Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
POST (PART 1)
Terms, Periods and Basics ---------
Amatory fiction :
Romantic fiction written in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Notable authors: Victor Hugo, Lord Byron and Camilo Castelo Branco
Gothic novel :
Fiction in which Romantic ideals are combined with an interest in the supernatural
and in violence.
Notable authors: Ann Radcliffe, Bram Stoker
Lake Poets:
A group of Romantic poets from the English Lake District who wrote about nature
and the sublime.
American Romanticism:
Distinct from European Romanticism, the American form emerged somewhat later,
was based more in fiction than in poetry, and incorporated a (sometimes almost
suffocating) awareness of history, particularly the darkest aspects of American
history.
Principally French movement of the fin de siècle based on the structure of thought
rather than poetic form or image; influential for English language poets from
Edgar Allan Poe to James Merrill.
Notable authors: Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, H.D., James Joyce, Gertrude Stein and
Fernando Pessoa
The Lost Generation:
It was traditionally attributed to Gertrude Stein and was then popularized by
Ernest Hemingway in the epigraph to his novel The Sun Also Rises, and his
memoir A Moveable Feast. It refers to a group of American literary notables who
lived in Paris and other parts ofEurope from the time period which saw the end of
World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression.
Notable authors: Manuel Maples Arce, Arqueles Vela, Germán List Arzubide
Los Contemporáneos:
A Mexican vanguardist group, active in the late 1920s and early 1930s; published
an eponymous literary magazine which served as the group's mouthpiece and
artistic vehicle from 1928-1931.
Notable authors: Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, Ken Kesey
Hungryalist Poets:
A literary movement in postcolonial India (Kolkata) during 1961-65 as a
counter-discourse to Colonial Bengali poetry.
Notable authors: Gabriel García Márquez, Octavio Paz, Günter Grass, Julio
Cortázar
Postcolonialism
A diverse, loosely connected movement of writers from former colonies of
European countries, whose work is frequently politically charged.
Notable authors: Jamaica Kincaid, V. S. Naipaul, Derek Walcott, Salman Rushdie,
Giannina Braschi, Wole Soyinka Poetry is the expression of a thought, an idea, a
concept or a story in a structured form which has a flow and a music created by
the sounds and syllables in it.
Acrostic: Acrostic poetry is one that contains certain letters, which are usually
placed at the beginning of each line. These letters form a message or word when
they are read in a sequence.
Ballad: This type of poetry is short and narrative and is made up of stanzas of two
to four lines. Ballads usually have a refrain. They also deal mostly with folklore or
popular trends though some also originate from a wide range of subject matter.
The verses in ballads are straight-forward and seldom have any detail. Apart from
that, ballads always possess graphic simplicity and force.
Blank Verse: A blank verse is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. This form is
a little like the rhythms of speech. Burlesque: In this kind of poetry a subject that is
serious in nature is treated as humor.
Cinquain: A cinquain is short poem that is made up of five lines that are usually
unrhymed. These five lines contain two, four, six, eight and two syllables
respectively.
Clerihew: This type of poetry is made up of a comic verse that has two couplets
and a specific rhyming scheme.
Didactic Poetry: Didactic poems are poems that are written in order to instruct or
teach.
Epic: This type of poem is long and narrative in nature. It talks about the
adventures of a hero. Epics usually deal with the history and traditions of a nation.
Epigram: Practiced by poets like Robert Frost, William Blake and Ben Jonson,
epigrams are short poems that possess satire. This type of poetry ends with a
stinging punchline or humorous retort. Common forms of epigrams are written as
a couplet.
Epitaph: A short poem with rhyming lines written on a tombstone in praise of a
deceased person is called an epitaph.
Elegy: This type of poetry is sad and thoughtful in nature. They talk about the
death of an individual.
Free Verse: Like the name suggests, free verse is poetry that is irregular. This type
of poetry has content which is free from the traditional rules of using verse.
Ode: A poem that is written in praise of a place, thing or person, is known as an
ode.
Sonnet: A poem that is made up of 14 lines and a particular rhyming scheme is
called a sonnet.
Couplet: Perhaps the most popular type of poetry used, the couplet has stanzas
made up of two lines which rhyme with each other.
====================================
SATIRICAL STYLES~~~~~
TYPES OF SATIRE~~
There are two types of satire.
1-Horatian:
Horatian satire is tolerant, funny, sophisticated witty, wise, self-effacing and aims
to correct through humor. Named for the Roman satirist from the Augustan period
in Rome, Horace, this playfully criticizes some social vice through gentle, mild,
and light-hearted humour. It directs wit, exaggeration, and self-deprecating
humour toward what it identifies as folly, rather than evil. Horatian satire's
sympathetic tone is common in modern society.
2-Juvenalian:
Juvenalian satire is angry, caustic, personal, relentless, bitter, and serious. Named
after Augustan
period‘s Roman satirist Juvenal, this type of satire is more contemptuous and
abrasive than the
Horatian. Juvenalian satire provokes a darker kind of laughter; addresses social
evil and points with contempt to the corruption of men and institutions through
scorn, outrage, and savage ridicule. This form is often pessimistic, characterized
by irony, sarcasm, moral indignation and personal invective, with less emphasis on
humour.
SATIRICAL DEVICES
1-Humor:
Exaggeration or overstatement:
Something that does happen, but is exaggerated to absurd lengths. This is the most
common type of satire. For example, a caricature, the formalized walk of Charlie
Chaplin.
Understatement:
A statement that seems incomplete or less than truthful given the
facts. Think sarcasm with the intentions of evoking change. For example,
Fielding‘s description of a grossly fat and repulsively ugly Mrs. Slipslop: ―She
was not remarkably handsome
Incongruity:
A marked lack of correspondence or agreement.
Deflation:
the English professor mispronounces a word, the President slips and bangs his
head leaving the helicopter, etc.
Linguistic games / Malapropism:
A deliberate mispronunciation of a name or term with the intent of poking fun;
weird rhymes, etc.
Surprise:
Twist endings, unexpected events
2-Irony ~~~~
Literary device conveying the opposite of what is expected; in which there is an
incongruity or discordance between what one says or does, and what one means or
what is generally understood. It is lighter, less harsh in wording than sarcasm,
though more cutting because of its indirectness. For
example, Marge reading ―Fretful Mother‖ as she ignores her child.
The ability to recognize irony is one of the surest tests of intelligence and
sophistication. Irony speaks words of praise to imply blame and words of blame to
imply praise. Writer is using a tongue-in-cheek style. Irony is achieved through
such techniques as hyperbole and understatement.
Verbal Irony:
Simply an inversion of meaning
Dramatic Irony:
When the words or acts of a character carry a meaning unperceived by himself but
understood by the audience. The irony resides in the contrast between the meaning
intended by the speaker and the added significance seen by others.
Socratic Irony:
Socrates pretended ignorance of a subject in order to draw knowledge out of his
students by a question and answer device. Socratic irony is feigning ignorance to
achieve some advantage over an opponent.
Situational Irony:
Depends on a discrepancy between purpose and results. Example: a practical joke
that backfires is situational irony.
3-Invective:
Name calling, harsh, abusive language directed against a person or cause.
Invective is a vehicle, a tool of anger. It is the bitterest of all satire.
4. Mock Encomium:
Praise which is only apparent and which suggests blame instead.
5. Grotesque:
Creating a tension between laughter and horror or revulsion; the essence of all
―sick humor: or ―black humor‖
6. Comic Juxtaposition:
Linking together with no commentary items which normally do not
go together; Pope‘s line in Rape of the Lock: ―Puffs, patches, bibles, and billet
7. Mock Epic / Mock Heroic:
Using elevated diction and devices from the epic or the heroic to deal with low or
trivial subjects.
8. Parody:
A mocking imitation, composition imitating or burlesquing another, usually
serious, piece of work. Designed to ridicule in nonsensical fashion an original
piece of work. Parody is in literature what the caricature and cartoon are in art.
9. Inflation:
Taking a real-life situation and blowing it out of proportion to make it ridiculous
and showcase its faults.
10. Diminution:
Taking a real-life situation and reducing it to make it ridiculous and showcase its
faults.
11. Absurdity:
Something that seems like it would never happen, but could.
12. Wit or word play:
The title The Importance of Being Earnest. It is a play on the word
―earnest‖, meaning honest, and the name ―Earnest‖.
13. Euphemism:
The substitution of an inoffensive term for one that is offensive.
14. 1Travesty:
Presents a serious (often religious) subject frivolously it reduces everything to
its lowest level. ―Trans‖= over, across ―vestire‖ = to clothe or dress. Presenting
a subject in a
dress intended for another type of subject.
15. Burlesque:
Ridiculous exaggeration achieved through a variety of ways. For example, the
sublime may be absurd, honest emotions may be turned to sentimentality. STYLE is
the essential quality in burlesque. A style ordinarily dignified may be used for
nonsensical matters, etc.
16. Farce:
Exciting laughter through exaggerated, improbable situations. This usually
contains low comedy: quarreling, fighting, coarse with, horseplay, noisy singing,
boisterous conduct, trickery, clownishness, drunkenness, slap-stick.
17. Sarcasm:
A sharply mocking or contemptuous remark. The term came from the Greek
word ―sarkazein‖ which means ―to tear flesh.‖
18. Knaves & Fools:
In comedy there are no villains and no innocent victims. Instead, there are rogu
es (knaves) and suckers (fools). The knave exploits someone ―asking for it‖.When
these two interact, comic satire results. When knaves & fools meet, they expose
each other.
========================================
~~THE TUDOR PERIOD usually refers to the period between 1485 and
1603, specifically in relation to the history of England. This coincides with the rule
of the Tudor dynasty in England whose first monarch was Henry VII (1457
–
1509).
The term can be used more broadly to include Elizabeth I's reign (1558
–
1603), although this is often treated separately as the Elizabethan era. In terms of
the entire century, Guy (1988) argues that "England was economically healthier,
more expansive, and more optimistic under the Tudors" than at any time in a
thousand years. The House of Tudor produced six monarchs who ruled during this
period.
Henry VII (1485 to 1509) Henry VIII (1509 to 1547) Edward VI (1547 to 1553)
Lady Jane Grey (1553)
–
Nominal queen for nine days in failed bid to prevent accession of Mary I. Not a
member of the House of Tudor.
Mary I (1553 to 1558) Elizabeth I (1558 to 1603)..
~~THE TUDORES AND THE ELIZABETHAN AGE~~
The beginning of the Tudor dynasty coincided with the first dissemination of
printed matter. William Caxton's press was established in 1476, only nine years
before the beginning of Henry VII's reign. Caxton's achievement encouraged
writing of all kinds and also influenced the standardization of the English
language. The early Tudor period, particularly the reign of Henry VIII, was
marked by a break with the Roman Catholic Church and a weakening of feudal
ties, which brought about a vast increase in the power of the monarchy.
Stronger political relationships with the Continent were also developed, increasing
England's exposure to Renaissance culture. Humanism became the most important
force in English literary and intellectual life, both in its narrow sense
—
the study and imitation of the Latin classics
—
and in its broad sense
—
the affirmation of the secular, in addition to the otherworldly, concerns of people.
These forces produced during the reign (1558
–
1603) of Elizabeth I one of the most fruitful eras in literary history.
The energy of England's writers matched that of its mariners and merchants.
Accounts by men such as Richard Hakluyt, Samuel Purchas, and Sir Walter
Raleigh were eagerly read. The activities and literature of the Elizabethans
reflected a new nationalism, which expressed itself also in the works of chroniclers
(John Stow, Raphael Holinshed, and others), historians, and translators and even
in political and religious tracts. A myriad of new genres, themes, and ideas were
incorporated into English literature. Italian poetic forms, especially the sonnet,
became models for English poets.
Many others in a historical era when poetic talents were highly valued were
skilled poets. Important late Tudor sonneteers include Spenser and Shakespeare,
Michael Drayton, Samuel Daniel, and Fulke Greville. More versatile even than
Sidney was Sir Walter Raleigh
—
poet, historian, courtier, explorer, and soldier
—
, who wrote strong, spare poetry.
Early Tudor drama owed much to both medieval morality plays and classical
models. Ralph Roister Doister (c.1545) by Nicholas Udall and Gammer Gurton's
Needle (c.1552) are considered the first English comedies, combining elements of
classical Roman comedy with native burlesque. During the late 16th and early
17th cent., drama flourished in England as never before or since. It came of age
with the work of the University Wits, whose sophisticated plays set the course of
Renaissance drama and paved the way for Shakespeare.
The Wits included John Lyly, famed for the highly artificial and much imitated
prose work Euphues (1578); Robert Greene, the first to write romantic comedy;
the versatile Thomas Lodge and Thomas Nashe; Thomas Kyd, who popularized
neo-Senecan tragedy; and Christopher Marlowe, the greatest dramatist of the
group. Focusing on heroes whose very greatness leads to their downfall, Marlowe
wrote in blank verse with a rhetorical brilliance and eloquence superbly equal to
the demands of high drama. William Shakespeare, of course, fulfilled the promise
of the Elizabethan age. His history plays, comedies, and tragedies set a standard
never again equaled, and he is universally regarded as the greatest dramatist and
one of the greatest poets of all time.
~THE END~