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Foundation design
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7th Lecture
1
Introduction
Foundation Engineering, Importance and purpose
Foundation
Substructure elements, used to transfer the load of a
structure(self weight +other actions) to the soil
Different geometries
Reinforced concrete
Foundation
Foundation is an integral part of the
structure. The stability of structure depends
on the stability of supporting soil. Two
important factors that are to be considered
are
1. The foundation must be stable against
shear failure of the supporting soil.
2. The foundation must not settle beyond a
tolerable limit to avoid damage to the
structure.
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Foundation – other factors
1. The location and depth of the
foundation.
2. For location and depth, we have to
consider the erosions due to
flowing water, underground
defects such as root holes,
cavities, unconsolidated fills,
ground water level, presence of
expansive soils etc.
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Load need to be considered
Loads that are needed to consider are
1. dead loads,
2. live loads,
3. wind and earthquake forces,
4. lateral pressures exerted by the foundation earth on the embedded
structural elements, and
5. the effects of dynamic loads.
Load due to subsoil conditions
1. Lateral or uplift forces on the foundation elements due to high
water table,
2. Swelling pressures on the foundations in expansive soils
3. Heave pressures on foundations in areas subjected to frost heave
and
4. Negative frictional drag on piles where pile foundations are used in
highly compressible soils
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Pile failure due to earthquake
Differential Settlement
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Main types of foundation
Classification
Classification
Foundation
Shallow Deep
Spread or
Strip or wall Combined Strap Mat
Isolated
Footing Footing Footing Foundation
Footing
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Types of shallow
foundations:
(a) plain concrete
foundation,
(b) stepped
reinforced concrete
foundation,
(c ) reinforced
concrete rectangular
Foundation and
(d) reinforced
concrete wall
foundation
Strip foundations
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Raft Foundations
Raft foundations
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Pads and pile foundations
Pad foundations
support an individual
point of load.
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Shallow foundation
The term “shallow foundation“ refers to a
structure that is supported by the soil lying
immediately beneath the structure.
Individual footings, usually rectangular in
plan view are the most common shallow
foundations for columns whereas strip
footings are used to support walls. In some
instances structures are supported by mats.
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Shallow foundations
Strap
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Strap footing Raft foundation
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Deep foundations
Deep Foundation
Pile Foundation 22
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SOIL TYPES
SILT
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SANDY SOIL
CLAY
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GRAVEL
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General Requirement
Location and depth criteria
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Settlement Criteria
Differential settlement
Example: Leaning Tower
Of Pisa
non-uniform, sponge-like
saturated clay soil
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Settlement Criteria
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Selecting Type of Foundation
1. Obtain the required information
concerning the nature of the superstructure
and the loads to be transmitted to the
foundation.
2. Obtain the subsurface soil conditions.
3. Explore the possibility of constructing any
one of the types of foundation under the
existing conditions by taking into account (i)
the bearing capacity of the soil to carry the
required load, and (ii) the adverse effects on
the structure due to differential settlements.
Eliminate in this way, the unsuitable types.
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Some basic
definitions:
Total Overburden Pressure q0
qo is the intensity of total overburden pressure due to the weight of
both soil and water at the base level of the foundation.
Effective Overburden Pressure q'0
q'0 is the effective overburden pressure at the base level of the
foundation.
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Behavior of Footing on Elastoplastic Material
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Load-settlement curve at centerline of hypothetical problem.
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Extent of yielded zone and motion field at load of 7.0 TSF.
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7th Lecture
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Design Criteria
The basic criterion governing the design of foundations is that
the settlement must not exceed some permissible value. This
value will vary from structure to structure.
First, for any foundation there is some value of the applied
stress at which the settlements start to become very large and
difficult to predict. This load is called the bearing capacity.
The Foundation must be designed so that the actual bearing
stress is less than the bearing capacity with an appropriate
margin of safety to cover uncertainties in the estimate of both
the bearing stress and the bearing capacity.
Generally, the bearing capacity is taken as the bearing stress
causing local shear failure
Clearly, the load that causes a general shear failure (i.e., the
ultimate bearing capacity) is an upper limit for the bearing
capacity
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7th Lecture
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7th Lecture
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Relationship
between bearing
stresses and
bearing Capacities.
The
rules of
bearing
capacity
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BEARING CAPACITY THEORIES
The determination of bearing capacity of soil based on the classical
earth pressure theory of Rankine (1857) began with Pauker, a
Russian military engineer (1889).
It was modified by Bell (1915). Pauker's theory was applicable only
for sandy soils but the theory of Bell took into account cohesion
also.
The methods of calculating the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow
strip footings by plastic theory developed considerably over the
years since Terzaghi (1943). Terzaghi extended the theory of Prandtl
(1921).
Taylor (1948) extended the equation of Prandtl by taking into account
the surcharge
Terzaghi (1943) first proposed a semi-empirical equation for
computing the ultimate bearing capacity of strip footings by taking
into account cohesion, friction and weight of soil, and replacing the
overburden pressure with an equivalent surcharge load at the base
level of the foundation effect of the overburden soil at the foundation
level.
Types of failure in
soil
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Local shear
failure
Foundations on sand of relative density lying
between 35 and 70 percent do not show a sudden
failure. As the settlement exceeds about 8 percent
of the foundation width, bulging of sand starts at the
surface.
At settlements of about 15 percent of foundation
width, a visible boundary of sheared zones at the
surface appears. However, the peak of base
resistance may never be reached.
This type of failure is termed local shear failure.
Punching shear
failure
Foundations on relatively loose sand with relative
density less than 35 percent penetrate into the soil
without any bulging of the sand surface. The base
resistance gradually increases as settlement
progresses. The rate of settlement, increases and
reaches a maximum at a settlement of about 15 to 20
percent of the foundation width.
Sudden jerks or shears can be observed as soon as
the settlement reaches about 6 to 8 percent of the
foundation width. The failure surface, which is vertical
or slightly inclined and follows the perimeter of the
base, never reaches the sand surface. This type of
failure is designated as punching shear failure
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Bearing Capacity
Failure
a) General Shear Failure
Most common type of shear
failure; occurs in strong
soils and rocks
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Soil Conditions and Bearing
Capacity Failure
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Load Displacement
Curves (after Vesicʼ (1973))
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Comments on Shear Failure
Usually only necessary to analyze general
shear failure.
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Assumptions for Terzaghi's
Method
Depth of foundation is less than or equal to
its width
No sliding occurs between foundation and
soil (rough foundation)
Soil beneath foundation is homogeneous
semi infinite mass
Mohr-Coulomb model for soil
General shear failure mode is the governing
mode (but not the only mode)
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Failure Geometry for Terzaghi's Method
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* The failure zones do not extend above the
horizontal plane passing through base of footing
* The failure occurs when the down ward pressure
exerted by loads on the soil adjoining the inclined
surfaces on soil wedge is equal to upward
pressure.
* Downward forces are due to the load (= qu× B) &
the weight of soil wedge (1/4 γB2 tanØ)
* Upward forces are the vertical components of
resultant passive pressure (Pp) & the cohesion (c’)
acting along the inclined surfaces.
For equilibrium:
ΣFv = 0
1/4 γ B2tan ø + quB = 2Pp +2C’ Li sinø’
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qu× B= 2[ (Pp)r +(Pp)c +(Pp)q ]+ BC’tanø’-¼ γ B2 tanø’
We get,
qu =C’Nc + γ Df Nq + 0.5γBNγ
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The General Bearing Capacity
Equation.
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The General Bearing Capacity
Equation.
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Other Factors
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Other Factors
• For continuous footing,
s=1
• For perpendicular load,
i=1
• For level foundation,
b =1
• For level ground,
g =1
• Need to compute factors
- Bearing Capacity Factor
N,
- Depth Factor d
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Next class
Groundwater effect and other BC equations
• Home work:
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