Journal of International Council on Electrical Engineering Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.

7~13, 2011 7

Single-tuned Passive Harmonic Filter Design Considering Variances of

Tuning and Quality Factor

Young-Sik Cho* and Hanju Cha†

Abstract - This paper presents how to select tuning factor and quality factor in designing of a
single-tuned passive harmonic filter. Tuning factor and quality factor must be considered before a
decision of filter parameters(R, L and C). In literature, the study about these two factors has not
been performed and only empirical values have been used in the passive harmonic filter design so
far. As an empirical value, in cases of 5th and 7th filter, tuning order has been used 4.8th and 6.8th
respectively and quality factor has been used in a range of 30 and 60; therefore, we will propose
how to decide these two factors in this paper. If a single-tuned passive harmonic filter were off-
tuned, its performance would be deteriorated substantially and resulted in a parallel resonance
between grid inductance and filter capacitance. In order to avoid this side effect from off-tuning,
the filter must be tuned on some preceded order not on the exact order. In other words, total filter
impedance must have reactive impedance on a tuned frequency. In this paper, tuning factor is
derived by using a bode-plot based method and then performance of filter is confirmed as a
harmonic current absorption rate which harmonic source flows through filter; and quality factor is
also derived by using the same method and then the performance is confirmed by the same filter
current absorption rate. Finally, the performance of proposed passive harmonic filter design using
the tuning factor and quality factor is verified by experiment. Experimental results show that the
5th, 7th, 11th and 13th current harmonic distortions meet IEEE-519 requirement.

Keywords: Passive filter, Harmonic, Passive harmonic filter, Tuning factor, Quality factor

1. Introduction harmonic current flow such as magnetic flux compensation,

The utility grid voltage is normally assumed to be a pure
sinusoid at a fundamental frequency of 60 Hertz. Applying
a sinusoidal voltage to a linear load produces sinusoidal
current which is also at the same fundamental frequency.
However, applying the sinusoidal voltage to a non-linear
load does not result in a sinusoidal current waveform,
although the current can be identified to be repetitive at the
fundamental frequency. Harmonic currents and voltages are
caused by the interaction of non-linear loads with the utility.
The traditional approach to solve aforementioned harmonic
problem has been done by the use of passive harmonic
filter[1-3]. Currently, Passive harmonic filter application is
used as a common practice and readily available to power
system engineers and designers for reducing harmonic
voltage and current distortion through alternate circuit path
operation. Several IEEE transaction papers have been
written and published which introduce the theory and
implementation of advanced techniques for controlling
† Corresponding Author: Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Chungnam
National University, Korea (hjcha@cnu.ac.kr)
* Dept. of Electricity and Control, Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety,
Korea (yscho@kins.re.kr)
Received: May 1, 2010; Accepted: October 16, 2010
harmonic current injection, dc ripple injection, series/shunt
active filter systems, and pulse width modulated static var
harmonic compensators. However, practical systems have
not been extensively installed and are not available on the
market yet. It may take more time before these advance
techniques are fully developed and readily available for a
successfully competition with Passive harmonic filter
systems. Passive harmonic filters will be installed in the
industry field and applied alone, or in combination with
transformer phase shifting and/or higher pulse number
rectifier configurations to waveform distortion on the power
system[4]. This paper presents how to select tuning factor
and quality factor in a single-tuned passive harmonic filter
design.
2. Single-Tuned Passive Harmonic Filter
2.1 Passive Harmonic Filter
Passive filters are well understood and represented a
conventional technology as the way to mitigate for
harmonics. These filters, which consist of reactor and
capacitor, typically provide an alternative impedance path
8 Single-tuned Passive Harmonic Filter Design Considering Variances of Tuning and Quality Factor

for harmonic currents generated by the nonlinear load, Where, ωn is the tuned angular frequency(rad/s).
result in the lower harmonic current components in the Fig. 1 shows a single-tuned filter circuit and its characteristic
utility current. Most passive filters need to be custom curve.
designed in the specific system impedances, the load
current harmonics, the back ground voltage distortion, as
well as interactions with other loads and sources in close
vicinity. Filter design without considering some of the
above identified issues can result in poor performance due
to interactions, and overall system performance may be
poorer than it was prior to filter installation in some cases
[1, 5, 6]. The site specific engineering costs of specifying,
purchasing, installing and commissioning a passive filter
can often be higher than its actual cost.

2.2 Single Tuned Filter (a) Circuit (b) Impedance characteristic

Fig. 1. Impedance characteristic curve versus frequency.

A single tuned filter which is a series RLC circuit tuned
to a single harmonics frequency provides a low harmonic
impedance characteristic generally. Its total impedance is
given by
3. Determination of Tuning and Quality Factors

We have to decide two design parameters before the

Z n = Rn + j (ω Ln − 1/ ωCn ) (1) decisions of R, L and C. They are tuning factor(δ) and
quality factor(Q); these are considering the fact that in
advanced, the resonance phenomenon in frequency caused
At a resonance frequency ω Ln = 1/ ωCn
by variations of parameter value[7, 8]. In order to express
From (1) Z n = Rn
the filter impedance in terms of δ and Q, the following
An ideal single-tuned filter is said to be tuned on the
relationships are applied;
frequency that makes its inductive and capacitive reactance
to be equal[5]. The quality factor(Q) of filter determines the
ω = ωn (1 + δ ) (4)
sharpness of tuning, and in this respect filters may be either
a high or a low Q type. The filter with low Q is sharply 1
ω= (5)
tuned to one of the lower harmonic frequency, and a typical L ⋅C
value is between a range of 30 and 60. The filter with high
Q typically in the region of 0.5-5.5 has low impedance over The reactance of inductor or capacitor in ohms at the
a wide range of frequency. When using to eliminate the tuned frequency is
higher-order harmonics it is also referred to as a high-pass
filter. In the case of a tuned filter, Q is defined as the ratio 1 L
X 0 = ωn L = = (6)
of the inductance (or capacitance) to resistance at the ωn C C
resonant frequency[5, 6]. X0
i.e., Q= (7)
R

Q= X /R 1 1
(2) C= = (8)
ωn X 0 ωn RQ
As shown in Fig. 1, the filter pass band(PB) is defined as X0 RQ
L= = (9)
being bounded by the frequencies at which the filter ωn ωn
reactance is equal to its resistance; i.e., the impedance angle
is 45˚and the magnitude is 2R . Relationship between Substituting equation (4), (8) and (9) into equation (1)
the quality factor and pass band can be expressed as yields
follows:
RQ
ω L = ωn (1 + δ ) ⋅ = (1 + δ ) RQ (10)
Q = ωn / PB (3) ωn
 Young-Sik Cho and Hanju Cha 9

1 1 RQ where, hn is ideal tuning order, h is tuning order

= =
ωC ω (1 + δ ) ⋅ 1 (1 + δ ) (11) considered tuning factor(δ). From equation (16) and Table
n
ωn RQ 1, we can decide that optimized tuning factor(δ) is -0.0375.

1 ⎡ ⎧ δ (2 + δ ) ⎫⎤
Z f = R + j (ω L − ) = R + j ⎢ RQ ⎨ ⎬⎥
ωC ⎣ ⎩ 1 + δ ⎭⎦ Table 1. Anticipated error

⎧ 2+δ ⎫ Items Anticipated errors

Z f = R ⎨1 + jQδ ( )⎬ (12)
⎩ 1+ δ ⎭ Frequency △f : 2%

Inductance(L) variations △L : -10~+20%

Or, considering that δ is relatively small as compared
Capacitance(C) variations △C : -4.5~+6.5%
with unity,

Z f ≈ R (1 + j 2δ Q) = X 0 (Q −1 + j 2δ ) (13) Table 2 shows the tuning order of each harmonic and

they are calculated from equation (16), (17) and considered
the errors of in Table 1.
And

Table 2. Tuning orders in an applied tuning factor

Z f ≈ R (1 + 4δ 2 Q 2 )1/ 2 (14)
Order 5th 7th 9th 11th

3.1 Determination of a Tuning Factor(δ) Tuning 4.813 6.734 8.663 10.59

The extent of filter detuning from the nominal tuned
frequency is represented by the tuning factor(δ). This filter
detuning is occurred by various causes as following: (i)
variations in fundamental frequency, (ii) variations in the
filter capacitance and inductance caused by aging or
temperature, and (iii) initial off-tuning caused by
manufacturing tolerances and finite size of tuning steps.
Equation (15) shows the overall detuning in per unit of the
nominal tuned frequency[6-8].
δ = (ω − ωn ) / ωn (15)
Moreover, the 2% change of L or C causes the same
detuning as change of 1% system frequency. Therefore δ
is often expressed as
Δf 1 ΔL ΔC
δ= + ( + ) (16)
f 2 L C
Equation (17) shows relationship between ideal tuning
order and actual tuning order.
h = hn + (δ × hn ) (17)
Order 13th 15th 17th 19th
Tuning 12.51 14.44 16.36 18.29
3.2 Current Absorption Rate in an Off-tuned Filter
For the assessment of tuning factor compatibility, we use
the amount of harmonic current absorption rate in filters. If
filters were tuned at harmonic frequency accurately, most
harmonic current flows into filter side. That is, harmonic
current absorption in a 5th filter is about I 5 f / I a =95.7%.
But, if the filter capacitance were increased to +6.5%
compared with designed value, harmonic current absorption
rate would be decreased to 70.17% sharply. The rest 30% of
harmonic current flows out power source, it makes an
adverse effect for adjacent system or equipment. Also, if the
capacitance of filter were decreased to -4.5% compared
with designed value, harmonic current absorption rate
would be decreased to 83.87%. In this case, about 20% of
harmonic current flows out power source, too. If filter
inductance were increased 20% result in off-tuning, current
absorption rate would be 29.49% and filter could not be
functioned. The results of 7th filter case are similar to those
of 5th filter case. Table 3 shows the performances of 5th and
7th filers by filter capacitance and inductance variations.
10 Single-tuned Passive Harmonic Filter Design Considering Variances of Tuning and Quality Factor

Table 3. Filter absorption effects 3.4 Decision of Quality Factor(Q) by Bode Plot

Filter Current(If) Absorption rate(%) The bode-plot method is used to decide the quality factor
because it provides us a convenient tuning characteristic of
original 4.785 95.7 filters. The changes of tuning sharpness by Q variations are
shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, where Fig. 3 shows gain curve
XC+5% 3.509 70.17 of 5th harmonic filter and 7th harmonic filter in separate use,
5th and Fig. 4 shows in case of combination 5th and 7th
XC-4.5% 4.194 83.87
filter harmonic filter. As shown from Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, when
XL+20% 1.475 29.49 quality factor is bigger than 50, filter sharpness is nearly
similar. Therefore, the quality factor is chosen as 50.
XL-10% 2.598 51.95

original 4.873 97.46

XC+5% 3.938 78.76

th
7
XC-4.5% 4.350 87.00
filter
XL+20% 1.984 39.68

XL-10% 3.244 64.88

3.3 Definition of Quality Factor(Q)

The quality factor(Q), which determines the sharpness of

tuning, is related with a scale which shows the degree of (a) in case of 5th filter
harmonic current absorption quantity. In this respect, all
filters will be one of the high or a low Q type according to
use. Fig. 2 shows the definition and magnitude of quality
factor(Q).

fr f
Q= = r , or
f HI − f LO 3dB
2Wm ωn L 1
Q( series ⋅ LC ) = ω0 = =
Ploss R ωn RC

• Q is depended on R; if it wants to high Q, it should get

lower R (b) in case of 7th filter
• Band width is an inverse proportion to Q. Therefore,
the frequency selectivity of filters decided on Q. For Fig. 3. Sharpness changes by quality factor(Q).
example, high Q has a small BW and can select
frequency precisely.

(a) definition (b) comparison of magnitude

Fig. 2. Definition and Magnitude of Quality factor(Q). Fig. 4. Sharpness changes in combination of 5th&7th filters.
 Young-Sik Cho and Hanju Cha 11

3.5 Comparison of Current Absorption Rate by Q

To evaluate the filter performance, we used the amount

of harmonic current absorption rate in a filter, when
quality factor is chosen as 5, 10, 30, 50, 70 and 100
respectively. The amount of current absorption rates are
shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Current Harmonic Content after filter installation (a) Current Waveform (b) Current Spectrum
Fig. 5. Without filter.
Filter Q5(%) Q10(%) Q30(%) Q50(%) Q70(%) Q100(%)
5th 28.6 51.2 87.28 94.48 97.98 98.66
4.2 After 5th Harmonic Filter Installation
7th 38.54 64.12 92.90 97.98 98.58 99.38
The current waveform and its frequency spectrum are
As shown in Table 4, the harmonic current absorption illustrated in Fig. 6(a) and (b), respectively. As shown by
rate of a 5th filter, in case of Q=5, is I 5 f / I a =28.26%. In Fig. 6, after 5th harmonic filter installation, the 5th harmonic
this case, the filter cannot do its function. In case of Q=10, content is decreased to 16.5% from 72.6%. This result did
the current absorption rate of a 5th filter is I 5 f / I a =51.2%, not meet the IEEE-519 limitation. The differences between
in this case, filter can only reaches a half of its capability. In actual value and ideal value of circuit parameters may cause
case of Q=30, the current absorption rate of a 5th filter is this problem. The system response can be improved by
I 5 f / I a =87.28%, about 10% current flows into power
using a combination of 5th and 7th filter.
source. In case of Q=50, 70 and 100, the current absorption
rates of a 5th filter are I 5 f / I a = 94.48%, 97.98 and 98.66
respectively. In these cases, most harmonic currents are
absorbed in a filter. These results are similar to in a case of
7th filter. Therefore, the quality factor(Q=50) decided in this
paper is suitable.

4. Experimental Result
(a) Current Waveform (b) Current Spectrum
In order to verify the performance of designed filters
Fig. 6. After 5th Filter Installation.
considering the tuning and quality factor, the experiment
has been carried out by using the designed filters for a
three-rectifier load. The experimental results are shown in 4.3 After 7th Harmonic Filter Installation
some separate cases: without filter, only 5th filter
installation, only 7th filter installation and an arrangement of As In this case, the current waveform and its frequency
5th and 7th filter orders as follows: spectrum are illustrated in Fig. 7(a) and (b), respectively. As
shown in Fig. 7, the 7th harmonic content is decreased to
4.1 Without Filter 4.8% from 61.8%. After 7th harmonic filter installation, the
response can meet the IEEE-519 harmonic requirement.
The case which is not filter, current harmonic content in
all orders was exceeded on IEEE 519 current limits[9].
Without filter, measured the harmonic content of source
current( I s ), current waveform and current spectrum are
below.

Table 5. Current Harmonic Contents without filter

Orders Fund. 5th 7th 11th 13th

Before 100% 72.6% 61.8% 20.9% 13.2% (a) Current Waveform (b) Current Spectrum
IEEE 519 - ≤12% ≤5.5% Fig. 7. After 7th Filter Installation.
12 Single-tuned Passive Harmonic Filter Design Considering Variances of Tuning and Quality Factor

4.4 Installation of 5th and 7th Filter Combination
The current harmonic contents in this case are shown in
Table 6. Fig. 8(a) and (b) shows the current harmonic
waveform and its frequency spectrum after 5th and 7th
harmonic filter installation, respectively. In this case, the
content of 5th harmonic current is decreased to 7.9% from
16.5%, but 7th harmonic is increased to 11.2% from 4.8%
on the contrary. It means that, the 5th filter in arrangement
has better operation than only 5th filter case, but the 7th filter
in arrangement is slightly reduced in filtering function
when compared with only 7th filter case. Although the
interaction between circuit parameters of 5th and 7th filter in
the arrangement causes their aforementioned results, the
final current harmonic component responses obtained by
the filter combination can meet the IEEE-519 requirement.
Table 6. Harmonic Content After 5th&7th Filter Combination
respectively. Compared the before and after filter
installation cases, the 5th harmonic was decreased from
72.6% to 7.9%, the 7th harmonic was decreased from 61.8%
to 11.2%, the 11th harmonic decreased from 20.9% to 4.5%
and the 13th harmonic decreased from 13.2% to 2.9%,
respectively. Therefore, the proposed tuning factor and
quality factor decision method for passive harmonic filter
design in this paper has been certified.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the Human Resources
Development of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology
Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) grant funded by the
Korea government Ministry of Knowledge Economy (No.
20104010100600)

Filters Fund. 5th 7th 11th 13th References

Only 5th 100% 16.5% 10.5% 6.6% 3.0%
Only 7th 100% 39.9% 4.8% 4.9% 2.5% [1] M. E. Habrouk, M. K. Darwish and P. Mehta, “Active
5th+7th 100% 7.9% 11.2% 4.5% 2.9% Power Filter; A review”, IEE Proc. Electr. Power
IEEE 519 - ≤12% ≤5.5% Appl., Vol. 147, no. 5, pp. 403-413, September 2000.
[2] H. Fujita and H. Akagi, “A Practical Approach to
Harmonic Compensation in Power System Series
Connection of Passive and Active Filter”, IEEE Trans.
On Industry Applications, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 1020-
1025, 1991.
[3] F. Z. Peng, H. Akagi and A. Nabae, “A New
Approach to Harmonic Compensation in Power
System A Combined System of Shunt Passive and
Series Active Filter”, IEEE Trans. On Industry
(a) Current Waveform (b) Current Spectrum Applications, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 983-990, 1990.
[4] J. K. Phipps, “A Transfer Function Approach to
Fig. 8. After Installation 5th and 7th Combination.
Harmonic Filter Design”, IEEE Industry Applications
Magazine, pp 68-79, March/April 1997.
[5] J. Arrilaga and N. R. Watson, “Power System
5. Conclusion Harmonics”, Second Edition, University of
Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand, John Wiley
This paper presents how to select tuning factor and & Sons, pp. 228-237, 2003
quality factor single-tuned passive harmonic filter design. [6] Y. S. Cho, “Analysis and Design of Passive Harmonic
In passive filter design, the tuning factor and quality factor Filter for a Three-phase Rectifier”, KIEE Magazine,
must be taken into account before calculating filter 58P-3-13, pp. 316-322, September 2009
parameters (R, L and C). In this paper, the tuning orders of [7] R. C. Dugan, “Electrical Power Systems Quality”,
5th and 7th filters have been determined as 4.813th and Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, pp. 264-273, 2002
6.734th, respectively. And the quality factor (Q) has been [8] H. L. Willis, “Power System Capacitors”, Taylor &
chosen as 50. The designed passive harmonic filter Francis, pp. 389-414, 2005
performance has been verified by experiment and the [9] IEEE Std. 519-1992, “IEEE Recommended Practices
experimental results show that 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical
harmonics could meet the IEEE-519 requirements, Power Systems”, pp. 77-80, 1992.
 Young-Sik Cho and Hanju Cha
Young Sik Cho received his B.S.
degree in Electrical Engineering from
Changwon National University and
M.S degree in the same field from
Chungnam National University, Korea
in 1990 and 2009, respectively. He is in
the course of PhD in Electrical
Engineering from Chungnam National University, Deajen
Korea from 2009. He was with KEPCO in Ulchin NPP
from 1992 to 2000. He worked at LG and KESCO From
2000 to 2005 respectively. From 2005 until now, He joined
the department of electricity and control, Korea Institute of
Nuclear Safety, Daejeon, Korea. His research interests are
power quality; power reliability; UPS; harmonic mitigation;
passive harmonic filter; active harmonic filter; hybrid
harmonic filter.
13
Hanju Cha received his B.S. degree in
Electrical Engineering from Seoul
National University, Korea, and M.S
degree in the same field from Pohang
Institute of Science and Technology,
Korea in 1988 and 1990, respectively.
He obtained his PhD in Electrical
Engineering from Texas A&M University, College Station,
Texas in 2004. From 1990 to 2001, he was with LG
Industrial Systems in Anyang, Korea where he was engaged
in the development of power electronics and adjustable
speed drives. In 2005, he joined the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon, Korea. He worked as a visiting professor in the
United Technology Research Center, Hartford CT, USA in
2009. His research interests are advanced ac/dc, dc/ac, and
ac/ac converters; renewable energy system; power quality;
energy storage system and micro-grids.