitter FOCUS- DAL. Digital Acoustic Log. Monopole
array acoustic - Accurate Compressional
Slowness (∆t) using depth derived borehole
compensation (DDBHC). Run as part of the
FOCUS quad combo.
DSI XMAC/XMAC Elite.

DSST Dipole Shear Sonic Tool XMAC Elite (direct competitor to DSI)
increases exploration, drilling and production
program value with improved formation
evaluation, seismic correlation and
geomechanics information accuracy. The
XMAC ELITE (Cross Multipole Array
Acoustilog Elite) service is a fullwave
monopole, dipole and cross dipole instrument.
The tool was developed through technology
transfers and licensing agreements from Mobil
(source technology) and Shell (receiver
technology). The hybrid tool is accepted as the
benchmark for acquiring quality compressional
and shear measurements over a broad range
of borehole environments. The XMAC ELITE
service provides the best quality monopole and
dipole measurements in unconsolidated
formations (Delta T greater than 350usec/ft.)
where other tools have had difficulties
performing. An additional capability comes
from cross dipole measurements for accurate
determination of azimuthal anisotropy.

Magnetic resonance
The CMR enables the measurement of MREX. The MR Explorer (MREX) service, the
important reservoir parameters not measured latest-generation magnetic resonance
by conventional logs: permeability, producible openhole wireline logging tool, delivers the
fluid type and irreducible water saturation. benefits of previous nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) systems while acquiring
data more quickly and providing high-quality
results in almost any borehole environment.
The answers provided by the MREX service
reduce uncertainty when evaluating reservoirs
and identify hydrocarbon-bearing intervals for
maximizing recovery. The MREX service can
make significant contributions during well and
formation evaluation, reservoir description,
reserve determination, producibility estimation,
fluids characterization, and completion design.
CMR MREX (direct competitor to CMR)

Combinable Magnetic Resonance Tool Magnetic Resonance eXpert
CMR-200 Multiple depths of investigation.
CMR-plus
Imaging/Dipmeter
Structural geology Ditto
Sedimentary features Ditto
Rock texture Ditto
Complement to coring and formation tester Ditto
programs
Geomechanics Ditto
Reservoir characterization Ditto
Electric
FMI Formation MicroImager DIP. The High Resolution 4-Arm Diplog
instrument is a pad-type lateral device
designed to detect changes in formation
resistivities. Data are obtained from very short-
spaced, focused electrodes, which make
contact with the borehole wall. Simultaneous
measurements are recorded at each pad
electrode system. Each recording is correlated
in order to establish dip angles across the
borehole. A borehole directional survey and a
borehole calliper survey are recorded
simultaneously in order to determine the true
formation dip.
HDIP. The Hexagonal Diplog (HDIP) logging
service acquires high-resolution formation dip
information using six independent micro-
resistivity sensors. The HDIP data are
Processed to calculate and orient the dip and
direction of formation features. A tri-axial
accelerometer and three magnetometers are
employed to determine borehole drift and
azimuth and correct for velocity fluctuations of
the instrument. Accurate borehole geometry
and wellbore volumes are determined from the
six independent calliper measurements.

STAR. (direct competitor to FMI) The STAR

Imager service provides high-resolution
resistivity formation images in conductive mud
systems. The six-arm independently articulated
carrier and powered stand-off ensures optimal
sensor-to-formation contact even in highly
deviated boreholes. Pads with 24-sensors are
mounted on each of the six articulated arms,
resulting in a total of 144 micro-resistivity
measurements, with a vertical and azimuthal
resolution of 0.2” (~5 mm).
The resulting high-resolution borehole images

can be used to identify geological and borehole
features. These include planar features such
as bedding, fractures, faults, stratigraphic
features such as cross-bedding and
ichnofabrics, and the borehole wall features
such as breakout and drilling-induced
fracturing. Exclusive or in combination with the
CBILSM service, identified features are
subsequently used in the analysis of structural
dip, fracture systems, depositional
environments, borehole stability, and net-pay
in thinly bedded sequences. The STAR Imager
and CBIL instrument's design allows the
simultaneous acquisition of both image data
sets; they are both also fully combinable with
other Baker Atlas logging tools.
OBMI Oil-Base MicroImager EI. The new EARTH Imager from Baker Atlas
brings the well-understood responses of
microresistivity images in wells drilled with non-
conductive (commonly referred to as oil-based)
muds. This service provides significantly
improved vertical resolution and borehole
coverage when compared to other available
systems. Detailed structural, sedimentological,
and petrophysical analysis using image data is
now possible in wells drilled with oil-based mud
Acoustic
UBI (Ultrasonic Borehole Imaging) CBIL(direct competitor to UBI) The
Circumferential Borehole Imaging Log
Note: (CBILSM) service provides high-resolution
At an early marketing meeting in Paris it was borehole acoustic images in difficult wellbore
suggested that the new tool should be called conditions, including high-porosity,
BASIL (Borehole Acoustic Imaging Log). Since unconsolidated formations.
CBIL (pronounced CYBIL), and BASIL were These images provide valuable insight for
characters in a British Comedy called Fawlty making difficult drilling, completion, and
Towers it was decided to change the name to production decisions at the wellsite. Full 360º
UBI… borehole imaging is possible due to an
acoustic transducer operating in the pulse-
echo mode. The transducer rotates to scan the
entire circumference of the borehole wall
providing sharp images and boundary
delineation. The CBIL instrument operates
reliably in both water-based and oil-based
muds. The lower operating frequency (250
kHz) allows for superior performance in larger
holes and heavier muds than other similar

devices. Since the CBIL system is an acoustic

device that does not require contact with the
borehole wall, it is quite effective in horizontal
wells. Its small size [3.625 in. (92.1 mm)]
allows for operation in slim holes as well as
large-diameter holes.
Rotating transducer Two rotating transducers
Mud weight limitation Ditto.
Callipers
1-arm, 4-arm 3-CAL, 4-CAL, 6-CAL. The Calliper Log is a
continuous profile of the borehole wall showing
variations in borehole diameter. Calliper Logs
can be recorded using 2-, 4-, or 6-arm
instruments. These measurements and their
average accurately define the hole shape and
size, especially in deviated and elliptically
shaped holes
PEX FOCUS
FMI STAR
OBMI EI
UBI CBIL
PPC
Pressures/Sampling
MDT Modular Formation Dynamics Tester RCI. (direct competitor to MDT) Reservoir
Characterisation Tool.
Pressure measurement Ditto
Permeability estimation Ditto
Fluid sampling Ditto
MRPC - Electrical power cartridge RCI Electronics Section – EB, Aux Power-OB
MRHY - Hydraulic power module RCI Hydraulic Power Section - CB
MRPS - Single probe module RCI Single Packer Section - MB
MRSC - Conventional sample chamber FMT Tanks (e.g. 4 Litre)
modules
MRMS - Multi-sample module RCI 6 tank section - WA
MRPO - Pumpout module RCI Pump Section - RB
MRFA - Optical fluid analyzer module RCI Sampleview - IA
MRPD - Multi-probe module n.a.
MRCF - Flow control module RCI Small pump section - BB
MRPA - Dual packer module RCI Dual Packers
LFA - Live fluid analyser RCI Sampleview version IB (methane detector)
CFA - Compositional fluid analyser RCI Sampleview version – IB (as above)
Strain and quartz gauges

PVT samples - MPSR Modular PVT Sample PCT’s
Receptacle
Single-phase samples - SPMC Single-Phase SPT’s
Multi Sample Chamber
Large volume chambers - 1 gallon, 2 ¾ gallon. 4 Litre
Pre-tests for fluid gradients ditto

Coring
MSCT Mechanical Sidewall Coring Tool RCOR (direct competitor to MSCT). The
Rotary Sidewall Coring Tool is a computer-
controlled, hydraulically powered coring device
for cutting and retrieving multiple sidewall core
samples.
0.91 in. in diameter by 2.0 in. Ditto
recovers 50 core samples. Optional 25 core samples available
configurations for recovering 75 core or 20
CST Chronological Sample taker SWC’s (direct competitor to CST’s). Side Wall
Core Sample Taker or Sidewall Coring Tool Cores. The fundamental operating principle of
the SWC is relatively simple. A core barrel,
which is a hollow cylinder, is shot into the
formation by a powder charge ignited by an
electric current. The core barrel, containing a
formation sample, is retrieved by means of a
steel cable attached between the gun and the
core barrel. Only one core barrel is fired at a
time. A tandem gun can selectively core up to
50 samples on a single run using the 4 in.
(101.6 mm) Corgun and up to 44 samples on a
single run using the 3 in. (76.2 mm) Corgun.
Core barrels are available to sample

formations ranging from soft to very hard. The
core samples are generally large enough to
allow a comprehensive core analysis. Cores
range in size from 0.85 in. (21.6 mm) to 0.69
in.
The SP or Gamma Ray curve, run

simultaneously with the SWC, provides depth
correlation with the primary suite of logs.
30 bullets per gun 25 per gun
Can combine two guns to give 60 shots Can combine to give 50 shots.

10 About the Author

The author, Stuart Huyton, was born in Scotland and obtained an Honours Bachelor of
Science Degree in Electrical & Electronic Engineering at the Heriot-Watt University,
Edinburgh. After a short time as a Royal Naval Officer, he joined Schlumberger Wireline as
a field engineer in 1981. He worked as a field engineer in Aberdeen, Mexico, Shetland and
Denmark. He held numerous technical and managerial roles with Schlumberger Wireline,
including Location Manager for Shetland, District Technical Engineer in Aberdeen, Base
Manager in Siberia and Operations and Technical Manager for the FSU based in Moscow.
Since 1996 he has been an independent consultant based in Scotland offering services to the
oil industry.
Stuart Huyton BSc CEng MIET

Senior Petrophysicist

www.gaia-earth.co.uk slh@gaia-earth.co.uk
Phayrelands, Cummingston, Elgin,

Morayshire, IV30 5XZ, UK
Phone: +44 (0)1343-830617 Fax: +44 (0)1343-835854
Mobile: +44 (0)7941-426795

Wireline For Drilling Engineers

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Gaia Earth Sciences Limited

Wireline Operations for Drilling Engineers

Written by Stuart Huyton of Gaia Earth Sciences Limited

2.11 Pressures/Sampling .................................................................................................. 11

1 Choice of wireline tools vs. measurements required

1.1 Evaluation Services

To make an evaluation it is necessary to use all of these measurements in order to determine

Further runs are usually made for the following:

1.2 Auxiliary Services

• Cement bond • Callipers

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2 Logging Equipment & Tool types

2.1.1 Rig-up Equipment

2.1.2 IDW - Integrated Depth Wheel

2.1.3 CMTD - Cable-Mounted Tension Device

2.2 Auxiliary tools

2.2.2 GPIT - General Purpose Inclinometry Tool

2.2.3 TCC - Telemetry Cartridge

2.2.4 DTC - Digital Telemetry Cartridge

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2.2.5 EDTC – Enhanced Digital Telemetry Cartridge

2.2.6 DTA - Downhole Tool bus Adapter

2.2.7 WXT-A - Wireline Cross-Over Tool

2.2.9 Wireline Jars

2.3.1.2 DLT - Dual Laterolog

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2.3.1.3 HALS - High Resolution Azimuthal Laterolog Sonde

2.3.1.4 HRLA - High-Resolution Laterolog Array Tool

2.3.1.5 ARI - Azimuthal Resistivity Imager

2.3.1.6 MCFL - Micro-Cylindrically Focused Log

2.3.1.7 SP - Spontaneous Potential

2.3.2 Oil-based mud

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2.3.2.1 DIT - Dual Induction Tool

2.3.2.2 AIT - Array Induction Imager Tool

SP and mud resistivity can also be measured.

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2.4.1 LDT - Lithology Density Tool

2.4.2 PEX (HILT) - Platform Express

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2.5.1 CNT - Compensated Neutron Tool

It must be run eccentered.

2.5.2 PEX (HILT) - Platform Express

It must be run eccentered.

2.6.2 PEX (HILT) - Platform Express

2.6.4 NGT - Natural Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Tool

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2.7.1 SDT - Sonic Digital Tool

2.7.2 DSLT - Digitizing Sonic Logging Tool

2.7.3 DSI (DSST) - Dipole Shear Sonic Tool

2.7.4 MSIP (Sonic Scanner) - Modular Sonic Imaging Platform

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2.8 Magnetic resonance

Applications of CMR logs include:

2.8.1 CMR - Combinable Magnetic Resonance Tool

2.8.4 MREX - Magnetic Resonance eXpert

The tool is about twice the length of the older CMRs.

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2.9.1.1 FMI - Formation MicroImager

2.9.1.2 OBMI - Oil-Base MicroImager

2.9.2.1 UBI - Ultrasonic Borehole Imager

• PEX – single arm.

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