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ODONTOGENIC TUMORS
HISTORY
A. BENIGN
I. ODONTOGENIC EPITHELIUM WITHOUT ODONTOGENIC ECTOMESENCHYME
● Ameloblastoma
● Squamous Odontogenic Tumor(SOT)
● Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour (CEOT)
● Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour (AOT)
● Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor (KCOT)
AMELOBLASTOMA (Adamantinoma)
Incidence:
Clinico-Radiologic classification
● Intraosseous
o Multicystic / solid
o Unicystic
● Extraosseous/ peripheral
● Desmoplastic ameloblastoma (Hybrid lesion)
Pathology
MACROSCOPIC
● Tumor specimen consists of margin of normal bone (depending on treatment modality)
● Color is grayish white to grayish yellow
● Contains no calcified tissue
● Unicystic/ multicystic on cut section
● Cystic content varies → straw colored to semi-solid gelatinous material
MICROSCOPIC
● Polymorphic neoplasm consisting of proliferating odontogenic epithelium lying in fibrous stroma
● Odontogenic epithelium – two main variants :
o FOLLICULAR
o PLEXIFORM
● FOLLICULAR FORM:
o islands of follicles of odontogenic epithelium
o
Central mass of polyhedral cells or loosely connected angular cells resembling stellate reticulum,
surrounded by layer of cuboidal or columnar cells resembling internal dental epithelium
o Cystic degeneration occurs within epithelium islands.
● PLEXIFORM
o Epithelium forms anastmosing strands arranged as network bounded by cuboidal to columnar cells
and includes polyhedral cells.
o Cyst formation occurs as stromal degeneration rather than epithelial degeneration.
INTRAOSSEOUS AMELOBLASTOMA
Clinical features
● Age: 20-60 yrs; mean age – maxilla – 47 yrs; mandible – 35.2 yrs.
● Male = Female
● Blacks > Whites
● Mandible > Maxilla; posterior>anterior
● Associated with painless swelling, root resorption, tooth mobility, cortical expansion (crepitations,
egg-shell crackling), facial deformity, spontaneous fractures.
Radiological features
● Variants
o Multilocular (soap bubble, honey comb)
o Unilocular
o Desmoplastic(mixed)
● Various histologic variants of follicular and plexiform varieties have been described.
● Histologic variation does not affect the treatment and prognosis.
● Types
o Acanthomatous
o Granular
o Basal cell
o Desmoplastic
ACANTHOMATOUS SMA
● Rare condition
● Cells shows predominantly basaloid pattern
● Most actively proliferating type
● Tumour contains clear PAS +ve cells located in the central stellate reticulum like area in the follicular type
of ameloblastoma
● Has malignant potential
DESMOPLASTIC AMELOBLASTOMA:
RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURE
● mixed radiolucency and radiopacity with ill-defined borders (D/D -fibrosseous lesion)
● Mixed appearance can be explained on the basis of new formation or showing infilterative nature of the
tumor—remanants of non metabolic /non neoplastic bone remain embedded in the tumor tissue.
● This nature is also believed for the ill-defined marginal appearance of the tumor.
HISTOPATHOLOGY:
● Locally invasive variant to SMA consisting of proliferating, irregular, bizarre shaped islands to tumour
cells in desmoplastic Connective Tissue stroma.
● Morphology of the islands-almost pathognomonic “animal- like” configuration
● Peripheral cells are
o Cuboidal-sometimes hyperchromatic
o Columnar-rarely showing reverse nuclear polarity
o Ameloblast like cells occasionally
● Central cells
o Shows Hypercellularity
o Spindle shaped/squamatoid
o Occasional keratinized epithelial cells
o Cystic space containing eosinophilic material
o Sporadically keratinization foci
o Rarely mucous cells are also seen
(Thus the histopathologic feature closely resembles acanthomatous follicular ameloblastoma to some
extent.)
● Stroma
o Desmoplastic-constant feature
o Moderately cellular fibrous connective tissue with abundant thick collagen fibers that compress
the epithelium islands
o Myxoid changes surrounding the islands
● Formation of metaplastic bone trabeculae rimmed by active osteoblasts-seen in some cases
● Capsule-absent in most cases
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY:
UNICYSTIC AMELOBLASTOMA
● Tumour is defined on the basis of macroscopic and microscopic features.
● Well-defined, often large monocystic cavity with a lining, focally but rarely entirely composed of
odontogenic epithelium.
● Can be divided into 2 variants
1. Associated with un-erupted tooth.(dentigerous variant)
Dr Amit Mohan Page 5
Odontogenic Tumours
Macroscopic:
Characterstics
a. luminal
b. Intraluminal
● Microinvasive ameloblastoma
a. Intramural
b. Transmural
● Invasive
LUMINAL TYPE:
● Epithelium lining of which parts show transformation to cuboidal & columnar basal cell with
(Vickers & Gorlin’s criteria)
1. Hyperchromatic nuclei
2. Palisading of basal cell
3. Nuclear polarization
4. Cytoplasmic vacuolization
5. Intercellualar spacing
6. Subepithelium hyalinization
Immunohistochemistry
Management:-
● Radio resistant
● Adjuvent Radiotherapy in patients
o close or positive margins
o multiple positive nodes
o extracapsular invasion
o perineural invasion
● Complications with radiotherapy
o 42% recuurence rates
o 25% incidence of postradiation sarcoma
o 72% recurrence with radiotherapy alone.
Prognosis
PERIPHERAL AMELOBLASTOMA
● Hamartoma
● Extraosseous ameloblastoma
● Similar histologic characteristic as SMA.
● Origin- Cell rests of Serre/ basal layer of oral epithelium.
● C/F- Single polypoid mass <3 cm, no bone involvement.
● T/t- Excision with 2-3 mm margins.
● No recurrence.
Incidence
Clinical features
● Surface-smooth /granular/papillary
● Colour –pink or red
● Surface ulceration due to trauma.
● Size-0.3-0.4 cm
Radiographic features
Pathogenesis
Pathology
● Macroscopic:
o Firm to slightly spongy mass
o Minute cystic spaces filled with clear, pale yellow fluid
o Occasional dystrophic calcification.
● Microscopic:
o Benign neoplasm / hamartoma
o Consist of odontogenic epithelium with some histologic cell types-similar to SMA
o Stroma contain mature fibrous connective tissue
o Epithelium shows
a. Palisading of columnar basal cells.
b. Stellate reticulum is seldom conspicuous.
c. A basaloid lesion- without follicular component with acanthomatous areas.(considered as
basal cell carcinoma)
o Other features
a. Ghost cell
b. Clear cell
o Peripheral ameloblastoma exhibits a different biologic behavior than SMA
● Differential diagnosis
o Peripheral odotogenic fibroma
o Peripheral variants of SOT
o Odontogenic gingival epithelium hamartoma
o Denture irritation hyperplasia
o Epulis, papilloma, pyogenic granuloma
● Treatment
o Conservative supra-periosteal surgical excision with adequate margins.
● Recurrence: rare.
EXTRAGNATHIC ADAMANTINOMA
● Found in long bones (Tibia). Considered as related to SMA because of histologic resemblance
● Types –
o classic
o differentiated
Classic Differentiated
● CONSERVATIVE
o Enucleation
o Curettage
● Radical
o Resection
ENUCLEATION-separation of lesion from bone with preservation of bone continuity, by virtue of the lesion’s
containment within an encapsulating or circumscribing connective tissue envelope derived from lesion or
surrounding bone.
CURETTAGE-removal of lesion from the bone with preservation of bone continuity ,by scraping or morcellation
necessitated by friability of lesion or absence of an intact encapsulating or circumscribing connective tissue
envelope derived from lesion or surrounding bone.
RESECTION - excision of lesion that includes a measurable perimeter of investing bone.
Mandible
● Marginal
● Segmental
● Disarticulation
Maxilla
Anterior mandible
● Marginal resection should be preferred because of the difficulty in reconstruction in this area.
o small lesion (<3cm) – excision
o larger lesion- segmental or en bloc resection
o close follow up is necessary
● MMF should be done: - if pathological fracture is suspected after marginal resection without continuity
defect.
● Reconstruction of the mandible after resection
o Bone graft can be placed: - immediate or delayed depending upon soft tissue coverage and
operator prevalence
o Types of bone grafts
▪ Autogenous bone graft
● Non vascularized bone grafts
o Iliac graft for contour in angle region
o Rib graft for facial convexity
● Vascularized bone grafts – gold standard for reconstruction
o Free Fibula
o Vascularized Iliac crest
o Radial foreaem
o Lateral scapular border
▪ Allografts
● Cadaveric bone grafts
▪ Xenografts
▪ Alloplasts
● Titanium mesh tray and cancellous bone chips
● Reconstruction plate - should be adapted before segmental resection, to maintain
anatomic relationship between remaining proximal and distal segment
▪ Others
● Recon with patient marrow
● Platelet Rich Plasma
● Vascularised composite pedicle graft
● Treatment varies - Conservative or Radical - based on surgeon preference, both has limitations
o Conservative management - risk of recurrence and extension to orbits, nasal cavity and ethmoids.
o Radical management - results in significant deformity, requiring complex reconstruction.
● Therefore, lefort 1 osteotomy for access, followed by resection with 1cm margins can be performed
Posterior maxilla
● Radiographic features
o Well defined unilocular and triangular radiolucency between roots
o Extensive lesion show multilocular appearance
● Histopathological features
o Islands of well differentiated squamous epithelium of varying size and shape
o Peripheral layer of island show low cuboidal or flat epithelial cells
o Central Microcystic degenration seen in few island
o Islands are surrounded by mature CT
● Treatment
o Most lesions are treated conservatively by Enucleation, curettage or local excision
ODONTOMAS
● Most common type of odontogenic tumor occurring within the jaws.
● Classification of odontomas (on the basis of gross, radiographic and histological features) - WHO
classification, 2005.
o Compound
o Complex odontome
● Incidence
o Discovered before the age of 30 years
o Slight predominance in females
o The Compound odontomas are more common and are usually diagnosed in the anterior portion of
the jaws resembling tooth-like structure.
o
The Complex odontomas are more common in the posterior part of the jaws and consist of a
disorganized mass with no morphologic resemblance to a tooth.
● Clinical features
o The lesions are invariably asymptomatic and are usually discovered on routine radiographic
examinations
o Sometimes may be associated with pathologic changes in adjacent teeth and structures such as -
malformation, impaction, delayed eruption, displacement, cyst formation and resorption of
adjacent teeth.
● Radiographic features
o A fully developed odontome appears as a radiopaque mass of varying size.
● Treatment and prognosis
o Enucleation and curettage
o Does not recur
ODONTOGENIC MYXOMA
● Uncommon benign neoplasm of the jaws that is thought to be derived from ectomesenchyme and
histologically resembles the dental papilla of the developing tooth.
● Clinical features
o slow growing with a potential for aggressive behavior and a high recurrence rate after
subtherapeutic removal
● incidence
o Most commonly in the third decade of life.
o posterior mandible is most common location
● Radiographic features
o Odontogenic myxoma appears as a unilocular or multilocular radiolucency that may displace or
cause root resorption of teeth in the area of the tumor.
o the radiolucent defect may contain thin wispy trabeculae of residual bone, which are often
arranged at right angles to one another in a “stepladder” pattern
● Histological features
o the tumor is composed of haphazardly arranged stellate, spindle-shaped, and round cells in an
abundant loose myxoid stroma that contains only a few collagen fibril
o
● Treatment
o Tumors are not encapsulated and tend to infiltrate the surrounding bone such that complete
removal by curettage is nearly impossible.
o Treated with resection with 1.0 cm bony linear margins – similar to ameloblastoma