KH4434 - Kuliah 002-1718

KA4433
KEJ. AWAM MARITIM
KULIAH # 2
CONFLICT OF COASTAL AREA
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Fakulti Kejuruteraan & Alam Bina 58
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
KA4433
KEJ. AWAM MARITIM
-Tourism industry based on -Industry

natural scenes -Property
-Mangrove and nature walks development/urban
-Coastal aqua-culture LAND development
-Coastal fisheries RECLAMATION -Mass tourism
-Coastal fisheries development
-Opportunity loss in education -Coastal structures
and training related to loss of impaired by reclamation
certain biodiversity in the -project (revetment,
coastal system seawall, etc.)
CONFLICT ARISING FROM RECLAMATION

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Main Issues and Areal Extent of KA4433
Impacts of Reclamation Project KEJ. AWAM MARITIM
Living Resources Non-Living Resources Structures and Activities

-Fishes  -offshore oil and gas development  -Ports facilities 
-Prawns/Crab  -minerals (bromite, magnesium, potassium)  -Jetty 
-Turtles  -sand  -Traffic 
-Migratory birds  -cooling water  - water supply  -Reclamation 
-Marine Algae  -salt  - gravel  -Petroleum mining 
-Coral Reef  -Flood mitigation  - River  -Power Generation 
-Zooplankton  -Sand Mining 
-Phytoplankton  -Tourism 
-Benthics  -Sports and Recreational
-Fireflies  
-Terrapin eggs  -Fisheries 
-Turtle eggs  -Aquaculture 
-Mangroves  -Cage Culture 
-Waste Disposal 
-Molluscs  FRESHWATER/BRACKISH ZONE -Cables and Pipelines
-Peatswamp 
-Forest  
-Freshwater  COASTAL AND OFFSHORE ZONE -Transport 
-Lakes  -Irrigation 
-Tortoise  -Water Supply 
-Terrapins  -Transport 
-Timber  -Irrigation 
-Other biodiversity  -Water Supply 
Others
-Marine science research activities  Environmental Control
-Education  Functions:
Research and Education -Training for nature defense and education  -Flood Mitigation 
-R&D Progress  -Cultural  -Flushing 
-Artifacts and monuments  -Filtration 
-Cultural and social heritage 
Key:  : Freshwater  : Brackish Zone  : Coastal and Offshore Zone

Main Issues and Areal Extent of KA4433

Impacts of Reclamation Project KEJ. AWAM MARITIM
Loss of mangroves/sea grass/corals

Relocation of fishing
Disturbance/loss of nurseries & aquaculture/cockles spats communities
Reduce/loss fisheries resources Loss of livelihood
(reduce landing/increases trashfish/ disappearance of certain species
Impact from upstream
Disturbance /loss of turtle landing ground flooding
Disturbance/loss of stopover refuelling/feeding/

breeding sites of migratory birds
Loss of artifacts, archaeological and cultural sites
Disruption of sea traffic routes
EEZ (200N.M.) TERRITORIAL MUDFLAT WETLAND HINTERLAND

WATER (7N.M)
Coastal Erosion/Sedimentation
Ports & harbour/Jetty (12 n.m) Structural alteration in existing drainage pattern
Upstream flooding
Disruption of coastal processes
Changes in offshore bathymetry Biomass disposal
Water Pollution (sedimentation, oil & grease, heavy metals, leachates, halogenated organics, nutrients)

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KA4433
KEJ. AWAM MARITIM

Coastal Engineering - Harbours KA4433

KEJ. AWAM MARITIM

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Coastal Engineering - Embankments KA4433
KEJ. AWAM MARITIM

Coastal Engineering - Reclamations KA4433

KEJ. AWAM MARITIM

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Coastal Engineering - Recreations KA4433
KEJ. AWAM MARITIM

Coastal Engineering - Infrastructure KA4433

KEJ. AWAM MARITIM

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Coastal Engineering - Industries KA4433
KEJ. AWAM MARITIM

Coastal Engineering – Water Sports KA4433

KEJ. AWAM MARITIM

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KA4433
KEJ. AWAM MARITIM

KA4433
KEJ. AWAM MARITIM

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KA4433
KEJ. AWAM MARITIM
Construction Difficulties

Construction Difficulties KA4433

KEJ. AWAM MARITIM
Working above and below water;

Variations in tidal level - working unusual shifts (day and night);
Storms can lead to rapid deterioration in working conditions;
Access (from land or sea) is often difficult;
Little or no room for storage of plant, materials, site offices;
Beach and seabed levels fluctuate as do “ground conditions”;
It is difficult to control public access to working areas;
Health & Safety / CDM implications;
Increased duration and costs of schemes

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KEJ. AWAM MARITIM

KA4433
KEJ. AWAM MARITIM

Fakulti Kejuruteraan & Alam Bina
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KEJ. AWAM MARITIM


KEJ. AWAM MARITIM

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KEJ. AWAM MARITIM


KEJ. AWAM MARITIM

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Interaction with Beaches (1) KA4433
KEJ. AWAM MARITIM
Effects ON engineering works:
• Landslides and slips on coastal slopes/ cliffs;
• Scour of beach/ shore platforms

(leads to undermining and larger waves);
• Localised erosion at end of structures

(can lead to outflanking);
• Siltation of deepened areas

(e.g. docks, navigation channels).

KA4433
Coastal engineering - difficulties KEJ. AWAM MARITIM

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KA4433

KA4433

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KA4433

KA4433

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Interaction with Beaches (2) KA4433
KEJ. AWAM MARITIM
Consequences:
Continuing maintenance/ extension of coastal structures
(e.g. underpinning of foundations, dredging of navigation
channels).
Reduced performance
(e.g. increased wave overtopping);
Earlier structural failure

(often of foundations at seaward toe);

KA4433

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Coastal engineering - difficulties KA4433
KEJ. AWAM MARITIM

KA4433
KEJ. AWAM MARITIM
ICZM….

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KH4434 - Kuliah 002-1718

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KA4433

KEJ. AWAM MARITIM

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

-Tourism industry based on -Industry

CONFLICT ARISING FROM RECLAMATION

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Living Resources Non-Living Resources Structures and Activities

Key:  : Freshwater  : Brackish Zone  : Coastal and Offshore Zone

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Main Issues and Areal Extent of KA4433

Loss of mangroves/sea grass/corals

Disturbance/loss of stopover refuelling/feeding/

EEZ (200N.M.) TERRITORIAL MUDFLAT WETLAND HINTERLAND

Changes in offshore bathymetry Biomass disposal

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Coastal Engineering - Harbours KA4433

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Coastal Engineering - Reclamations KA4433

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Coastal Engineering - Infrastructure KA4433

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Coastal Engineering – Water Sports KA4433

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Construction Difficulties KA4433

Working above and below water;

Health & Safety / CDM implications;

Increased duration and costs of schemes

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Construction Difficulties KA4433

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Construction Difficulties KA4433

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Effects ON engineering works:

• Landslides and slips on coastal slopes/ cliffs;

• Scour of beach/ shore platforms

• Localised erosion at end of structures

• Siltation of deepened areas

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Earlier structural failure

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam & Struktur

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