CHEMICAL EQUATION SUMMARY LIST

COLOUR EY Crucial Very Useful Ideal For Higher Achievers

Production of aterials
E ample of atalytic rac ing
C10H22(l) (ALKANE) C2H4(g) (ALKENE) + C H (l) (ALKANE)

Cyclohexane/Cyclohexene and Bromine water equations

𝐶6 𝐻12(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐵𝑟2(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶6 𝐻11(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻𝐵𝑟(𝑎𝑞)
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑈𝑉

𝐶6 𝐻10(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐵𝑟2(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶6 𝐻10 𝐵𝑟2(𝑎𝑞)

Process of Polymerisation
Initiation:
𝑅−𝑂−𝑂−𝑅 2𝑅 − 𝑂 ∙
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑠
Propagation:
𝑅 − 𝑂 ∙ + 𝐶2 𝐻4 𝑅 − 𝑂 − 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝐻2 ∙
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
Termination:
Has many possibilities, and usually involved radicals reacting with
each other an n ing th ol ri ation ro
Dehydration of Ethanol
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂𝐻(𝑔) → 𝐶2 𝐻4(𝑔) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4

Hydration of Ethanol
𝐶2 𝐻4(𝑔) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂𝐻(𝑔)
𝐷𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐻

Formation of Cellulose
6𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 6𝐻2𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐶6𝐻12𝑂6(𝑎𝑞) + 6𝑂2(𝑔)

Fermentation of Glucose
𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6(𝑎𝑞) → 2𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐶𝑂2(𝑔)
𝑍𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑒 (𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡)
Burning of Ethanol

C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

Radioactivity: Neutron to Proton ratio too HIGH.

3 3 +0
53 5 (electron)

Radioactivity: Neutron to Proton ratio too LOW.

22 a 22 +0
0 (positron)

Radioactivity: Nucleus is just too big.

230 h 22 a + 2H
0 (charged alpha particle/helium nucleus)

E ample of Radioactivity
23 + 0n 23 23 +0
2 2 3

23 23 u +0
3

23 u + 0n 2 0 u

2 0 u + 0n 2 u

2 u 2 +0
5

M M
Vinyl Chloride Styrene

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polystyrene

S N S N
Chloroethene Ethylbenzene
The Acidic Environment
E ample of cidic O ides CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)

E ample of Basic O ides Na2O(g) + H2O(l) 2 aOH(a )

arbon io ide E uilibrium ormulas

CO2(g) ⇄ CO2(aq)
CO2(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ H2CO3(aq)
H2CO3(aq) ⇄ H+ (aq) + HCO3-(aq)
HCO3-(aq) ⇄ H+(aq) + CO32-(aq)
Production of Sulfur Dioxide
Smeltin
2Cu ( )+ 5O2(g) +2 iO2(l) 2Cu(l) + 2FeSiO3(l) + 4SO2(g)

4FeS2(s) + 11O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s) + 8SO2(g)

Production of Nitrous xides

i htnin and ombustion En ines

N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)

ormation of Acid ain

ulfuric cid Rain: SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
Nitrous cid Rain: 2NO2(g) + H2O(l) HNO3(aq) + HNO2(aq)
Water elf onisation

H2O(l) H+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Example of an Acid as a Proton Donor
𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐶𝑙(−𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻3𝑂(+𝑎𝑞)

Example of a Base as a Proton Acceptor

−
𝑁𝐻3(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝐻4 +
(𝑎𝑞)

Example of an Acidic Salt

NH4+(aq) + H2O(l)
NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)

Example of a Basic Salt
CO32-(aq) + H2O(l) HCO3-(aq) + OH-(aq)
Example of a Neutral Salt
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
Example of Water as an Amphiprotic Substance
Cl-(aq) + H2O(l) HCl(aq) + OH-(aq)
NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Example of a Buffer Solution
CO2 (aq) + H2O(l) H2CO3 (aq)
H2CO3 (aq) H+ + HCO3-(aq)
Examples of on u ate Pairs

A D N A E BASE

la + H2O(l) H3O+(a ) + l a
S N A D E WEA N A E BASE

BASE N A EA D

N a + H2O(l) N a + OH (a )
WEA BASE WEA N A EA D
Chemical Monitoring and Management

omplete ncomplete ombustion of Petrol

2C H18(l) + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) +18H2O(l)
COMPLETE COMBUSTION

2C H18(l) + 17O2(g) 16CO(g) +18H2O(l)

OR
2C H (l) + O2(g) C( ) + H2O(l)
INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION
aber Process
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) H 3 ol
emorisin Solubilit ules
Just remember NAGSAG, PMS and CASTROBeAR
Nitrates (NO32-) are always soluble
Acetates (C2H3O2-) are always soluble
Group 1 ions are always soluble
Sulfates (SO42-) are always soluble *
Ammonium (NH4+) is always soluble
Group 7 ions are always soluble*
E EP NS

* PMS – 2+
a (Pb ), ercury (Hg2+), Silver ( g+).
2+
CASTOBeAR- Calcium (Ca2+), Strontium (St2+), Barium (Ba )

estruction of O one
CClF3(g) + UV Cl.(g) + CF3(g)
Cl.(g) + O3(g) ClO.(g) + O2(g)
ClO.(g) + O.(g) Cl.(g) + O2(g)
eaction of alons and one Overall reaction: O3(g) + O (g) 2O2(g)

CF3Br(g) + UV CF3(g) + Br.(g)

Br.(g) + O3(g) BrO.(g) + O2
BrO.(g) + O.(g) Br.(g) + O2(g)