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Pre-Oxidation
Pre-Reduction
2. Walden –
granular
metallic silver
tends to react
1. Iron (II) Solutions
with readily prepared from Mohr’s salt –
Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 . 6H2O or from the closely
atmospheric related Oesper’s salt – FeC2H4(NH3)2(SO4)2 .
oxygen 4H2O
seldom used numerous oxidizing agents are conveniently
determined by treatment of the analyte
for direct
solution with a measured excess of standard
titration of iron (II) followed by immediate titration of
oxidizing the excess with a standard solution of
analytes potassium dichromate or cerium (IV)
indirect
methods are
used instead
Titrants : Reductants
2. Sodium Thiosulfate
a moderately strong potassium iodate is an
reducing agent that has excellent primary
been widely used to standard
determine oxidizing 1 mol IO3 1- = 3 mol I2
agents by an indirect = 6 mol S2O3 2-
procedure that involves
iodine as an intermediate other primary standards:
potassium dichromate,
resistant to air-oxidation,
potassium bromate,
they do tend to
potassium hydrogen
decompose to give sulfur
iodate, potassium
and hydrogen sulfite ion
ferricyanide and metallic
copper
Titrants : Oxidants
2. Cerium (IV)
oxidizing strength primary-standard- grade salt
comparable to of the reagent is available,
permanganate solutions thus making possible the
direct preparation of
solutions of cerium (IV) in
standard solutions
sulfuric acid are stable
indefinitely iron (II) complex of 1,10-
phenanthroline or one of its
solutions are yellow-orange,
substituted derivatives are
but the color is not intense
widely used as indicator
enough to act as an indicator
during titration
in titrations
Titrants : Common Oxidants
4. Iodine (I2)
weak oxidizing agent used an important advantage is
for the determination of the availability of a sensitive
strong reductants and reversible indicator for
have relatively limited titrations
application because of their lacks stability and must be
significantly smaller re-standardized regularly
electrode potential
imparts a degree of can be standardized against
selectivity (e.g. determination anhydrous sodium
of strong reducing agents in the thiosulfate or barium
presence of weak ones) thiosulfate monohydrate
Titrants : Common Oxidants
Reagent Reduction Standard Standardized
Formula Product Potential, V with
Specialized Oxidants
Specialized Oxidants
1. Diazotization Titrations
useful for the analysis of
titration with HNO2 used in
sulfonamide antibiotics and
the assay of benzocaine,
aminobenzoic acid-derived
dapsone, primaquine,
local anesthetics
procaine, sulfacetamide,
titration is carried with sulfadoxine, sulfamethizole,
acidified NaNO2, causing the sulfapyridine and
primary aromatic amine sulfathiazole
functional group is
converted to a diazonium
salt
Applications
2. Iodine Titrations
Iodimetric Method Iodometric Method
titrant is I2 sample is made to liberate
direct titration I2
back titration titrant is Na2S2O3
detected using starch indirect titration
indicator
assay of ascorbic acid,
sodium stilbigluconate,
dimercaprol injection and
acetarsol
Exercise 15
4. I2 + 2 S2O3 2- S4O6 2- + 2 I 1-
Exercise 15