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Selenium 2.0:
CONTENTS INCLUDE:
n
What is Selenium 2.0?
n
Architecture
n
Installation
n
Driver Implementations Using the Webdriver API to Create Robust User Acceptance Tests
n
Page Interaction Model
n
Mobile Device Support and more... By Matt Stine

Therefore, the developer API exists as a thin wrapper

WHAT IS SELENIUM 2.0?
around the core of each driver.

Selenium 2.0 is a tool that makes the development of automated

tests for web sites and web applications easier. It represents
the merger of the original Selenium project with the WebDriver
project. WebDriver contributes its object-oriented API for
Document Object Model (DOM) interaction and browser
control as well as its various browser driver implementations.

The WebDriver approach to browser control differs significantly  

from the Selenium approach. Whereas Selenium runs as a
JavaScript application inside the targeted browser, WebDriver
drives the browser directly through the most sensible means
available. For Firefox, this meant using JavaScript wrapped
in an XPCOM component; however, for Internet Explorer, this
meant using C++ to drive IE’s Automation APIs.
The merger of these two projects allows each technology’s
strengths to mitigate the other’s weaknesses. For example,
Selenium has good support for most common use cases, but
www.dzone.com
4. R
 eduction in Cost of Change: share as much code
as possible between the driver projects. This is
accomplished via the use of “Automation Atoms,”
which are JavaScript libraries implementing various
read-only DOM query tasks. These Atoms are used for
two purposes. The first is to compose a monolithic driver
(such as the FireFox driver) written primarily in JavaScript.
The second is to augment existing drivers written in other
languages with tiny fragments of highly compressed

JavaScript. This augmentation will reduce execution and

WebDriver opens up many additional possibilities via its ability
parsing time.
to step outside of the JavaScript sandbox. Going forward, both
of these APIs will live side by side in a synergistic relationship,
INSTALLATION
allowing automated test developers to easily leverage the right
tool for the job.
Java
Selenium 2.0 currently supports writing cross-browser tests
From http://code.google.com/p/selenium/downloads/list
in Java (and other languages on the JVM including Groovy),
download the following two files and add them to your
Python, Ruby, and C#. It currently allows developers to target
classpath (version numbers are the latest as of this writing):
Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Chrome with automated tests.
It also can be used with HtmlUnit for “headless” application • s elenium-server-standalone-2.0a7.jar contains the
testing. Furthermore, driver implementations exist for the iOS Selenium server (required to use Selenium 1.x classes)
(iPhone/iPad), Android, and BlackBerry platforms. and the RemoteWebDriver server, which can be
executed via java -jar.
The remainder of this Refcard will focus on the WebDriver
contributions to the Selenium 2.0 project and will take a brief
look at how to leverage the Selenium API via WebDriver.

ARCHITECTURE
Selenium 2.0

The WebDriver team chose to focus on four primary

architecture concerns:
1. T
 he User: WebDriver drives the browser from your end
user’s point of view.
2. A
 “Best Fit” Language: each browser has a language that
is most natural to use from an automation perspective.
The various drivers are implemented as much as possible
in that language.
3. A
 Layered Design: developers should be able to write
their tests in the supported language of their choice, and
these tests should work with all driver implementations.

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 2 Selenium 2.0: Using the WebDriver API to Create Robust User Acceptance Tests

• s elenium-java-2.0a7.zip contains the Java language From C#:

bindings for Selenium 2.0. All of the necessary IWebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();
dependencies are bundled.
Java (Maven) Chrome
The Chrome driver is comparatively new. Because Chrome
Add the following to your pom.xml:
is based on Webkit, you may be able to verify that your
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId> application works in other Webkit-based browsers such as
<artifactId>selenium</artifactId>
<version>2.0a7</version>
Safari. However, because Chrome uses V8 JavaScript engine
</dependency> rather than the Safari Nitro engine, you may experience some
differences in behavior.
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId> From Java:
<artifactId>selenium-server</artifactId>
<version>2.0a7</version> WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
</dependency>
From Ruby:
Ruby
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
Run the following command:
gem install selenium-webdriver From Python:
from selenium.chrome.webdriver import WebDriver
Python driver = WebDriver()

Run one of the following commands:

From C#:
easy_install selenium
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

or
pip install selenium
HtmlUnit
The HtmlUnit driver is the fastest and most lightweight of the
C# group. It is the only pure Java implementation, so it is the
Download selenium-dotnet-2.0a6.zip and add references to only solution that will run anywhere the JVM is available.
WebDriver.Common.dll and WebDriver.Firefox.dll (or your Because it utilizes HtmlUnit to interact with your application
browser of choice) to your Visual Studio project. instead of driving an actual browser, it carries along the
associated baggage:
DRIVER IMPLEMENTATIONS •Y
 ou cannot visually inspect what’s going on during
your test.
There are currently four official driver implementations for •H
 tmlUnit uses Rhino as its JavaScript+DOM
desktop browsers: implementation. No major browser does this, and it is
Firefox disabled by default.
The Firefox driver is the most mature of the browser-based • If you do enable JavaScript, the HtmlUnit Driver will
drivers. emulate the behavior of Internet Explorer.

From Java: From Java:

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); WebDriver driver = new HtmlUnitDriver();

From Ruby: Although it isn’t recommended, it is possible to configure the

driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :firefox
From Python:
from selenium.firefox.webdriver import WebDriver
driver = WebDriver()
From C#:
IWebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
Internet Explorer
The Internet Explorer driver has been tested and is known to
work on IE 6, 7, and 8 on Windows XP and Vista. Compared to
the other drivers, it is relatively slow.
From Java:
WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();
From Ruby:
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :internet_explorer
HtmlUnitDriver to emulate a specific browser:
HtmlUnitDriver driver = new HtmlUnitDriver(BrowserVersion.FIREFOX_3);
SELENIUM RC EMULATION
It is possible to emulate Selenium Remote Control (RC)
using the WebDriver Java implementation on any of its
supported browsers. This allows you to maintain both
WebDriver and Selenium test assets side by side and to
engage in an incremental migration from Selenium to
WebDriver. In addition, running the normal Selenium RC
server is not required.
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
String baseUrl = “http://downforeveryoneorjustme.com/”;
Selenium selenium = new WebDriverBackedSelenium(driver, baseUrl);

selenium.open(“http://downforeveryoneorjustme.com/”);
From Python: selenium.type(“domain_input”, “google.com”);
selenium.click(“//div[@id=’container’]/form/a”);
from selenium.ie.webdriver import WebDriver
driver = WebDriver() assertTrue(selenium.isTextPresent(“It’s just you”));

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 3 Selenium 2.0: Using the WebDriver API to Create Robust User Acceptance Tests

On the downside, you may notice some inconsistencies in greatly simplify interaction with select elements and their
behavior since the entire Selenium API is not implemented (eg., association options:
keyPressNative is unsupported) and Selenium Core is emulated.
Method
You may also experience slower performance in some cases.
selectByIndex(int index)/
deselectByIndex(int index)
PAGE INTERACTION MODEL
selectByValue(String value)/
deselectByValue(String value)
After navigating to a page… selectByVisibleText(String text)/
deselectByVisibleTest(String text)
driver.get(“http://www.google.com”)
deselectAll()
…WebDriver offers a plethora of means for interacting with getAllSelectedOptions()
the elements on that page via its findElement methods. getFirstSelectedOption()
These methods accept an argument of type By, which defines
several static methods implementing different means of getOptions()
element location: isMultiple()
Purpose
Selects/deselects the option at the given index.
Selects/deselects the option(s) that has a value matching
the argument.
Selects/deselects the option(s) that displays text matching
the argument.
Deselects all options.
Returns a List<WebElement> of all selected options.
Returns a WebElement representing the first selected
option.
Returns a List<WebElement> of all options.
Returns true if this is a multi-select list; false otherwise.

Locators You can create an instance of Select from a WebElement that is

Locator Example (Java) known to represent a select element:
id attribute By.id(“myElementId”)
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id(“mySelect”));
name attribute By.name(“myElementName”) Select select = new Select(element);

XPATH By.xpath(“//input[@id=’myElementId’]”)
If the element does not represent a select element, this
Class name By.className(“even-table-row”)
constructor will throw an UnexpectedTagNameException.
CSS Selector By.cssSelector(“h1[title]”)

Link Text By.linkText(“Click Me!”) Interacting with Rendered Elements

By.partialLinkText(“ck M”) If you’re driving an actual browser such as Firefox, you also can
Tag Name By.tagName(“td”) access a fair amount of information about the rendered state
of an element by casting it to RenderedWebElement. This is
In each case, findElement will return an instance of
also how you can simulate mouse-hover events and perform
WebElement, which encapsulates all of the metadata for that
drag-and-drop operations.
DOM element and allows you to interact with it.
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id(“header”));
WebElement Methods RenderedWebElement renderedElement = (RenderedWebElement) element;

Method Purpose
RenderedWebElement Methods
clear() Clears all of the contents if the element is a text entity.
Method Purpose
click() Simulates a mouse click on the element.
dragAndDropBy(int moveRightBy, Drags and drops the element moveRightBy pixels to
getAttribute(String name) Returns the value associated with the provided attribute name int moveDownBy) the right and moveDownBy pixels down. Pass negative
(if present) or null (if not present). arguments to move left and up.
getTagName() Returns the tag name for this element. dragAndDropOn(RenderedWeb Drags and drops the element on the supplied element.
getText() Returns the visible text contained within this element (including Element element)
subelements) if not hidden via CSS. getLocation() Returns a java.awt.Point representing the top left-hand
getValue() Gets the value of the element’s “value” attribute. corner of the element.

isEnabled() Returns true for input elements that are currently enabled; getSize() Returns a java.awt.Dimension representing the width and
otherwise false. height of the element.

isSelected() Returns true if the element (radio buttons, options within a getValueOfCssProperty(String Returns the value of the provided property.
select, and checkboxes) is currently selected; otherwise false. propertyName)

sendKeys(CharSequence… Simulates typing into an element. hover() Simulates a mouse hover event over the element.
keysToSend) isDisplayed() Returns true if the element is currently displayed;
setSelected() Select an element (radio buttons, options within a select, and otherwise false.
checkboxes).

submit() Submits the same block if the element if the element is a form
PAGE OBJECT PATTERN
(or contained within a form). Blocks until new page is loaded.

toggle() Toggles the state of a checkbox element.

The Page Object pattern is a useful tool for separating the
In addition to this set of methods designed for interacting orthogonal concerns of testing the logical functionality of an
with the element in hand, WebElement also provides two application from the mechanics of interacting with that
methods allowing you to search for elements within the current functionality. The Page Object pattern acts as an API to an HTML
element’s scope: page and describes to the test writer the “services” provided by
that page, while at the same time not exposing the underlying
Method Purpose
implementation. The Page Object itself is the only entity that
findElement(By by) Finds the first element located by the provided method (see possesses deep knowledge of the HTML’s structure.
Locators table).

findElements(By by) Finds all elements located by the provided method. Consider the Google home page. The user is able to
enter search terms and perform two possible actions: to
WebDriver provides a support class named Select to conduct the search or to automatically navigate to the

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 4 Selenium 2.0: Using the WebDriver API to Create Robust User Acceptance Tests

top hit (“I’m Feeling Lucky). We could model this with the a WebDriver instance or when the default no-argument
following Page Object (Java): constructor is present.
public class GoogleHomePage { AnotherPageObject page = AnotherPageObject(“testing”, 1, 2, 3, driver);
private final WebDriver driver; PageFactory.initElements(driver, page);

public GoogleHomePage(WebDriver driver) {

this.driver = driver; We can further clean up the code by providing meaningful
//Check that we’re actually on the Google Home Page. names for the form elements and then using annotations to
if (!”Google”.equals(driver.getTitle())) {
throw new IllegalStateException(“This isn’t Google’s Home Page!”);
declaratively specify the location strategy:
}
} public class GoogleHomePage {
private final WebDriver driver;
public GoogleResultsPage search(String searchTerms) {
driver.findElement(By.name(“q”)).sendKeys(searchTerms); @FindBy(name = “q”)
driver.findElement(By.name(“btnG”)).submit(); private WebElement searchBox;

return new GoogleResultsPage(driver); @FindBy(name = “btnG”)
} private WebElement searchButton;

public UnknownTopHitPage imFeelingLucky(String searchTerms) { @FindBy(name = “btnI”)
driver.findElement(By.name(“q”)).sendKeys(searchTerms); private WebElement imFeelingLuckyButton;
driver.findElement(By.name(“btnI”)).submit();
public GoogleHomePage(WebDriver driver) {
return new UnknownTopHitPage(driver); this.driver = driver;
}
} //Check that we’re actually on the Google Home Page.
if (!”Google”.equals(driver.getTitle())) {
throw new IllegalStateException(“This isn’t Google’s Home Page!”);
}
These examples assume the behavior of the Google }

home page prior to the introduction of Google public GoogleResultsPage search(String searchTerms) {
searchBox.sendKeys(searchTerms);
Instant. For them to work properly, create a custom
Hot FireFox profile turn instant off in that profile, and
searchButton.submit();

Tip then run your tests using that profile by setting }

return new GoogleResultsPage(driver);

the system property “firefox.browser.profile” to the public UnknownTopHitPage imFeelingLucky(String searchTerms) {
searchBox.sendKeys(searchTerms);
name of your custom profile. imFeelingLuckyButton.submit();

return new UnknownTopHitPage(driver);
To learn more about the Page Object pattern, visit: }
}
http://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/PageObjects
WebDriver provides excellent support for implementing Page The @FindBy annotation supports the same location methods
Object’s via its PageFactory. The PageFactory supports a supported by the programmatic API (except for CSS selectors):
“convention over configuration” approach to the Page Object @FindBy Annotation Location Methods
pattern. By utilizing its initElements method, the driver element Locator Examples
location code can be removed from the previous Page Object: id attribute @FindBy(how = How.ID, using = “myElementId”)
@FindBy(id = “myElementId)
public class GoogleHomePage {
private final WebDriver driver; name attribute @FindBy(how = How.NAME, using = “myElementName”)

private WebElement q; @FindBy(name = “myElementName”)
private WebElement btnG;
private WebElement btnI;
id or name @FindBy(how = How.ID_OR_NAME, using = “myElement”)
attribute
public GoogleHomePage(WebDriver driver) {
this.driver = driver; XPATH @FindBy(how = How.XPATH, using = “//input[@id=’myElementId’]”)
@FindBy(xpath = “//input[@id=’myElementId’]”)
//Check that we’re actually on the Google Home Page.
if (!”Google”.equals(driver.getTitle())) { Class name @FindBy(how = How.CLASS_NAME, using=”even-table-row”)
throw new IllegalStateException(“This isn’t Google’s Home Page!”); @FindBy(className = “even-table-row”)
}
} Link Text @FindBy(how = How.LINK_TEXT, using=”Click Me!”)
@FindBy(linkText = “Click Me!”)
public GoogleResultsPage search(String searchTerms) {
q.sendKeys(searchTerms); Partial Link Text @FindBy(how = How.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, using=”ck M”)
btnG.submit(); @FindBy(partialLinkText = “ck M”)

return new GoogleResultsPage(driver); Tag Name @FindBy(how = How.TAG_NAME, using=”td”)
}

@FindBy(tagName = “td”)
public UnknownTopHitPage imFeelingLucky(String searchTerms) {
q.sendKeys(searchTerms);
btnI.submit(); XPATH SUPPORT

return new UnknownTopHitPage(driver);
}
} WebDriver makes every effort to use a browser’s native XPath
capabilities wherever possible. For those browsers that do
A fully initialized version of this object can then be created and
not have native XPath support, WebDriver provides its own
used as in the following code snippet:
implementation. If you’re not familiar with the behavior of the
WebDriver driver = new HtmlUnitDriver(); //or your choice of driver various engines, this can lead to surprising results.
driver.get(“http://www.google.com”);
GoogleHomePage page = PageFactory.initElements(driver, GoogleHomePage.
class); Driver Tag/Attribute Attribute Values Native XPath
page.search(“WebDriver”); Names Support

HtmlUnitDriver Lower-cased As they appear in HTML Yes

This version of initElements will instantiate the class. It works Lower-cased As they appear in HTML No
InternetExplorerDriver
only when there is a one-argument constructor that accepts
FirefoxDriver Case insensitive As they appear in HTML Yes

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 5 Selenium 2.0: Using the WebDriver API to Create Robust User Acceptance Tests

Consider the following example: The constructor for RemoteWebDriver accepts two arguments:
<input type=”text” name=”pizza”/> 1) The URL for the remote server instance.
<INPUT type=”text” name=”pie”/>
2)A Capabilities object, which specifies the target
The following behavior will result: platform and/or browser. DesiredCapabilities provides
XPath Number of Matches static factory methods for the commonly used choices
Expression (e.g., DesiredCapabilities.firefox()).
HtmlUnitDriver InternetExplorerDriver FirefoxDriver
//input 1 2 1
MOBILE DEVICE SUPPORT
//INPUT 0 2 0

WebDriver provides excellent support for testing Web

REMOTE WEBDRIVER applications on modern mobile device platforms. Support for
the following platforms are provided:
WebDriver provides excellent • iOS (iPhone/iPad)
capabilities around driving • Android
browers located on remote • Blackberry (5.0+)
machines. This allows the tests • Headless WebKit
to run in one environment
WebDriver is capable of running tests both in the platform
while simultaneously driving a
emulators and the devices themselves. The driver
browser in a completely different
implementations employ the same JSON-based wire protocol
environment. In turn, running
utilized by the RemoteWebDriver.
your tests in a continuous
integration environment deployed Driving the iOS Platform
on a Linux system while driving The iPhone driver works via an iPhone application that
Internet Explorer on various implements the JSON-based wire protocol and then drives
flavors of Microsoft Windows is a a UIWebView, which is a WebKit browser embeddable in
straightforward proposition. iPhone applications.
The RemoteWebDriver consists of   1) Install the iOS SDK from http://developer.apple.com/ios.
a client and server. The server is 2) D
 ownload the WebDriver source from
simply a Java Servlet running within the Jetty Servlet Container http://code.google.com/p/webdriver/source/checkout.
(but you can deploy it to your container of choice). This servlet
3) Open iphone/iWebDriver.xcodeproj in XCode.
interacts with the various browsers. The client is an instance of
RemoteWebDriver, which communicates with the Server via a 4) S
 et the build configuration’s active executable
JSON-based wire protocol. to iWebDriver.

Using RemoteWebDriver 5) Click Build and Go.

First, download selenium-server-standalone-2.0a7.jar and run it The iOS simulator will launch with the iWebDriver app
on the machine you want to drive: installed. You can then connect to the iWebDriver app from
java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.0a7.jar your language of choice:
Next, implement a client in your language of choice: package com.deepsouthsoftware.seworkshop;

import java.net.URL;
package com.deepsouthsoftware.seworkshop;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.junit.*;
import java.net.URL;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.junit.*;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.*;
public class IphoneWebDriverTest {
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
private WebDriver driver;
public class RemoteWebDriverTest {
@Before
private WebDriver driver;
public void setUp() throws Exception {
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL(“http://localhost:3001/hub”),
@Before
DesiredCapabilities.iphone());
public void setUp() throws Exception {
}
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL(“http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub”),
DesiredCapabilities.firefox());
@Test
}
public void testCheese() throws Exception {
driver.get(“http://www.google.com”);
@Test
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name(“q”));
public void testCheese() throws Exception {
element.sendKeys(“Cheese!”);
driver.get(“http://www.google.com”);
element.submit();
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name(“q”));
assertEquals(“Cheese! - Google Search”, driver.getTitle());
element.sendKeys(“Cheese!”);
}
Thread.sleep(1000); //Deal with Google Instant
element = driver.findElement(By.name(“btnG”));
@After
element.click();
public void tearDown() throws Exception {
Thread.sleep(1000); //Deal with Google Instant
driver.quit();
assertEquals(“cheese! - Google Search”, driver.getTitle());
}
}
}
@After
public void tearDown() throws Exception {
driver.quit();
}
}

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 6 Selenium 2.0: Using the WebDriver API to Create Robust User Acceptance Tests

4) Start the emulator: ./emulator -avd my_android &

5) Install the Android WebDriver Application: ./adb -e
install -r android-server.apk. You can download this from:
http://code.google.com/p/selenium/downloads/list.
6) S
 et up port forwarding: ./adb forward tcp:8080 tcp:8080
You can then connect to the AndroidDriver app from your
language of choice:
package com.deepsouthsoftware.seworkshop;

import java.net.URL;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.junit.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.android.AndroidDriver;

  import static org.junit.Assert.*;

Driving the Android Platform public class AndroidWebDriverTest {

private WebDriver driver;
The Android driver works via an Android application that
@Before
implements the JSON-based wire protocol and then drives an public void setUp() throws Exception {
driver = new AndroidDriver();
Android WebView, which is a WebKit browser embeddable in }
Android applications. @Test
public void testCheese() throws Exception {
1) Install the Android SDK from driver.get(“http://www.google.com”);
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name(“q”));
http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html. element.sendKeys(“Cheese!”);
element.submit();
2) Run ./android and install a target API (e.g. 2.2). assertEquals(“Cheese! - Google Search”, driver.getTitle());
}
3) E
 xecute ./android create avd -n my_android -t 1 -c @After
100M to create a new Android Virtual Device targeting public void tearDown() throws Exception {
driver.quit();
Android 2.2 with a 100M SD card. Do not create a custom }
}
hardware profile.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR RECOMMENDED BOOK

Matt Stine is the Group Leader of Research Application Two of the industry’s most experienced agile testing
Development at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in practitioners and consultants, Lisa Crispin and Janet Gregory,
Memphis, TN. For the last decade he has been developing have teamed up to bring you the definitive answers to these
and supporting enterprise Java applications in support of questions and many others. In Agile Testing, Crispin and
life sciences research. Matt appears frequently on the No Gregory define agile testing and illustrate the tester’s role with
Fluff Just Stuff symposium series tour, as well as at other examples from real agile teams. They teach you how to use the
conferences such as JavaOne, SpringOne/2GX, The Rich agile testing quadrants to identify what testing is needed, who
Web Experience, and The Project Automation Experience. He is an Agile Zone should do it, and what tools might help. The book chronicles an agile software
Leader for DZone, and his articles also appear in GroovyMag and NFJS the development iteration from the viewpoint of a tester and explains the seven
Magazine. When he’s not on the road, Matt also enjoys his role as President key success factors of agile testing.
of the Memphis/Mid-South Java User Group. His current areas of interest
include lean/agile software development, modularity and OSGi, Groovy/Grails,
JavaScript development, and automated testing of modern web applications.
Find him on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/mstine and read his blog at
http://www.mattstine.com.

#82

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