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Circuit Reference
digital inputs | analog input | outputs | motors | reset | oscillator | PC interface | power
supplies | remote control receivers
analog input
digital inputs outputs
(comparator)
relay, relay with LED,
pushbutton to GND photocell
power relay
pushbutton to +5V LED, LED clusters
buzzer 5V, high-power
alarm sensor da completare:
buzzer
magnetic switch termostato logic gates
Inputs
Folllowing circuits are suitable not only for programmable inputs IN1, IN2, IN3 e IN4,
but also for specialized inputs ST0, STOP and HOLD. When using IN4 remember to
leave the "Enable analog comparator" box blank.
Opto-coupled inputs
Potentiometer (1)
measuring a resistor
implement a knob-control to set variable delays
Potentimeter (2)
Encoder
A mechanical
"quadrature" encoder is
equivalent to a couple of
switches. These parts
usually require just three
pins because of a
COMmon pin joining
two internal switches.
Using a multimeter,
discover which pin is in
common by turning the
knob while measuring
pin-to-pin resistance.
Limit switch
Alarm sensors
Alarm sensors
require (usually):
12 Vdc
power
supply.
Power is
supplied
from the
base.
A normally-
closed
switch, it
opens when
the sensor
detects an
alarm source
(optionally)
an anti-
tamper
normally
closed
switch, it
opens when
the sensor
lid is
removed
This circuit requires a dual voltage power supply (12Vds for the sensor, 5Vds for the
Nutchip, negative rails in common).It requires just three wires to connect a sensor to the
central and to supply it 12V power; a possible fourth wire can be used for an additional
anti-tamper line. A generous capacitor and a zener diode protect the input from noise
spikes that, almost unavoidably, are captured by sensor cabling.
Sometimes
Nutchip is
requested
to detect
AC signals
coming
from
external
devices:
to
det
ect
a
rin
gin
g
bel
l
(co
m
mo
n
rin
ger
s
are
of
the
12
or
24
Va
c
typ
es)
to
con
nec
t to
an
exi
stin
g
con
trol
pan
el
in
an
ele
ctri
ic
ma
chi
ne
to
det
ect
lim
it
swi
tch
es,
flo
ate
rs,
po
we
r
rel
ays
,
etc.
This circuit is suitable for detecting input waveforms from 12 to 48 volts, changing
resistor R1 value accordingly. It offers optical insulation for improved safety, and
rectifies the input signal in order to "clean" it from original AC waveform.
Outputs
Following mini-circuits appy to Nutchip's outputs: OUT1, OUT2, OUT3 and OUT4.
Typical output devices are LED, relays, buzzers - but also logic gates and 7-segment
displays. To connect lamps and motors we recommend to use a relay for the sake of
simplicity.
LED (1)
LED (2)
LED clusters
Relay
As typical Nutchip output devices,
relays are second only to LEDs.
Thanks to a relay, a Nutchip output
can drive lamps, motors, electric
valves, transformers, heaters, pumps
and many other devices.
Relays are manufactured in a variety
of coil voltages. As long as the coils
is a 5Vdc type, it can be powered by
the same power as the Nutchip,
whereas 9 or 12Vdc types require a
dual-voltage power supply. It is
usually not necessary to use a power
regulator IC to stabilize a 12V relay
power line, tough.
coil voltage R2
5V 390 ohm
9V 820 ohm
12V 1000 ohm
Small relays
used in
electronics
circuits are
not suitable
for driving
loads
requiring
more than a
few amps -
equivalent to
roughly
200W at
220Vac. To
drive heavier
load an
additional
power relay is
required. The
smaller relay
(RELAY1)
drives the
bigger one
(RELAY2),
which is a
special type
suitable for
heavy loads
(ask your
electrician).
The current
on RELAY1
contacts is
low - just
enough to
drive
RELAY2
coil), but
RELAY1
output
contacts must
be rated for at
least 250Vac,
because
RELAY2 coil
is mains-
operated.
DANGER:
great care is
required to
ensure there
are not
unwanted
connection
between the
live mains-
powered
parts.
Accidental
contacts can
kill you or
cause severe
damages,
fires, and fry
your PC. Do
not try to
connect
anything to
the mains
without your
teacher and
an
experienced
electrician
assistance.As
k your power
company and
electrician for
regulations
that may
apply in your
contry.
Buzzer (5 volt)
Light effects take advantage from using TRIACs instead of relays. Relays are unsuitable
for continuous flashing operation, as their contacts are prone to wear out.
This schematic employs TRIACS, and a special optoTriac offers the insulation a
TRIAC alone can't offer. Without the optoTRIAC, Nutchip's power and signal line
would be connected to live mains! Caution is required as well when building this
circuit, as the parts contained in the rightmost box (marked with DANGER!) are all at
dangerourus (even lethal) live mains potentials.
The circuit works as follows: a Nutchip output drives optoTRIAC's internal LED. This
in turn makes optoTRIAC's internal TRIAC into conduction, driving as a consequence
the external power TRIAC which is connected through its gate (G) pin. The power triac
is in series with the lamp.
TRIACS require exclusively AC powered loads. You can use it at lower voltages than
mains 220V , e.g. 12 or 24Vac as used for small halogen bulbs. The circuit is NOT
suitable for inductive loads, as motors, transformers, neon lights, halogen lamp
transformers.
TRIACs rated for 600V / 5A are commonly found in electronics shops. These parts are
OK for flament lamps up to 200W at 220V. Heavier loads require more powerful
TRIACS and an accurately insulated heatsink, as the TRIAC case is connected to the
mains.
Motors, ON/OFF
DC motors with
electronic brake
DC motors with
forward/reverse
control
Stepper motors
Stepper motors
Stepper motors require 4 identical copies of the
half bridge circuit previously detailed. Each
circuit drives one of the 4 motor wires (steppers
have two coils internally). Therefore, all four
Nutchip outputs are required to drive steppers.
Here is the output sequence for stepping them:
Logic gates
Stereo headphones
AAdudio amplifiers
Want a high-power buzzer? This circuit
turns your stereo in an mega-siren. It
connects to the AUX input, alternaely it
can be connected to TAPE, CD or
TUNER inputs. Use an RCA patch
cable (from HiFi shops) to connect the
female RCA circuit (CN1) to the
amplifier, and switch it in MONO mode
(you can also build a two identical
copies of the circuit for a stereo output).
Oscillators
Nutchip's heartbeat is a 4MHz clock. Oscillator circuitry is included on-chip and
requires only an external crystal or ceramic resonator to generate the waveform.
If you have a 4MHz XCO, a small 4-pin self.oscillating module often sold on surplus
fairs, you can drive a Nutchip connecting XCO output to Nutchip XTAL1 pin. In this
case XTAL2 is not connected.
PC interfaces
Nutchips talk with PCs through RX and TX pins. The protocol is standard serial, 9600
bps, N, 8, 1. You can program Nutchip prior to plugging into actual circuit board, or
(re)program them in-circuit: the latter case requires at least a programming connector
to be added to the board. As the prgramming circuit requires just 2 transistors, it could
be wise to incorporate it to most of your projects. For more details about PC interfaces
click here
Programming connector
2-transistor interface
This is the simplest and
cheaper among the
programming interfaces.
It works with almost
every small-signal PNP
and NPN transistor pair.
Connector CN2 is a
2.54mm pin-strip
provided for plugging into
programming connector.
more details
PC serial cable
Power supplies
Dual power supply:5V (stabilized)+ 12V (unregulated)
Used computer cases - power supplies included - are found for cheap in flea markets or
surplus stores. Most of the times the power supply is still working perfectly. It is a very
powerful power supply, capable to source tens of amperes, with multiple voltages
(usually +5V , 12V, -12V, -5V). Look for a model with embedded power switch.
Usually the cables follow this color coding: red = 5V, black=GND (common to all
voltages), yellow = 12V; but please check all voltage with a multimeter and verifiy
your findings against the label. Cables with the same color are usually in parallel.
Reset
Proper RESET is very important for Nutchips. RESET failure can stall the chip at
power-on, while spikes, brown-outs and other anomalies that can happen while the chip
is working can block the chip or erase its memory if the chip is not RESET
immediately.
Brown-out is a typical example: during brow-outs, the power voltage decreases under
minimum working levels - altough without reaching zero volts. During brown-outs the
RESET pin must always be at logic zero, to ensure the chip does not work out of its
specified range.
Lab reset
For lab experiments and non-critical designs (like a simple toy) that
should not be used for extended periods of time, the RESET pin
can be simply connected to +5V. You can also use a 100 kiloohm
resistor in order to take advantage from little parasitic capacitance
on the RESET pin.
RC Reset
A resistor and a capacitor make a simple and affordable RESET
circuit.
RCD Reset
IC-Reset