New Directions in Civil Engineering CONCRETE BEAMS with OPENINGS Analysis and DesignLibrary of Congress Caalogngin-Publeation Data ‘This book contains informtion aban fom authentic and highly regan sous, Reprinted materi x qted with pemasion, ad sures a IndeateA vide ity of eferences ae sed. Reasonable efforts hve been rad to Publish rele de nd information, but th sate ad the publisher ene ase esponsibityfrthe val either this bok nr prt iy be reprodced or rans in any for by say meas tron rchenelineodig photocopying, eroiiming. tb reading. o The consent of CRC Press LLC does ot extend to copying for general ditto, for promeron freeing now warks or fore. Spine permission st be cOaiea it ‘ing from CRE Pree LLC or sch oping Diet ingures to CRC Press LLC. 20 porte Blvd, NW, Boea Rao, ia Trademark Notie: Prodet or corporate nanes may be trademarks or registered No claim to original US. Goverment woes Libary of Congres Card Number 9831792 Pied inthe Unied Sis of Anes, “123 4567890 Preface ‘Transverse openings in conerote beams represent, fam a practical viowpon, 8 meane of scoonmedting uty senfces la buldng structure. The abIty 0 focommodat su series trough a member nstead of below or above tho member resus ia compact design and an over eavng i terme of ol bung Provision of openings through a bear, however, changos ts imple mode af behavior to'a more complex one. Thorlo, the desi of such beams needs pect tonimont, which cure) als beyond the s2ope of the major bulling odes. Ony ihe Arcectral Inst of Japan provides some guidlnes for the tiesign of conoreta Deame sh web openings, Nevertheless, the toatment eat ftom being comet, and mast ofthe nfraton on eonerete beams uh pene that has been generated around th word snes the fand eno ready accesso to the designers. The purpose the back tof erpo the eae sho-at behavior ayes, and design of concrete eae tal contain ansvorse openings ttvough the w2b, The bohavr of euch beam under bending, shear, and trlon fs treated inthis book, Design methods based on plats Nnge mochanism, plasty truss and stand:le modal and skavebending theory ate decorbed aed iusrated wth numeral examples. Suitable gsenes en te detallng of beams vith web openings are leo mcudes, This tomnaton would nat oly give valuable (guidance to he designers and consultants of conc ctucturos but alo would fp enacerin We pring anne meio erect In wring this book, & fe presumed thet the eader is familar wh the fundamentals of reread and pretescod conrete design, No speciic code ot practon has been fotoned The main emphasis is on the basic underying Principle fo the rtm of opening tough boars. “The ton fs organaed mo sx chapters. Chaplet 7 Inveduees tho topic ot openings trough beame by tating he need or openings, ofc of ntexucng fa opening. clasticabon of openings, andthe general requlrements that need to be fled n sign. Chapters 25 gv a comprehensive coverage on reforcodconerota beams. While Chapter 2 provides a complete treatment of a beam with mall openings under dare loading combinations, Chapter @ mainly dese wth largo rectangular openings In beams undor the most commonly ercountered losing eas0 ot combined Bending and shea. The effects of torsion In eis beams se tested in Chapter 4. Large openings Fh contruous beam, thei acts on possblo edition of ntomal forces and, gareral guidelines, and posedur fo {he complate design of such beams are presentod i Chapar 5. Chapa 6 deals wih the ete of prestessing, Vinlo we Pave put in our best ffon to comple the statectine-art sowed on openings trough conerete beams, the readers must oxatisa tele {engineering udgmentin applying the princes ll cut inthis Bock, We woul fo fo Tako ths opportunity fo express our sincere thanks and spprecaton to our famiies,Inende and eoleagues for ter episton en fnoouragement fo wie ths book. In pao, we Wh to thank Faroog, fear, Mandal Rashi, B.C. St, KL Tan, and BK. Teoh, wha pronfead an sated the preparation of ho camoraveady manuscript and Fon, who drew many ofthe ‘igus We also thank RC! All, ASCE, PCI, CPremier, Clever Sone Ui and Nem Chand & Bs. for grating pernissio to reproduce some of he foures Sd abe from thei pulse We bative tat Concrete Beams uth Openings: Anais and Design wil be «valuable eoures of formation and a useful qude, eepecaly to deskners and Bracticing engineers a te or no provision or Guidelines are curenty avaiable in fost codes of practice. MA Maneur Kiangetvee Tan National Univer of Singapore to Be ramen ot ny pars for thei love, care, and understanding Mansur Irybolved we, Yoke Lin [nd orn, HuiLeng, Sah Hong, and Hi Xing Kieng-tweeContents PREFACE NOTATION CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 44 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 12. CLASSIFICATION OF OPENINGS 18 _ ELASTIC STRESS DISTRIBUTION AROUND OPENINGS 14 DESIGN CONSIOGRATIONS CHAPTER 2, BEANS WITH SMALL OPENINGS. 2.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 22 PURE BENDING 23. BENDING AND SHEAR 23.1. Behavior of Beams in Shasr 23.2 Tradtional Design Approach 233 ALJ Approach 2.34 Phastcty Truss Method 24 EFFECT OF TORSION 24.3. Behavior of Beams in Torsion 242 Analysis for Utmate Stength 25 DESIGN FOR TORSION 2.51. Design for Beam Type Faure 252 Design tor Frame-Type Faure 253 Considerations for Dealing28 EFFECT OF CREATING OPENINGS IN EXISTING BEAMS 2.61 Cracking and Crack Wie 262 Stiness and Dafecton 263. Usimato Stength 264 Remake (CHAPTER 3, BEAMS WITH LARGE RECTANGULAR OPENINGS. 34 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 32 BEAM BEHAVIOR UNDER BENDING AND SHEAR 39 ANALYSIS AT COLLAPSE. 33.1” Umit Anais 33.2. Plastity Truss Model 3.83 Siutand-Te Mode 34 DESIGN FOR ULTIMATE STRENGTH 341. Paste Hinge Method 342. Pasty Tse Mathod 343 Sintand- The Method 5 CRACK CONTROL 38 CALCULATION OF DEFLECTIONS 37 MULTIPLE OPENINGS AND DESIGN OF POSTS (CHAPTER 4, TORSION IN BEAMS WITH RECTANGULAR OPENINGS, 441 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 42 PURE TORSION 42.1 Behavior of Beams in Pure Torsion 422 Outine of Anais 423. Analy for Ulimate Tore 424 Expermental Verfleation 425_ Simpiiod Design Method 43. TORSION COMBINED WITH BENDING 44 COMBINED TORSION, BENDING, AND SHEAR, (CHAPTER 5. CONTINUOUS BEAMS 54. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 52 ELASTICANALYSIS 521 Equvalert Fewral sitinese 522 Equvalort Shear Sitfecs 529 MomborSiinees and Tranefe Matrix 524 Analysis Pocodure 525 Comparcon wih Test Data et 65 58 68 20 100 413 16 119 18 wz 131 135 138 a7 12 158 161 ye 168 168 ier 167 53 DESIGN PROCEDURE AND RECOMMENDATIONS, 5.3.1 General Guidelines 5.22, Recommended Design Procedure (CHAPTER 6, EFFECT OF PRESTRESSING 6:1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 62. STRESS CONCENTRATION AND STRESS DISTRIBUTION 6.2.1. Normal Srossos 62.2. Shoar Srosses 62 TYPES OF CRACKING AND CRACK CONTROL 63:1. Cracking Duo to Prostessing Fore at Transfer 6.32 Crackhg Around the Openings al Servic Load 64 DEFLECTIONS 85 DESIGN AND DETAILING FOR ULTIMATE STRENGTH 5.5.1 General otaling Requirements and Recommendations 5.52 Check for Uimate Stength REFERENCES. INDEX m1 m m 187 138 te0 190 191 192 195 bor por 208 aaNotation ‘nt gynbos re defined ithe test war tay fat appeae_Te moe econ ‘yal ae toe tat spear rouge Bakar ted below or fad . «dep ot ult etngs stress lok a = cosecectona ara A fren encores by he parnater of to cscs floving the shape o Achy = arent diagonal ners x 8 ofa longtea roremert oe AA roa oft se tp langhsna sot respective, ns secon ‘Ane at (ono) of minim coed ru orton fake = ateat ers per stun: a tex of ne gr step ° = wth of boa be web wth 4 ameter of crear opening o dopo rectrgiar opening oda = datnoe between he tp and Bote enrol respective, 8 ee © ezcenbcy can open wh reapet the gtr ao he beam EE, modihncteasty of corre ae tel respectively F pressing force t most ofp of once f masium veri terse a ‘ong ol ongtudna agonal ste rspeclyMame My = Mm Mts PREP ls eng of ranevees steal (sins) roa iy ‘ra depth oa scton moment neta sflecvelngh fcr comprecsien amber ‘eco lngh ot an opening length of opering nsuppred length of compression member berdegmarmere rmomers at tance falure under postive and nega bonding, repecively oped moment enter of pening Torinal marentofressanc8 eral (mea) rent fetes in poe and nogate bending especialy remin!sbangt of secton pete, ne respecte wa sons ‘al canprosie oad at balanced ture coespondng tM i respectively ‘mate ‘stg of secon teal comreston anda! tension espacial, ‘actor en oad petmetec secon flowing he shape ct steupe al oad or ontlons trea ond ‘emia xa bad srg at gen ecsentcy nomial eae seg azo ean spacing farsa deocton par oes enorcaert vertal ping ele foes ‘omial loa arena ‘srengh ofa encion oder pure oon somal torsional sength im Mode 1, Mede 2, and Mook 9 tale, reevetialy ad negate bending, « = Range tikes Me = nemnal shear svongh provided by corte “ = nominal shear svengh| Ye ptod sear ce ene of pening u eongh of secon under pure seer ia nomial shear seen provided by shes raforament Mw © ed shesrfrco at secon * = stonararanson oa ectanulr ston * ster contr t-crter mension of closed rectangular trap y Songer dimension ofa recangur secon : 05 $ Ve=97.2 KN bis less than 3 ¢ Ve = 229.2 KN, hee shear ‘einercoment 690,20 Sou = 275 mm. Since # Ve Va~ Ve" 213-744 = fate i, ¥ 144.6/0.85 =165.64N Assuming at he shear eatnce othe steals provie by verte strips oly ven by ° vf 1088. Boe” | Tor 286 10-424 Use of wo ful depth tirups on ether side of he opening at 2 spacing o 100 mm ‘woul ealely he roquremerts of maxima spacing and pastonng te strap (r= 03)/2. Provse nominal diagonal bars fr erck contol (4) Shear design for frame-ypefature Membec below the apenia tension member) For thie sation, d= 200 - 90 - 10 -20/2 = 160 mm: therfore, (Vilar= 159 KN, which is fess tan V= 106 kN. The secion Is adequate to ave diagonal Compression fale Neglecting the contbuton of conrete and using twoogged sirup of M10 bars wonave Beams ith Small Openings 25 Ald _0.85%187%250%150 Ye 18,000 ‘As Velo greater than 36V¢= 956 the manimum sis 0/4 = 97.5 mm. But hose values are gute close, Consideng the dealin achieving propor cormpacion of ‘Concrete and keeping in mind that agonal bars for ereck conta woul Teast par fhe applied shear, fis decided fo wre fue shot supe below the opening between tne udp stip, whieh ves a spscng of about 40mm. Prowge two nominal 10 lngitasnal bare jst below te opening fr anchorage of sirup Member above the pena (compression mam} Since the section forthe member has dimensions Kentical to those othe cation bolow, ands sjected to ail compreslen, Use ofthe sara spacing of straps ‘ould provide a conservative design and aval any confusion during coercion. (6) Design for erack control Diagonal reinforcement i used to achieve crack contol under sonice load tondton. Using £9, (223), and assuming yy = 460 MPa, the requiod area of ‘agonal reboreemerts A 1 me 16 10°/(0.85% 460 «sin 48") Use 16 clagonal bar in each decton (0 Reinforcement details Te tal arrangement of enorcement inthe open eon othe bea est ing E221 vee > FEST pees . SI WOK wou thi = Eg Figure £2.2.1. Reinforcement details ofthe beam in Example Problem 22.28 CONCRETE BEAMS WITH OPENNS: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 233 ALI APPROACH In the Architectural neti of Japan (Al) Standard fr Stetural Caution of Frforced Concrete Structures (1868), 8 fomuia (designated as, Hrosava's fonnuia) hae been norporated to evaluts the shear eapacty, Up of baams that fern @ small opening Similar fo te tradiional approach dcussed ebove, his fmpiiel forma considers tat ts total shear resistance ls provided by both ovorete and the stool crossing a 45 fale plane pasing through the osntar of opening. The forma gens as olows, 0.092 kk, (10+177) (, 1.814, ) Heo ny Jso.aes Yoh, |bd, (228) where ky i a function ofthe etfacve depth ot account for to ez ffects in ‘hear and hae a vake between 0.72 and 1.0 as shown In Fi. 2.12) hy = O82 1004, / bd J dy = lamater of th cdar opening or dmeter of he m= sefbed cco in he case ofa square opening which should be taken as les than or {Sql to h78; fis he overall depth ofthe beam, and Ml (Va) taken aes than orequalto3. The term 7, in Ea. (2.24) refers to the ratio of web reinforcement placed ihn a lngtudhal stance /2 om the canter ofthe opening a shew in Fi 218 and ie defined as 7. =Altnasona) (225) the distance betweon the top and boom longitudinal bars = area two raiforerent (versal sin or diagonal bar = angle sf lnation web reoreoment and fy = ald stengh of web rentorsoment Figure 212 Determination of ke [Beams win Small Openings 27 Figure 213. Effective web reinforcement for opening. “The fist term in Eq. (224) ges the consibuton of concrete to shear resistance, whch is assumed fo dotrene in proportion 10 tbe opening cepin The Second isi gues the shear reitancs due tothe web efocomart.Ithas boon “Suggested tha for normal web erfrcement al, the second te be replaced by 6705 At) EXAMPLE PROBLEM 23 check the shear capacty for the opening segment of the team designed in Example Problem 22 using the ALJ opereach ‘soLUTION From te deais shown la Fig. £224, (8 850.mm, d= 504 mim, Ay 707 me Ais, forthe given problem, = 300mm, h (=25MPa, Me There, 72 om Fig. 212) fy #082 (100 » 7079/1800 S50f = 0875, and the conerete contbution to ehear capacity sccaring to Eq, (224) may be ‘Sbianed 380.092 x0.72x0.675x(25. HED y= lod, =c6sebe, ‘00 | Considering ony the four two-legged sirup paved adjacent to the opening (888 Fi. £2.2.1) oat shea, the web scl rai, trom Eq, (225) 6 1574 ° Bon xs0a “00% “The conbutlon of web rnforoamantto shear capacty according o En. 224) ¥, , = 0.846 {O00AEISD bd, =0.867bd, “The ulate shear capacty ofthe oping segment, heetore, Vos Ver Vom 1.818 b a= 1518 «300. 508 x 10° 0K ‘This goat than the factored shoar Vf 216 KN. Hence the web retforement provided is adequate, 2:34 PLASTICITY TRUSS METHOD Ina separate developmen, the phenemenen of shea in enforced conctte beams an be rated wing the theory of lest (Niels, 1984), Beams without openings In general the chen force, V, ating en a setion Is given bythe change appted ‘moment over an rnitesia tance dy that a (226) “here Mis the applied moment onthe section. Noting hat M= T(jd) shere Tis the fores in the longitudinal tension rrvoresment and dls he lever em forthe resisting memor, expanding Eq (2.25 aves v. 7 ait), aT 7 ol, ig ear) ‘The frst term on the fohthand sido of Ea. (227) represents stuaton vinere the for nthe tnionreevrcementremas constant while the lever am ‘ate along the length othe beam to provide the necoseary moment of sistance, Such stutura! action fe refed fo se ara acon fn rooreed conte beams Beams wth Sma Openings 29 ‘rch action is predominant i the so-eslled Dvegins for which Bemoul's hyptheseenot val, that, hor plane sections donot remain plane dus the ‘pplcaton of extemal loads. These regions may be assumed to occur wthin a hanea oqual to the beam dopth from suport, fom porte of application of Concentatod foads and lations whore there is an abrupt change in cross ‘sectional geomet “Tne second tam in Eq, (227) inoales the case where the force inthe tension renformant vai along tho eng ofthe beam wih ho lever arm for he moment resstance remaining @ constant. Ths roforod to as beam or ruse jan and i coors predominantly n so-called Bregons Those ao regis aber than Dregne in wich Bomeuls hypothesis is assumedto apn. itimay thus be seen ftom Eq. (227) that tho shoat Tore appli on a reinforoed conerets beam, n genera, resisted by combination of rch ard truss mechanisms. Fg. 2.14 shows to russ mechanism that develop fa boar. roe a 1} SSS (a) Analogs tans model | sata ip oe tabangax Babb Se rogictomatace —! NEO Pr tb cot ck Figure 2.14 Truss action in solid beams. Assuring yal of shear reeforcement, the shear free card by tho truse mechanism, V8 gen By: Hb dp. fy cote (228)where Vj HbdvE: b= width ofthe sedion; dy = the detance between the top and batiom longitudinal bars: y= the shear reinforcement rai; fy = te yok Srengihol he sheer reineroemert, ¢ = angle of incinaton of the corte compression sto the beam axiz vf) = the offcive compressive stengin of concrete, inwhich v isthe eflecveness factor given by (225) “The coneeta sess in tho compression stu of tho analogous 18, fy Is obtained by conaldeing equerian of an ios stinger elemant = Ef tooo date (220) ‘where fis lass than or equal othe efoctive compressive strength of concrete vf! I he « vf, the aference between fe and vf! woul contribute to an arch acion as own in Fig. 2.18. lanering the cfecence inthe angle of concrete, in the wuss mechanism and #in be arch mechanism, so that the compressive Sonerote sess ine sit of tho arch mechanism would be (f~ vf). The shear force cared by the arch mecharism, Va, would hen be given by (o1-t0hane( 7) ean (222) wv L Figure 2.18 Arch action in sold beams (Al, 1904), eam win Smal Openings 34 The nominal shear srengin ofthe beam, Vp is cbsined by adding the contrbuton of to uss mechanism, Vs [Eq (228), ad shea force cared by the ‘mechani. Vs (E4 (2.3%), ging he reminal shear svength as aba atyeet panana es inwhien is gen by (1+ cot #)ovy 0 ea) In applying Ea, (220), he value of cot shoul be las than tat gen by any fhe ‘evening equsons (AU, 1984), cap=2 (2350) obs 235) cot [7-4 @2se Vale es) a. (2.35) givos the allowable maximum value of cot # to ensure dvslg- mont of adequate aggregate tatoo sefon along a dagonal ack (Tinarn, 4978), Eq, (2950) qves the valuo of pwhin maximizes Ven Eq. (233), and Eq (2 35) e darves from tho condton at fei loss than or equal of, using Eq (8 rom Ege, (2.28) and (2380), te value of Ve can be expresed in orn of the shear rovforcament index y 38 eimy sos 235) ey = ply iol st th aden, Ea, (2350), withthe upper it given by Ea (25a), maybe re ororossodas. cote [D4 <2 ean Ww The veriatons of 7 and cot ¢ wih y as depicted by Eos, (236) snd (237) respectively, 3 shown in Fig 216,132 CONCRETE BEAMS WITH OPENINGS: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN foams ith Small Openings 98 here pe the rao of shar ronforcement placed adacent othe opening and fy ie yl atrengt of tho sirup Cr @ iar2vaeny Figure 2.16 Relations of Vand cot with y. es Beams with openings be dd Hy Hoe dd ot a In a beam with an epening, however, ls feu to develop an arch mechanism, nd, consequenty, the eppied shear” tanstered by moans of 8 Yass techantm "This i¢isoted i Fig. 2.47 fora beam wit a cedar opening {iehnoce and Yakoo, 1890) where tne beam is eirfornd transversely by vereal strep ony. hig 2.17, tha angle of conrete compcesson stu inthe upper en lower chord menibers ofthe epaning ls dena by as the horizontal sows sow bons Sesees and the veri ataws represent frees acting on the conrete ito the forces inthe strups. The unshaded potion shows tho zone whe the cagoral Crmpreseie lveso fal la not forma. Tho hagonal comproesive. nese ih ‘cnurate sound te opening Gocomes gor asthe unhaded potion widens or as iho opening become lager. The efecive Jeph dy for the uss machanism Is ‘detoad a (e00 Fig. 2179) dnd f aan 238) sere di the cameter ofthe car opening (oe thet of a cumscrbed crcl in The case ofa square o rectangular opening), and sis ho spacing between the two Slrups, one on each side ajacent to tre opening Tine (258), te verte height of the unshaded pot sven by the tem (4/008 = 5 fan The vorteal simp should be provided adacet ot SSpeing win a dance of (ch /2 = elcos, a8 shown Fig 21718), ver {fe sccentty of the opening measured trom te center ofthe open to the (enol as ofthe beam Resuming yieling of sls, the concrete compressive sess in the shaded parton gen by eter Eg (230) fea = uty lteeot ss) (238) Figure 2.17 Truss action in beam with opening.EEquating the value of fr in Eq (226) to the effective compressive strength cf eonerat, v1, give the valu of #35: oots,= (240) nike sod prismatic beams the value of ct maybe ikon o be more than 20, frordorto ensure the validly of tuse ion nthe vir of te oparing,Folawng Eq (2.28), the sheer strength othe bear with an opering is ven By Vy = by, (any From Eqs, (240) and (2.4%), can be seen that Vp has an upper Kit with respect 1 fn Conservative, py shouldnt be taken to be greater than (he ce /e)0 For which the maximum valle of Vy_ is abled (Al), 1994 lehinose and Yokoo, 1950) Eq, (241) has Been verified egsinsttst data (AW, 1984, Khitose and Yokoo, 1990) a8 shown m Fig. 218. In Eis Figure, Vans i the cbsened shear Siren ofthe specimens, Vs he shear capoaty according 123 (2) and Vs [2 the shear force that woud result in xara fale of he specimens. Kis seen Eq (241) ges sccursie predicions of he shear capacly of beams wit ‘Openings reetorcd by vertical stuns WM Figure 2.18. Verification of strength equation [Eq (2-41)] (A, 1984) ‘The maximum stainable shear strength of beam for diferent oping de ratios ded shown nF, 2.19, fr whieh sy has Boen assumed tp be ogual 1 {V2dp. As an example, when d= 08h, dy = 0.28, hen d/d,= 0.2/0.8 =025, and the upper mitt ve /edwf 16024 obs | | | l ot tt|tiiN.,, Figure 2.19 Effect of opening size on maximum stainable shear strength, nn agonal seo reinforcement bare ate provided and her development lengths are anchored outside of stimups adjacent to the opening as shown in Fig 226, where the compressive stress in concrete i elavely fw, the conteaon of the agonal bars to he shear eapecty Is gon bt Ve= Achy sind, (242) where yf the angle of icnaion tothe axis ofthe beam, and Ais the crass {ectonal area ofthe diagonal bars. The val of Vain Eq (242) can be aed to the val of Vin Eq, (2) to ge thototal shear stengih ofthe beam. oman TTT Figure 2.20 Beam with small pening reinforced by diagonal bars (alu,1994).EXAMPLE PROBLEM 24 Evatuate Example Problem 223 by oans verte stags and alagonl bars SOLUTION sear capacty of the opaning sogment of the beam designed in ng the oft o (a) Yertcal straps on (2) Bath (@) Consider verteastirups only [An iterative procedure ie required to evalats the shear capacty of thy opening ogmant Ft a value of $y is agsumed. The value of dys caculatod tom Eq, (2.5) and pyfy fe obtained and veiled to be lose than of at most equal 1 (Ge—chcvie From Ea. (240), te value of Is calculated and compared to the assumed value, these vats are dferet, assume a new value for 9, and repeat w procedure unt the calculated valve & approumatoly qual fo the assumed Yaluo, Ones the corect vee of i tained, the shear Capacy can be cbained from 9. (241). Forte problem under consideration, afew tia led to the assumption of ¢ = 6% ‘harefore om E4238) and aseuming s,= 270mm, d= 504 200/008 8-270 tan 6 = 264 mm ‘sheer reiforcerent consisting of four two-legged vertical strups is provised _djacent to the opening (200 Fig, 22.1. Thus the shear einforcementraio is ue Aah at /2) = (187 x 2}/ (900x284 cot 8°/2| = 0.0011 ince fy = 260 MPa and ff = 25 MPa, py = ONDE 250 = 0778 MPa v= 07--25/200 =0575, and y= 14.38 MPa. Also, dy /d; = 200/508. Thus, (Ge dy/dlv f= (4 ~200/504) x 14.98 = 1488 MPA > poly Therefore, rom Eq 240), cote = (7438 7027E51)=7.116 9, = 8" Henoa, the assumed val fis corect and Vp= 900326402785 x7.116% 107 57 “Tis is lower than the faclored shear of 216 KN; ance, aditinal shear Toiforcemant wos be requires (@) Consider vera! stirups and dlagonal reinforcement ‘The diagonal rinfrcement consis of four MIO bars place In eacr direction, ZKesuming sn ange cf inoination of &8% she shear resistance proved by the ‘Gagonal bare in one deci tem G9. (242) is Vio 9163 250 sn 45° 10° = 55.54 ‘eam wih Smal Openings 37 “Te total shoar capaci of the boom i (157 + 555) or 212.5 KN, almost equal fo the factored shear at the opening. Compared t th tadiional methods used ‘Example Problors 22 and 2, is seen thatthe platy truss method requres ‘more reforcomert fre opening, 24. EFFECT OF TORSION 244 BEHAVIOR OF BEAMS IN TORSION ‘The ratonal theories for torsion n conte beams may be broadly classed eto to categories: (e)“Space-Teuss" model and (o) "Skew Sending tary. In oder to comprehend to basos of tse thoarie,cansir qualialvely the behave ofa beam whieh is subject toa gfedualy neceaung terial mamant. 7. The beam ha a rectangular cose section and contain both longtudinel and Varsverse robare, as shown in Fig, 2210) "Asma Tein moment, J, produces shear stosses in the concrete ‘Assuring elasts behavior before cracking, the maximum shear srs occurs at micports of the doper faces of the Beam. These shear stresses, In a, produce princpal tensile and compressive stresses [Fig.221(b), which are icined at 45° tothe beam ads, Belore cracking, the sleet acouires very lite sess, (0) Beam eoss secon (ey Botre cracking | | an vk (9 Afar Figure 2.21. Behavior of reinforced conerete beams in pure torsionIn the caso of plain concrete beam, fare occurs suddny when the pnclpal tense sess raschoe the tele ctenth ofthe concrete. Obsening the [ture surface 22 shown in Fig. 2.22), Heu (1068) has concluded that fe fature (flan concrete bear, In fc, occurs by Bening about a skew axis. Wh fe (dealzaton of te fature surface 29 Fig, 2220), HaU has derived the fellowing (Squation forthe timate torque ofa plain nore beam, Ta simply by app¥ng {fe lonte Benang theory an equating the tensa trace Yo he reduved (9% ho ‘xstence of perpendeuar compression) tens stengh ofthe concrete: 1, =0852"4, (243) 3 ‘uhere b= wid ofthe section (shorter dimension f= overall depth of th section; hd = modulus of rupture of the concreto, In E3240), the factor 0.85 accounts {or the reduction fn tansla stengih of he concrote due to the presence of porpendlr compression Figute 222 Failure surface ofa plain conerate beam in torsion (a) Typical failure surface, and (6) Idealzed skew-bending surface, 4, (243) has been found to age qute wal not only wth the ulimate tomue ofa plan eonereta beam but algo wih the Torque at which fst cracking ‘Secure in a fenforeed concrete bow. In tho lator case, cracks orighale tthe Centro the deeper faces and propagste toward the shoter laces of Ye Beam at Sr incon of approximately 45" fo the beam aus. At ths stage, te sans in oar ongitudnal and transverse stl enforeament incre sgncant, tat is, Considerable restbuton ofthe sreses ftom concrat see kes place. Vii increasing torsional moment, agonal cracke of approximately the same insnaion lee appear on te chat faces of ho bear. These ow cracks Jom wah tho ensing diagonal cracke onthe oor two faces, thus forming spirals of vk on the beam surface ala inte spacing as shown in Fig, 221(. Ar the ‘Gamstion of creck, forsonal sear senses can no ongor be resist unless & Sforent mecharis le formed fo enable sresses to be transfered ir a manner evordaly diferent rom the SinVenan's concept. Such a mechanism may Be Sseumedo const of a space-tuss ws Ingiudinal comer bars actingas stinge stip fogs as chords, and concrete beter the cracks a6 iagoals. This assumplion fom the basis ofthe familar "Space-Tnuss™ moda for torsion in iste torque, T, futher need, the beam rotates, which rau Ia some ofthe iaganel cracks becoming exces vido onto tes fase Te oar finaly fais by crushing onthe uth face longs agora ire ned bythe tds ofthe primary racks [Fig 2.210). Maopears tat he ultimate are te bream is due to bending about skew axe This observation has fod to tho evelopment ofthe wellxnonn "Skew Seneing” theory for torsion, whch as ‘vigraty proposed by Lessig (1959), end inter advanced by ‘many other researchers (Colne ea 1968; Efren, 1074 He, 1908, Thrinatn 1079), “ne above dscussen deat th he behav of 004 beams tri. ha small aneveree opening reduced inthe beam web, est resus (saad ‘otanzzaman, 1967; Maraur and Hasna, 197% Manso and. Parsmasvy 4964; Mansur tal, 1982: Salam, 1977) have shown that tho beam behavior essentalyremas the same. As te opening reprevers 8 source of weakness however, the ret agonal rack orgnates a re perohory ofthe Opening A lah cern baa wo vc a a ho, Te fate ace rear ional toate oi beam except hat fy ts caso the lane passes rough the carter of opening, a8 show in Fig, 223." Using he elastic theory for bending bout skew aa, Maneur and Hato (978) have suggested ho folowing xpresson fe attr, Tra a pln corres bea wth sal openings. }- (eas) Figure 2.23. Failure eurtace ofa pisin concrete beam with circular opening.Wen propel enforced wth lngludinal bars and closed sirup, such 3 beam wil eis walldaveloped patiom af agonal cracks close to the ulimato Toad and eventually fallin mode that maybe baled ae bending ebow @ skew ‘bis. Howover in tis case, the allure surface always passes though thecertsr of ing (Mansur ard Hasna, 1979). A typeal skewbendeg ture of "nett beam i freon shown in Fg 2.24 a oe Figure 224 Typical skew-bending type of torsional failure of a reinforced ‘concrete bear with opening. 242 ANALYSIS FOR ULTIMATE STRENGTH “Te artis preseiod hore based on he wotanown show-benang heey for {Dison m conics beam, Ine cao ot sold boom, he thao conto res Wok te modes cassedex Moe 1, Mode 2 and Modo 9, accordng to be tect f eoncet compreson zone near on. se ana boom ff bey, teopectvaly a show Fg 220" opt rato of tho beam ston, reve ‘Scborton top and tor ngnudnal tee and re rato of apd ra Coking mere! wih or thot a combi wih toners shou goeraly rete fare mosee ‘over non a relatively small ansverse opening is introduced troush the beam wb, andthe beam sje predominant omen, ane woul expect he changes Wika’ mose ef ta The bas. Deen cored expertly by sort estate, (Hast and’ Alanizzaman, 1907; Mansur and. Hace 178 lant ana Poramasvar, 1906 Maner eal 1990). Ae a result sn sralyos Sar‘ "Rat os prema beam ts sppable to bea. coving © smal Syoning, With the conenbon, the ana i bared on thes fave meass SEaahed es Mow 1, Nouo 2 and Mose 3. Seo the oping rpreserts the fotertal source | weakes in a beam, fhe fae surace fs ascune to be Fevers tough tw crest fhe opening in Sevtopng seengh exons for Se boame, Such shure mode conser separate, and the fold ‘Ssumpton ae made eng he prob ‘The pater of reinforcement in the vty of the opening consists of [engiucal bas sbove and below the pani, fuldopystups close to ‘thor side of te opening, and closed straps atte tha section (sctons Beam with Small Openings 41 oye and below the opening), in den to the nermal ep and bottom Tainforcemantin the fob eocton. 2. Tre spacing ofstrupe tthe sid ross section as wall a atthe throat sscton i rior along the lrg ofthe bee 3, Fale ocous on a warped plane The boundaries ofthe warped pane ave be + Figure 2.27. Geomory ofthe boundary of allure surace. The teem Faye iE, (2.46) roprasonts approximately the pure postive bonding song of te sation iy. yn akon a approximately equal te fimmonson of he leng sterap para oh, then upon aubettuton ofan 8 fom Ea. (2.48) and From 4, (2.49), 9. (2.48) bacaros (250)“The angle fi ie determined onthe bass of minimum value of T. order to schiove this, Eq. (250) fret difereniated wih respoct to tan. The ecuting ‘pression Tor d7/altan i), when quatod to zero, yields Toypn2 Ae x tang, (251) Substation of Eg (251) nto Eq, (250) gives TAM 4 2a)an B,+M =a, (252) ‘The strength fh falure Made 1, which wal be denoted by Ty, i obsined by ening tan fh rom Eas. (251) and (2.52). Tris leas tothe flowing quadratic feauation 7 amy Kf tt % rs ess 4 Kwak v4) y vor y= TM A= WY, 1_[ Ate yi] aaa|“ 2] enn wt f 255) Mode 2 ture “The faire surface fortis mode is Masato in Fig. 228. In i ailure node, the Compression zne slated along a lator side of he beam making an angi 8 wiih the normal cose eectom, hie assumed that tho Tongtudea! stools Concentrated at he comere and the lovor arm ofthe force In this stools x, The ‘uation of moments about BB i gion by Tein, + V2 =F, 0080 + Find + Fal Sima to Mode failure, the over arm ofthe force Fup about E-B Is ery mal, and, Renee ts conbuton tothe resisting moment may be lgnoed. Also, ihe frat tom on te sighthand side of Eq. (2.56) representa opprexnately the Iseral fleur srang, lof he beam al the opening section. Thus, £9. 258) 2 jee Maat Fe 8% esn Fa Figure 2.28 Mode 2 flue surface for beams with a small pening, It may be shown thatthe ination, Bz, of he fare crack for Mode 2 fs related othe angle 6b: Beko TBE ae tang, vitan (259) in wich the toa length of veil lage of shor stimups a throat section on insering the vakes of tant and FZ, tom Eqs. (258) and (259), respectively, nto Ea (2.57), we get Aeeracs Abe god (reviled ana.=er Any {te2 ana, 280 Meine Fh pea r Lt, as extant 26109240 ae M12 by M, (2.62) si sft ca446 CONCRETE BEAMS WITH OPENINGS: AMALYSIS AND OESIGN “The strength equation for Med 2 obtained ernating tan Bram Ee. (261) and (262): rote JAR oo) 264) Mode faire “The analyle for Mode ie very similar that for Mode 1. In thease, th skewed ‘compresion zone is ate bottom istoad of atte top (see Fig. 228) The ‘squatione for Mode oan be used to deve he equations for Mode 3 by uming the bam upside down and taking M=— IM, V= -V and =f, Ea. (251) and (252) ths, spectively, become Ace 5 y tan (265) and Mi (+20) tn py —M = (266) Ta tam Ma i the pre Saul tangth in negative bending Being denoted by Ts the strength in Mode 8 blained by elminaing tan Brom Eqs (285) ana (2.66) qa 2Make [4 ean invich P= MM and 8° = (0) ‘Shear-compression mode of fale ‘The three modes of fae, namely Mode 1, Mods 2, and Modo 3, as doscrbed Above, may be temed ae flexural ype of torsional fale. though se fale uface is skewed and warped, It has the general characteristics of to fale SSuface ln pure fesura, Asa rou the anal every lar to at er bend SIhese mode of faiure usually ooct when the Beam conalns adequte sirUpe {uch that the main steel ane th ul lex streng af th boar s osched when loaded alu, Beams wih SmallOpenings «7 In the case of beams containing inadequate stinns, the conerate compression zone may shesr tough prior to yang of he man steel, and this wil preciat faire ata load below the corespending feral fare load This ‘3pe of alure maybe called sheer compression mode of alu. A deaied analysis to predet the sengin ofthe beam fang inthis mode is rather too corpex for ‘rateal uso and ie har justifed because of te te fest data aisle For beams wihoul sn opening, kas found emplialy (Calin ts 1958) thatthe possbty of 2 shear type flue cauls be checked Ina single slop by itroducng an "equivalont shear" Vag as gen by 18 > t (288) inuhich Vs and 7, are the factored shear and torsion, respectively, tthe section cer consideration. The shoar compression stangh of the beam can then be ‘valated by means ofthe shear strengih equation fora section using Yq instead tt sez orale, Th rezacre as been ard oe esas "A siniar equation Pas been proposed by Hasnat and Aaruzzaman (1967) 'o evaluate the shoar compression sengih of @ beam somlaning a small pening. is given as (259) EXAMPLE PROBLEM 25 A reinforoed concrete beam of rectangular cross section. 400 mm wie By 800 mm ‘vera daptn contane 2.220 mm clameterercular opening at mein. The ‘infercement detais ofthe beam around the opening rogion aro shown in Fg E251 The matralpropartos are f= 30 MPa: f= = 460 MP Ifthe aio of M/T i 2 andthe ratio of T/V i 500 mm atthe canter of ‘pening aleulte te nominal values of TM, and V at fale fac Fe | fromm 22 ES] foo Figure £2.61. Reinforcement details of beam.48 CONCRETE BEAMS WITH OPENNAS: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN SOLUTION (@) Pure flexural strengths, Ms, Me, and Ha “The caulaton of pure flexural strengh ofthe section though the opening in postve lator, and nega bending inves four levels of reba. Flowing the an compatby approach ushg ACI Code (1095) proviione, thee strengths may be obtaned as My =490KNm, EKA, and Ma = 288 KN ‘Therefore, c= 176 /490 =0:6, and Fy = 288/480 = 059 (&) Design data Forte gvonpreblem, ho fotloning design parametars ave obtained Sectional detais Forthe given section p= 800 2340 me There, Loacina desis y=T/M=05, 0=1/V=500mm TS M/V= 079=800/0.5 = 1000 mm (@) Strength in Mede ‘Substuting tho relevant values in Ee. (2.54) and (2.5), wo obtain respecte, Kj= 008, and a= 124 wits ya 06, Ea. (259) yids T= toxin (€) Strength in Mode 2 From Gq. (264), we obtain Kee 0.006 Seams weh Small Openings 49 Ako 5 = nV/(2T)= w/e) = 940/(2% 500) =0.96, and Fe Thus Eq (265) gives kin (@) Strength in ode 3 y= 008, and y= 059 =p Aya) 1 120/108 1000) Thorson, ya’ 2-038 ‘Wit those values, Ea. @67) aves Ty=901 en (f Strength in shear compression Flowing the ACI Code agproseh te nominal shear resistance provided bythe enerta i obiined om Eq (2.10) as Vox 159 N Assuming a 45° incined dagonal cack though the center of the opening, fale plane teropls onl four fuldeptn simone. Therefore, the nomial shear resistance provided by stipes taken, according to Eq (2.20), as Vn 187% 460% 10-*=280 KN Hence Von 189 +200 = 440 0 Equating his val with Vain Eq (2.69, e have Hee T/est2T/b=T/05s12 7/0. “Therefor the nominal torsional strength in shear compression modo i Te=440/5=90 480m (@)Utimate strength ‘Since Te < Te< Ts< Ta the beam wil fallin Mode 2 ata romina torsional strength63/05" 1654Nn 63/05" 168 kN 2422 Combined Torsion and Bending ‘The stengh equations under combined torsion and bending forint failure trodes canbe chained easly fom Ege. (253). (263), and (267) by eliminating he Chactof crear, whic reduces te terms 4= 1,°= 1, and 5= 0. Obviously, there {Sno posskly ofa snearcempression made of falure. The equations io predict the tofsonal engi forthe ros Nexur-ypo flue modes ere cbained a= 1 270) em 27) “The leest of Ti, Ta aed Ts gives the trons strength andthe mode ote EXAMPLE PROBLEM 26 For the beam in Example Problem 20, Ha te nominal utirate ster Of ne ‘SOLUTION “substan the dasign data rom Example Problem 25 ito Eqs (2.70) (2.71), and 272} forcombinestesion and bending, we ob Ty = 2490009 x{[1/003+1/00571*-1705} az kn Ty = 2490 (036 «0.036)* 112K Ty = 2490.08 «{[059/008+ 1/105) ]"+ 1/08} = 202KNm “Tus Th= 112KN and = 224 kn, Beans vith Smal Openings 51 242.3 Pure Torsion ‘The effect of bending moment ean be elmnated by puting y= = in Ege. (270) (2172), thus obtaining the case of pure torsion” Toe eotrespending. strength ‘equatons for Mode 1, Modo 2, and Mode 3 falures maybe eae as flows Tan 2M 73) Tee=2Ma (Fae 74) 2M KAR, (275) EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2.7 Find the pure torsional strength ofthe beam i Example Problem 2.5, soLUTION ‘Subeuting the relovant valves from Example Problem 25 ino Eqs, (279275), we obtain Tam 2%480%0.05" = 170 KN Ta= 23 400% (0:38 %.0.096)" = 1120 Tea 2% 490 x (059% 0.05)" = 190 tim Thus, Tp 112 KN, 25 DESIGN FOR TORSION In the precoding presentation of the skevebening theory for torsion in conerata bam contaring @ small opening. he ature sufaco for a patcuar mado has bbeen conaiored to pac rough he centr ofthe opening and eneroach tho sols pat ofthe beam. Obeotved H many torsion tests (Hasnat and Algtaruzzaman, 1987; Mancur and Hasna, 1979, Mansur and Paramasivar, 1984 Manure 1982), these laure modes are besialy identical othooo ofa boar wihout an peng, and, hance, may be temed ae “baer pe” tale. A carl examination hte equations dived reveals that ony tho fenforsoment fn fe sold soon ‘ufede the opening parelpstes n coming the ecemal lead. When sufisant fobare aro Used 10 prevent fale to occur In these modes, then thee is a Dossbilly thatthe falure may precetate nthe mambore above and below the pening, Tis type of abuse coun Fig, 2.28. Ie sa othe “amo yoe Shear faiur of a beam ith smal openings shown in Fig. 2.9 and ill bo referred to fae “frameype" tale. Ip tis po of fale, the entre appled acters areresisted, independent of the sold par ofthe bean, by the members taming the Spening, nd, hanes, reqie a eoparate Voatment in design, es E ee Figure 2.29. Frame-type failure of beam with a smal opening under torsion, 251 DESIGN FOR BEAM-TYPE FAILURE “The modes of are considered nthe ekewsbondng theory as dscused in Ar, Zl atu a considee as beariypefalure. These falure mode fom he bases ot the tosional design provison inthe Austalan Code, AS 1460 (7974), 9 which ‘eusion of th eft of orion has essentaty been roduced to usual lexural and Shear design procedures. Acoordng to the code, the toes secon Is Nt proporioned on the basis of Mode 1 fabure. Checks ate then made ana, Focessay, modtieatons are tedcad fo enw thatthe bear vil et fall odes 2 or 3, orthe snear-compreseion mode. Stoel porcntagos ae also imted i gi agua a privy cumnng fare. Seve’ be srengh elon fr frtoduved. and they are found to ages very wel wih reported Tost dla (Hasnat nnd Altaruezarman 1987, Mansur and Hasna, 1979; Mansur ang Paramasivamn, 1384, Mansur otal, 1984), fhe sama approsch wth minor modieatone fr the sion o| opening may be used for deaignung such beame (Manu, "in pres") design steps involved to account for the various poseble modes of fallure Under predominant frsion are deserved in sequonce 25 flows Mode 1 failure Equations simi to these gven inthe Australian Code AS 1480 (1674) can be tbtened directy trom Eqs, fe) and 252), According tote Code, ha val of fan chosen as ‘Subtiuston ofthis val into Eas. (2.51) and (252) gives Seams wth SmallOperings 53 aw ravine em Ina design situation, the factored bending moment, torsional moment, andthe shear force a the canter ofthe opening are known. Thus, Mw My T™ Ty and V= Vp Designating the fe term of Eq (276) a8 My, the equal moment due to terion and shasrin Mode fare, thats, (Veale e79) the quired strength in postive bending becomes My = Mog +My (280) “The desgner chooses a value of « (=) I the sectonal dimensions are rot gen or known in advance, evaluates Mg, and then fds tho value oF “The section andthe longtudinalrenloreemont must be designed fortis moment using the normal Fexural design procadu. "he taneverea reinforcement obtained from Ea, (27). Itrucing a capacity reduction factor, the folowing equation tangs Ana 1f_ Maw] In which the capacity eduction factor = 086. Mode 2 faiture Inthe Australian Code (1974), the design equatons were dorved by assuring that tan Bie given bythe folloing equation: tan ee) ‘Subsittion of Eq, (2.02 fort Bn, (2.62) ls Mae = Mag 289) invhich Matha equivalent momen ve 1 shear and torsion for Mode 2 fl, legion by ees)AS 1480-1074 suggests that # M, Vain te 088 section i adequate, (0) Design of main longitudinal stet For the given eros section, c= 2, and Ea (2.47) gives = 120 mm. Eqs. (2.78) fad (2.00) tus ave Ma.= (120 +100%0.12) J{TFBX2) +250 = 545 kN “The longtuinl ters enorcament should tector be proportioned to provide & nominal resistance of Ma My = 545 Nm. Using a eapaciy reduction factor, 6 = Ditter bending, Ea. (25) becomes. ogee, 0594 —8* Sasra00K TERE HED 0508-4, +0.089=0which yields = 0095. Theo, bat, 400%782.8%8 ale g, «Soon 0, A 0.005 =1865 nm? Use 4725, hich ges p = 0.0968. Tis rsivforcament rato has boon und tobe lees than 0.75 teste balanced rato. Hence, ducity othe sectons snsure. (6) Design of longitudinal top steel “Te equivalent moment due o shea’ and torsion for Mode 8 falar is en by Ea, eras Magy = 120~100%0.12) JB) Since M, = 250 Km > My, ther no possi of @ Mode 3 aur. Therefore, se nominal top soo, say, 2712 bars. (@) Check for Mose 2 ature ‘Tha equivalent lateral bending moment duo to shear and torsion for Mote 2 fall ieghenty £9 289), Ae x = 40m oss) [2 Ay =(120+100%2%4) 342) r944nm 2 ey Thus, My 250K > 0 My). Heo Ure iso anger ofa Mode 2 abu fs the section (©) Design of stirups. Foctorsion ‘Assuming that T10 bars are used for supe wih a clea concrete covert 25 nem, 2 =400-2%25-10 340mm yh=000- 2025 ~10= 740.mm Magy = 45 ~250 = 296 kt A 1 [__205x10" = =| =0.78 mmt/mm 3 ORS |S BAOn 740NE6O, Beams tn Small Openings 59 Focshear Using the simplified mained ofthe ACI Code, the shear rsitance ofthe concrete fora boam witha small opening is given by Eq, (2.11) Thu, 3150 00 (752 Ven dx v0 x400 100)107 165 Since Vpn $85 KN > Ve shear reinforcement is required, Using Ex (2.16) and noting tha or wo legged straps, Ay=2 Ax we have 10° = 067 emm#/mm Px TRB.Exa60 | ‘This smaller than that roqured for torsion. Hence, spacing of two‘ogged 710 stirups required is = Ay/0.75= 785/075 = 104 mm, ay, 100 mm. It should be noted here that thie spacing apples only othe soll Sections adjacent tothe opening. 2, DESIGN OF CHORD MEMBERS FOR FRAME:TYPE FAILURE (@) Design ot bottom chord Vertical shear Since the members above and below the opening have nteal rose seen the factored shea o 100 KN atthe canter of te opening wl be shared equal by he two. members. Therefore, Vj = 50 HN forte Batom chord. Also, d = 2028 ren ‘Testo, Wil 30.05x-/x400%2025%10" =314 KN Since Vili au te ston is adequate This member is subject to axa tension cue to global bending. Neglecting the Contain of concrete, nd using twologged straps of TTO bars, wehave A, 50000 2” OG AG0x2005 ‘Thi lager than [4,/shnn=029 by Ea, 216) Hence, 0157/0868 = 240 mm60 CONCRETE BEAUS WITH OPENINGS: ANALYSS AND DESIGN -As hi pacing laigerthan a/2 = 101 mm, use 2= 100 mm forthe veal logs Later! shear ‘Tho latra shears von by Eq. (291) a8 Vo= 120/08 218 Wah b= 250 mm, and d 400 (25 + 10+ 12.5) = 9525 mm, Thus, 99 205 KN 4/4. 8 men Hence, use 5 = 68 mm forthe hezonal logs. This, together with he spacing Tequirement for vertical age il be sats three closed strupe are provided Ft Betwean th tw uldepth sirup by the side of the opening, (©) Design ofp chord Top chordie subject to ania compression dus to bonding. Since thas the same Mn) (ration diagram Figure £3.21. Example Problem 3.3.‘SOLUTION Since the chord members are eymmtrcaly enforced, conrafenure pins our stmidspan. Atha contr ofthe cpenng, Me Mz0r 98 M=P,/Sand. 100-110-200, Pu/9= Nx 029 thes aving mM 145/100. 167 KN > 158 There, the yes planes conespending to hinges 1,23, and are AB, AB, OE, snd DE, rospeatvely. Mementsethinges ae (874 167)/57.74= 1225 KN Ina n= (400+ 1671791.65 = 17.97 ktm Hence, the shear free cate by the top and bottom chords, respective, Ws Ih = 2x1225/08 = 40.8KN I, #2708 = 50. Chock that V+ Von 40.8 +59 O07 KN= P= 96.7 KN 22 PLASTIOMTY TRUSS MODEL [As discussed In An. 233, shear i elated by a beam by a combinatin of arch fnd tse mechanisms, in the case of a beam with an opening, Wis dtl (0 ‘develop an arch mechanism an, in gener, lo fs tranaered by tse action Fig. 2.120) shows the tues acton by whieh the lad i Wranstered rough the ‘soph of boa uth an opening, reorced as shown in Fig, 2 12(a) A tne machanism exists In each chors member, whch i Tohforesd boihlrgtisnaly fnd tranavorealy. As n tho cago of a amall opening (ese Ar, 24).0 cota orton ofthe concrle fe ineectve fora are, Fig, 3.12 shows tho case whore th top and botiom chord members are of ‘equal depth and in whch the stance between the top and bottom kngtudinal Folforssment i dy.” has besn recammened by the tecture of “Japan (AU, 1994) tat vera! strups be provided unforiythroughouthe chord imembors and ora stance equal 6 deca fn each side ef he opening, hers 6 tho anglo of Incnaton ofthe compression concreta struts In ech chord Imembor, The lengtudinal enforcement adjacent to tha opening should. be frtended beyond the above vera! smups and provides wth anchoroge hocks, ont inside of he beam Beums with Large Rectangular Openings (0) Arrangement of winforcoment tettTtT (©) Truss action Figure 212, Truss action in beam with reinforced rectangular opening. [Assuming tho yielding of the vercal stinupe and with reference to Ea (2.2), ho shwar free cared by ch iss mechanism Inthe chord members f fhdg pl cato,, whore b = width of secon, p,~ shoar reevorcoment rato of fraps, an fy = eld etrengh of sirup, Thus, the shear capacty af the beam fan be obtained as 22 cotg.= PE 2 20 ple S¥E ean sfindor compressive stengih af concto, and v= tecieness facto forthe compressive strength of concrete at given by Eq (229). Te lowe it forcot gras indlostd n a. (9.90) foto ensure aggregate interlocking in cracks and to prover oxcossho crack with. “The requted fore i the ngludinal enforcement chord member gion by the openieg in aach Aut ve 2. and that inthe longitudinal relforceent sway fom the opening it maa in which An and Ay are the area of longiusdnal reinforcement in each chord ember reer and aay, respscvely rom te opening hve diagonal tenorcetmert ls provided, a2 show in Fig. 2.19, the shear resstanes provided gon by, Vy Adfysno, ea) Whore As. fs and Gy are tho are, yeld strength, and angle of Hiinaton, respectively, tthe beam sxe the agonal bars. SS= =o (0) Truss action Figure 2.19 Truss action in beam with rectangular opening reinferced with ‘iagonal bar (Architectural Inlitute of Japan, 1094) Beams with Large Rectang Openings 97 33.9. STRUT-AND-TIE MODEL Ae discussed in Ar. 2:34, a structure may be died into B- and O-ogiong. The Brragons refer fo regione whore te Bemoullhypohess of pane stan tbuton is assumed ob vail andthe flsxual theory ean be appid with great accuracy ‘Tha Dvegion aro those where the san dion is signifanty nonlinear, or ‘example, near ‘concenisted. loads, comers, bonds, perings, and ober ‘Socontnules. In order that & can bo apped fo every part of the stuctuo, the truse analogy may be ganoralzed in the form of a suandie model The st tcc model sovdensee al stresses in compression and tenlon member snd Join them by nodes. Tho Torsion and compression mambers, Inung she Rode, are designed wth regard to safoy and senicasbiy ung orn design ‘era, thus providing & consistant design approach (Scion ett, 1907) Fg. 214) shove the subdivision of boar wih an opening ito B+ nd D- redions and the corespondng moment and shear force dlagams, The boundary foress (moments Mand shea orcs V) of te Begins are applied aslo othe Drregons and voo-vorsa, The Byfepn i reprosertd by a standard ts, with tho compression st forse Cy and Cz and tension to force T; gen by oh Mote (35 ean where Mand Vs aa the moment and ehoar forse, respectively, atthe section between the B;- end Bogie; zis tho lver arm determined from to ascumption 1h plang stan nthe crose section atthe midi of opening using standars ‘methovs a8 gen in At. 22; and 8 l the angle of incinaton of the dagonal ‘Compression st which may ba en fo be baie 30 and 60" ‘sasandte model forth vom of the opening is shown in Fig. &14(0) For simplcy, the model ol the Betogion ls extonded somewhat Ino the O- ard Deragians, leaving for modeling ony ho Ds and Divegion, as show in Fig B40) I the opening Te naar tho bot of the beam, the Bsvegion can Bo deeignd fora constant tons feo wo (938) where Mis the moment tthe canter of the opening Tus, the region hast cary an sal compressive force C= Tp, which is eccentric wah rapect fo He ax, plus a ferent moment Alt = M~ Mand the {otal hear V. Under the combined acton of these Tacos, tho Beegion shows tranaton from tho column ype Breen on i let end (wih stress rsuant Ce) to the truss ype Begon at ths eter end (th toss restarts Cy, Cs and T)0f aw ® aa aS fem gy T ITNT ET © 3414 Strutandaie model. (2) B- and Deregions; (b) reduced D- neat opening ends; (c) D,- and Deregiona: (2) forces for strup ‘doaigh; (2) reinforcement layout (Sohaich et a, 1967) Beams ith Large Rectangiae Openings 98 With known boundary condtion trom BB, and Brg, the mode for the Deregion can be doveloped as shown n Fig. S1a(9, In ore fo estath the Ibe paths rom Cy, Cy and Ton one si ofthe Ds-region fo Cs and Ts on the ther so, ane may consider Cs asthe resultant of tro fores Cs. Cs" and Cx" ‘The foress balance the horzoral components of Cy and Ca end thee foces and Taha i, Cuy'= Cx Cin" Cad Cy» Ta~ Ts “The vereal equlibaum in De Dy-egion established bya vertical esion te Ts and by a vereal compressive stut Cy. Thot foros dopend on the choice of thei pean. Since they represent anavers sresss and tend tote aalabe ‘space sido the Dragon, the resultant tansion Ts may be Taker as aU mide tthe Dj-region andthe osutant compression Cy atthe ight end of Ds. Then, (r-Tans, 20) “The Ds:rogion atthe other end ofthe opening may be tested in simor way, The transverse tension forces are ne 40) T= (Tans, (7,7, -Veots) lane, eat) “Te te force Ty Te and Ty may be interred as the tansverse tension rnwoessary to anchor the ‘frontal foros (Te ~ Ti. (To ~ Te. and (Ts ~ To respectively, ofthe tenon chord ofthe beam, Fg. &18(¢) shows th rlatve magnitude of thse forces, and tf nod that they general exceed the normal ‘hear fore for'a similar boam wihout te opening. Keowing these forces ttanoverse shear rlforeament can be provided unfomly and ontored at thar Iceatons.. Simla, the required longtianal rervoresmert atthe eponin ean be Sake! tan the value of Tard To Mg. Otis) shows te roqueod ‘enreerent you forthe boar vith he opening When the opening is near the tp of te Beam such as aT-boam, a st ands system nthe boom can ba conedeed, ae son Fg. 3.18. Figure 3.15. Strutand-tie model for T-beam with opening near the top (Cook and Mitchel, 1968). Pao Yue-Kong Library PolyU » Hong Kong3.4. DESIGN FOR ULTIMATE STRENGTH Ikas been rote in At. 32 that he unkain stons at an opsring ae the axial {oroes (Nand iste bending moments (lana Mand the shea ores (Vand (i) in the chord members (c09 Fig 33), There are tree equlium squaions [ete (G3) 05) reaing hese sbeirvnoune Thus. free eaatonal squations Ean be found t would be posse to sole for the unknown actions, The adccnal ‘Squats can be cblained by assuming canaesure ports to occir at the ‘lipo of the chord members and by assuming an appropiate dsibuton of ‘hear foces benvoon the chard members, which lead to 4, (oa) M-0 a0) =kw, (920) invwhicn kis known valve, The beam then becomes statically determinate and tho eal sectors al the encs of te chord members that aro subject tocombined bonding shear and aia force can be designe in be Sandard manne flowing the provisions of any earont buléng codes. “Mere ara, however, yee schools of thought rgarting the dsiution of ‘anpled shes betwoan the chord membors at an apering. The fst. 2s proposed By Lorension (1952), assumes tal the compression chord cates the al sheer ‘Bhd ihe tenscon chord merely acts asa nk carrying ne shear. Tiss probably te i've caso cf a beam conlanng an opening nose Pw botom. Tre. second Proposs! (Nasser etal, 1067 ana Reagan and Werwaruk, 1997), dtibutes the {Bal sheer Detwean the chord member in propation to Bei ross-sectcna reas. Rid te tara suggested by Bomoy st 2 (1077), detnuter tho she fore Ih ‘roporbon tothe fen shosses ofthe chard members, Accordingly, k ° (Lorencten) (6420) Ayihe (Nasser etal) (42) heh” (Gemney eta) e420) _Athouch for design purzoee the derbuton of shear fores can be simply assumed {s"ebove, 2 more rational appresch which may be extended to tt case of Sentnuocs beams i desrabe for a1 sccromical point of view, Such en Spproach maybe based on any ofthe ansiyial methods descbod in Br. 3.3. 344 PLASTIC HINGE METHOD “Te lt analysis approach described in Art. 2.3.4 assumes 9 fale nechanism Coneiing of our hinges nthe chord members, one et each comer of tw opening. Inthe approach, the contions of equim, yield, and a mechaism were {ntshed snulaneovsly, Based en the exact soliton for tho collapse load thus foams wth Large Rectangular Openings 101, obtained and recasting tn graphical form (Mansur etal, 1985), a method Sulabl ortho det design of beams with large openings or ute strength ean be ormulsted. The stepeivelved nthe matnod ar as allows, 1. Calculate the bending mement, Ma and the shea fore, Vat he cater of the opening ue fo design uteate loa. Assume a suteble amount and arrangement of reinforcament inthe chord 8 Determine the axil ore, Ny nthe chord members due tthe ultimate loa as olows ‘Te ete! sections ar atthe ende ofthe chord members. Forces and moments acing at thee eocfone aro shown in Fig. 39(¢, Isto be noted thatthe shear foes are acting nthe postive decon and sagging bending ‘moment taken as postive. As there 9 no extemal force acing an the Chord member, the magne of shear remains constant along tho opening length” At plastic cotapse, Wed =ll aos Me (4a) Wake othe (dal, (8.45) whore Vs = utiate shea fore; M, = ulimate bending moment; and ¢, = effective length of a chorc tha eubecrgs and etand fr the top and botlom chords, and 1,2 and 3, 4 denato the nds ofthe top and botom chords, rexpectvaly, where pase hinges orm a colanse (co0 ig 6). “The secondary moments (Mj; and (respectively, at the canter ofthe pening are gen by (04, =Lldy +n ha2 (346) Katha +(Mohal/2 a7) om ‘The applied moment, Ma athe center ofthe opening Is resisted by the couple formed by the aval frees, Ny In fhe Shore members and the secondary moments (and (Ml Hee, Mo=Nz(M) Mh, ae) whore = distance between the plats canto of tw chord members. Inserting Eqs (846) and (2.47) into Ea, (48) yesnZo[m Ll doth ders hlA) (40) where = overall depth ofthe beam, Intveduceg Me hs rMphed 50) wd sn the owing aonsp mayb btaned tar (2 |etan( He ox) 8 the collapse ofthe beam occurs bythe formation of four hinges in tho chord members, the values of Mf at ocations 72,3, and 4 must fe on the respective teraction surlaces, Tha corresponding vale sf Ny fet Trust satity Eq (249) can be obtained by graphic constwcton, a hsratod Fg 3.16 mr (ea eesan Men ss has ) Interaction agra for () rleraclon agian fore) Graph of hy vsus teplesnesi) char” bot fone) enors Mh fo tere) Figure 3.16 Determination of Ny Beams with Large Rectangulst Openings 108 In Fig. 3.16, the appicable porions othe teraction cue (approximated by Straight nes) fore top (Compression) and bat fension) chores ae ist, Grav 20 at hey appear above the Meas (Fs. 3 16(a) and). should be noted here thet the chord membore bend in ob curvature, As 8 ‘aul, Bending mements at two onds ofeach chord have oppota senos. The value of Mat 12,3 and 4 that corespondto any value of can bo tained rom these grams, and, hanes, the graph of Ny versus Mh ‘The pant of tersecion of tus graph wath the straight ine represented by Eg (G.52) ge tho docked value of NF, 3 186) the top and betiem chords are each symmetically reinforced, then the ‘omesponding ntracon diagrame are syrmetical out the Nis an, three cortrafiure points coor al mol a the chon members. Eq (Gas) Bon reduces te: My=Mhe (959) In practic, approximately equal amounts of top and bottom reinforcement for each chord member are proved. In such cases, the Yas of “A + (Mel a0 a +(e found to be very small whon ‘compared © M. Hence, N can Be obtained eect trom Eq, (253) wihout ny scant ener. 4, Obtain the values of (att and 2 and (hij 3 and 4 that crospond to the value of Ny az determined above. Il any of these values ere nat ‘blahable, tha longitudinal reinforcement in the respecte choral member rust be creaeed and Slop Yopestog 5. The values of (Vand (Vo can then be oalulted trom Eqs. (3.4) and (345), reepectvely. Il (Ves (Valo = Ve han the socton snot ealactory, nd more lngitudhal rsnforamant has tobe proved. # (V+ (Vle> Vo. § emaler amount of roinorceront could be used, The process Is reposted ntl (Vai + (Ve = Vp Onoe (Voy and (Vs are detomined, the beam Boones satealy deteminats and can be dotgnod, folowing the provisos of ery autable buicng code, It follows fom the above dscusson that the design of = beam wih rectangular openings is primary concamed th tho design ef chord membors, ‘Toe types of graphs a2 shown fn Fge &16(), (Bande) are regula for tis purposo)” Two smplied versione of the above method. (Msnsu, 1988) are presented, as flows 34.11 Simplified Method 1 In most stuns, the quantity and arrangement of mein reinforcement Ay fora ‘Deum with known dimensions and loading would have been detained frst fom flexural Goalgn of he cod secon, bo beam i subject toa sagging Bending moment as shown in Fi. 3:17, the main reforament, Ay, wl be atthe bot, fid'the top einforcoment woul be ight than tho atom rinorcenent.Duo to the Invoduetion of an opening, actions reinforcement must b> provided in the chord members eo ae to rlain the oil strong of be beam, “Th adtonalrenforcoment may be. conveniently arranged ip a_syrmetial ‘manner forthe top (compression) chord mom, as shown n Fig. 3.27(8. Fath bottom tension) chord member, which had aeacy boon provided with areatwaly large amaunt of rlforcement noa the boston fac, eificu to rerore in a Symmetical manner because ot the danger of test congeetion end ove. feiforernent: Hens, fe most key tat the atom chord wl be Uneyrmetialy rorvoreed Corer Ey pope i = t 2 ‘i , dn Jnlee palaces Ss (ase ha \aeanes Figure 3.17. Beam before and after introduction of opening. ‘Beame wih Large Rectangular Openings 105: Woh the assumption that te top chord ia symmetically rebfored, the Interacon lagrams for postive and nogave bending willbe runarcaly te same Hence, Ea. (4) and (3.46) reduce, repectively, MM ha/ a (54) w\=0 (055) The nondimensonal teraction chat forthe top (compression) chord may be obtained by the mothod of equliium and tain competbily, Atypical noarzed chat comespondg t0 the cave where the astance between the Centos ef tha tao layers of riforcoment, ag nceatod in Fg. 3.17(), 7 oauals 05, is prosoned in Fig. 3.18 Ny, oto) lotto?) Figure 3.18. Interaction for compression chord.‘The chart has been developed using the sresscrain relationship for stat and the compressive sree boc for cone as racommanded in the AC} Code (1905), and tf vali orf < 99 MPa and fj = 400 MPa. The cures inthis chart ‘0 labeled wih values of up whore w= f,/0.85f and p,=2A,/h, ard band h fare the overall depth of th chord member, and they aro expressed in tome of romina stengts wih acapactyreducion factor $f 09. The neracton chars for he attam (enson) chord may be obtined in a similar manner. Fg. 3:9 shows a chart fora type value of and fr equal Conorete cover fort top an bello rvoroomant. For unequal Conc cover ‘miar chats maybe pleted by varying the poston of top rervorcoment as dened Dy ms keeping y at a fied vali. In Fig. 2.19, 020 inearzed cure wit parleuar soy subdhided ita toe curves labeled with cferent vauos of vinore @ = Ac/Ac* Ac p= (Acs A)/Bh, and A," area cf rinforeament for ogatve bending, and thay are oxprossed ih toms of ultate axial load and ‘moment also using acapactyreducton fctr, 9, 0 0.9. Noten) 016 612 oon ane © Oat coe 012 O16 om Mlorcont) Figure 3:19 Interaction chart for tension chord, ‘As the torn within the square bracts of Eq, (350) is usualy @ ema uantty hon compared with Mt father dic to malin ar securate Sonetucton of the Ny versus M7 graph ebown in Fig. 3.76(9)"Proided the Interaction cagrams ao nearzod, an analycal approach may be usd instead, Beams wth Large Rectangular Openings 107 For known interaction iagrams in postive and negative bending, the value of Ny that eatetis Eq (9.49) maybe ready dorved as 2M, (056) Mh (Wh) (ol (wh whore No = axial oad eapeety In drect tension and Mand Mf ‘moment capactias h postive and nogatve bending, respectively. "The comesponding posi and nogatve bending momen atthe two ends tthe bottom chord member are ive, respectively, by ra banding (4), = Cok (A 1IML, AM = Maen sn cay =H (MAIO AO = Od (58) “The songe ofthe bending moments at 3 and 4 can bo dotomined easily by Inspection of the deformed shape ofthe chord member. “The decgn slope involved in he empliled method can be summarized as fotows 1. Assuring thatthe beam ls prismatic, determine the main, fxural relforcamert, A, Take hs asthe boom rinforcernent (Aa of the lower chord member. 2, Caleulate the moment, My and shear free, Vm he center of the opening ‘due to design uma ead 8, Assuming a value ofc lees than or equ to 05 depending onthe ease of Seal plocoment, stabish and je(pjp Ssloc the epproprate dart 89 and alot (Nsom Ea. (58), when fr qual concrete cover the top sed bottom reinforement bare each cho member, fas 05-a)roh (250) 8) d.s(05-ar 59) “The values of bending moments atte two ends, (Milea ae (Moa, at colapse are then gion ether by Eq. (257) oF (2.58), depending on thar Calculate the shear fore in the chord members (Ve and (Vale tom as folows: wy Lite Whale (360) Whe MU eon)15. Calculate the axial force and the end moment inthe top chord member as (202) 69) 6, Determine rlorement forthe top chord member fom Fig. &.1Busing the vals of (Nand (Me. 2441.2 Simplifid Method 2 Ifthe bottom chore alse assumed to be symmeticely reinforced, tho numberof (design charts may be minimized, leading to 2 considerable empificaton of the ‘vera design proces. Inti case, the mement-onsion ineracton dag would Be numencaly the same for postive and negalve bendhng, as represeri bythe Seid ines Fig. 2.18, and the conrllonute port would occur at midepan, ‘Thorfore, Eas. (3.60) and (358), rspectvaly, reduce to. (Wh=2ttdaa’t es (wy, Me (265) a, (665) gives the magnitude of axl force in the chord mombrs rectly irospocive of the amount of rnforeoment Howaver, to proceed with he design, iis neorsomy eater fo asoune 8 conan quaity of fohlotoment ob ceagh 2 fraction ofthe total sear tobe atid by the bot chord. The le epproach is Suggested because Iolo gest foxy ‘Won assign the shear fore, ft should be kept in mind thal tho ehear canying eapacty of chord momber depends on the moment capacties of the Gite end seotone, ‘These in tm depend on the amount of bngftudinal ‘forcement and whether the depth fs sufient to provide efedive shear tonforcement. Thus, the opening is provided na T-beam jut balow tho Fango, Gnd the flange theknese inadequate for to Placement ct stipe, the entre Shear should be assigned fo the botlom chord. Silay, stualions may arse ‘whet the opening ie nea tho btlem of te beam and the Bot chorémember is ‘ory shalow compared to the tap chor. In sucha cate, the top chad member ‘heuld be designed to cary the ftal shear force." For equal siz ofthe chore ‘members, However, sesgrment oles than ha he exomal shear tothe boom {lncion chord mamber leads fo a more economial design. ‘Once a sulle sheet fore le aesigned to ie botlm chord, (Mes can bo caultea rom Eq, (@.68 ard te requred renorcoment read fom th apeoprato hain Fig. 879, ‘The desig of te fop cord member fol the came way as Simplified Method 1. Beare ith Large Rectangular Openings 108 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 3.4 A sinply-supparied reinforced concrete beam, 300 mm wide and 600 mn deep, Contane a recangulsr opening and is subjected oa sores of po ad as shown Pp E341. Design ths beam ifthe design ulinate load Peis 528 KN. The ‘material properties are f= 30 MPa, fy= 250 MPa, and f,= 400 MP. Figure E341. Example 34 ‘SOLUTION ‘Simplified Method + (2) Design of midepan section ofthe beam My2528x25x9-928%2%15=2575kNM Elective doth, (d= 600 ~ (25+ 10+ 10)=555 mm ‘Therefore, M,/( 9d") =257.6 1080.8 «300555 «2.86 MPs From feral design chat (ison, 1957, Ate 9073 > Therefore, Aye 1215 mm%, Uso 4720 ars. (©) Design of bottom (tension) chord member Mj=52.8x25%15-528%05=1716KNm Ve #7924 Since cutament of relsoroament requted fr the beam is net possible belore Facing the host ston, the sime ferforement is continued thoughout the110 CONCRETE BEAMS WITH OPENINGS: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN length of the botlom chord. Therefore, (Ayis provided by 4720 bars, Using 2720 bars athe top =039 and jade 055, Assuring a 25 mm cles id etree, concrete ever forthe op and bette rerforoment and W=O5 and. £, =960+2%25 = 1000 mm By Inca interpslaion rom Fig. 8.19 (Ro 688.510; (My 26.28 A; (Mo 48.15 KN ‘oo, rm the above an frm Ea, (250), My 171.8 kN 2=495 mm IK may be noted that the ends 3 and 4 are subjct to negatve aed postive ‘moments, espestivel. Therefore, tam Eqs. (356), (357) ana (3.58), ((ido=389.4 WN; (Mag =—11. 69 kN (Me = 21.94 ten a, (9.60) us vos (Wap2 S844 < Vpn79.2 KN From Eqs. 28) and (2.15), tho requted shear reinforcements given by Ada: (Woe — J bav8 1=98.0/085-/50 x 900% 185% 10/6 =1, Ave 5 mni/m ‘Thies than Arsh ‘Therefore, use twolegged MS stimups at 100 mm spacing[(AyS)meuet® em (@) Design ot top (compression) chord (0ij,= 988.4 WN (compression); (V= Vo= (Vo 40.24 Thoratot, fom Ea (3.65) (Wide®23.1 Ken rom Eg (8.63), replacing by 4) Boams wth Large Rectangular Openings 191 fering to Eqs. (1) and (32) tate x 1000/(0;3 180) = 18.5 <22 Hence, the compression chord may be designed a a shot column (w/(0f, hy =0.88 (@= 0-75 (MaYI6f;Bn8)=0.119 From design char a Fig, 3.18 Hog 01 Therefor, (Ast AL 11x (085% 30/400) 800. 180 =579 mn? Use 4712 bare ‘The required shear renorcement i gen by Auch 462/085 ~ 150% 900% 195107 A738 KN ‘Assuming f= 250 MPa, Avs. 17:38 108/(250% 195) «615 mim > (A/S #038 y/fy= 0:33 300. 108/260 = 400 me’/m Use Mé two-legged stinupe at 100 mm spacing {A+ /}asin 566 m/e The requled rentorcement to resist the apple load & shown In Fig. £342, Furor renforcoment would be foqiod for crack contl atthe comers of the pening (ace Art 3.5). Design forthe ret of tha beam folows the usual procedie for promate boss and camplted witha chock on dalotion, aries sti \" 7 BT16+ 1TH0" ME © 1001mce —>] Figure E342 Reinforcement detall t opening.112 CONCRETE BEAMS WITH OPENRNOS: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ‘Simplified Method 2 (@) Design of bottom chord member “The axial lod nthe chord members is cect given by Eq, (3.5). 40864 ‘Terefore,(N)e/tI Boh) = 0.252 [Assuring 40% ofthe appled sear fore ie cried by the beta chord member, (Vdy= 04702 231.7 (268 then gives (001 bh) = Vio fo/(20P Beh) = 0.0543, From the design chat of Fig. 2.19 in which nl the coi Ines are apple, a=028 and sp 056s 2A 0565 «(085 90/400) 300 180 = 1945 ma* Use 6120 bars, antanged eymmaticaly about the horizontal as. Sire the solid Section adjacent tothe opening rogues 4720 bars at tho bottom the same fonforcemest & coninued twough tha opening. The top renforenent in the Eotcm chord. member thus consists aT) bars. Tne roquled shew fetforcement nth chord members the eam as given by Simpsies Method 1 (©) Design of top (compression) chord member (p= 408.6 WN 5 (Ve Ve~ (Vdo= 475 KN, Treretor, (Mu 475 kn from Ea, 63) 358 ($m 0-75 OD O4 vt? (nator “Te design chart of Fig, 3:18 ges Hos=0:18 ‘Thereiors, 2Ay = 0.18% (0.85% 90/400) 900 x 180=516 mm Use 2712 and 1710 on each face. The requ sheer reinforement would be lar fo that oblaned by Wathod 1. Hoan be seen that Matod 2 is much simpler land gee a conservative des Besms wih Large Rectangular Openings 1 342 PLASTICITY TRUSS METHOD fated on the platoty ruse model desebed in At. 33.2. a procedure for the ret design of rertorament areund alge opening can be ferried fOlOWs STEP 1: Calculate the vale of v from rary ess) whore bis th width of chord amber dis tho average distance between ho top (a bottom longtucnal reinforcement ine chord members, is the coneste cfeder compressive srangh vis efectveness factor as given by Eq, (2.29) end 6 Ve Ma 800, een were Aa fa and 4 a0 the area, yea strength, and angle of incnaton ‘especivay, fo the beam axe ofthe agora bare. STEP 2 Flom Fig. 2.16 determine bw valu of y such that % < colds 2 om Eq, (20), 02 £08. Naty, te lower it of y wil apy. Catcuste from p, = y(vfZVfy. Check at A ean 255) lahore An fy and s ae the ers, yield skength, end spacing, respectively, ofthe Strrups. These srupe shoul be provsedunforiytreugheut the chord and To 8 ‘stance equal © dol fon each ie of to opaning [s68Fig. 3121) STEP 3: Celcust the required longtxtinal enforcement near the cpening [2 Fig 812] fom €q (322) as (69) where (is the Iongth of opening, and f i the yield strength of longiunal reinforcement Theesreinforcng bars must be extended beyond the verealeirupe and bo proved wih anchorage hocks bending toward the ei the Beam, STEP 4 _Calaate the required iongtucna reercement away tom te opening Is00 Fig 3.1248) tom Eq. 33) a6, Vie +d, cote) 4 (270)114 CONCRETE BEAMS WITH OPENINGS: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN EXAMPLE PROBLEM 35 Design the reinforcement fo the opening region ofthe beam describ n Example Probiom 2-4 using the plasty russ method. Use f= 30 MPa and f= 460 MP, ‘soLUTION (@) Cateutatev From Example 24, the shear fore atthe opening Ie Vj = 79.2 kN. Assuming voreal sinups any, Eas. (288) and (3.67) ove 79.2. 10°/(2 200 x90 0.55% 30) = 0.069 (©) Determine the requirod shear reinforcement. From Fig. 2.18(), 20.008 from whch, assuming y= 280 MPa, po 0.008 x0.85 «90/250» 0.000828 (A ban 1/86) =1/(9% 250) = 0.00193 ‘Therelore, 120133 300% 10%= 400 m/m rape at 100 mi spacing [A ajce = 808 nn Use Mo doubleteaged (@) Determine the required longitudinal elnforcement From Eqs. (69) and (370), ‘Assn 792% 10? 950/(2 460% 80) = 908 me? Use'3120 (049 mn) bare near the opening in each chord member, Ag 70.2% 10 (060 +2 90)/(2% 460% 90) = 1080 an {Use 6720 (1256 mm) bars auay rem opening n each chord member ‘The fra enforcement dota the opening i shown in Fig. E351. t's seen that compared othe Paste Finge methods Used Example Probie 34, he plasty frase method fequtes more. shear rahforcement ae. well_as_fongisnal Foinforement nthe chord members. Thiet barauce the truss method neglect the dec conouion of conorate Io the shea resistance ef the chor mer ilsoto8 Example Problem 2), Boars wth Large Rectangule Openings 118 TOLL ee a Tot bid Figure 2.5.1 Required renforeement according to platy tuss method. 343. STRUT-AND-TE METHOD “The fit step inthe method i to vigualze ha flow of forces fom the app loads to the supports. This accompished by a truss model consstng ct concrete ‘ompressivosruts and renoreament tension ee. Several diferent models may be avaiable, but the one that depts the condtens under elastic behavior Probably resembles the actual stuaton closely Once the mode is obtained, the foreas inthe cute and Gs ean be called from sais. The roquied ava of fansin te reinforament shen chosen, EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2.6 Design the reinforcement for the opening in the beam desorbed in Example Problem 3: ushg te srutandte meted. Use fy = 460 MPa SOLUTION (2) Postulate the strut-andte mote ‘A strat andse model forthe bsam in Example Problem 3.4 shown in Fig, E26 Fee, the compresiva st are shown in dfted ines tension es ae shown ‘nok ines (©) Calculate member forces. ‘Tre forces in the truss members are detomined fem slatcs and ther magnitudes are aa inoated in Fig, 26.1(a) and (3). Tha top chord member fakes © sheer fores of 721 K8 oF about 913% ofthe oa shea fore athe opening. Noto tat the sirup force atthe highemement end af the opening ls as Figh as 268-4 KN, o¢ 3.3 times the apledehoar fron of 7.21.116 CONCRETE! plata fi AUS WT OPENINGS: ANALYSSS AND DESIGN bey I eg Py [EE tee (€ Opeeing segmen Figure £3.61 Strut-and-tie model for beam with opening. zen Beams wth Large Rectangular Openings 117 “Table E261. Forces in the truss members fr the top chord ofthe opening segment (0. Upperstingar | Lower stinger | Verical members | Diagonal members | Manber] Foe [ Member] Foe | Wenber] Fors | Wanbar | Fore eae ee er [aca [ 23 eo [oor cr ET co S48 | aa | Cea [er 3 [ 86 7e_| Fs | 107 [67 | aa | ee) 07 [RAO] 407 2 Table £362 Forces in the truss members for the bottom chord of the ‘opening segment (kt) Lpperstinger | Lowerstinger | Vericat member | Diagonal members | amber Faroe | Momber] Force | Mombor | Force | Member | Force a a 7 oe co [a oe De | ba [7 fet er _[ a ea Tope Tt [R[F L eit 350(6) Determine reinforcement area Longitudinal reinforcement “Top coat member: Maximum compressive force is 9885 KN. Refering to the dramatic socion on te rtf he beam under tne seme mamont and svar fre, fhe concrete may be asaumod to fake 5955 KN, wit the remaining force of (9886 ~ 3965) = 597.1 KN to be rossted by compressive stl cerforcement STs, with f= 460 MPa, the required area of too sien required is 697-4 10°/460.= 1299 mn “Therefore, provide 4720 bors (1256 me) atthe top ofthe top chord mente Maximum tensile fore is 801.08N, Hence, the required area of botiom sess 801.0 108/480 = 1741 me? “Toefre, provide 4725 bars (1964 mn? atthe bottom ofthe op chord member ottom chord member: Forth tp teinoreament, the maximum tens force Is TEERN. Therefore, the roqures area's 796 10/480=171 mm “Therefor, provide 2712 bars (228 mm) lhe top the bio cher required area's 271.8 107/460 = $00 me? “Thereore, provide 2720 bars (628 maa the botiom ofthe botiom chr, Transverse reinforcement “Tep-chowd member Assuring f= 460 MPa, the sea of shear retiorcament requreds Av/ = (124 40° /480) x 1000/00 1887 mm “Therefore, provide TB double lagged sirup at 65 mm spacing (1854 amn?/m) Bottom cho member: Assuring f= 250 N/m, the at reaurodis of sheer enforcement AL /8= (04 nO? /250) x 1000/100 = 284 mm “Therefore, provide MB double legged snug at 65 mm spacing (877 mn#/m) ‘Seams wih Large Rectangular Openings 118 ‘Sides otanening’ Ares of shear enforcement requted atte lowimomant end cf ie opering is 792 x 109/460 = £72 mm? “Therefore, prove wo TS double logged ulopeh stirups (202m to the let of the opening Forte high-noment ond the roqred reas 2504 108/460 = $64 men? Therefore, provide four T10 doule-egged ul depth straps (628 mn tothe igh os ofthe opening “The rerforcementdetala near the opening are as shown a Fig. E362 Fav ovo [We vsinee @ SSmm oe ad Figure E3.6.2. Required reinforcement according to strutandtle method, 35 CRACK CONTROL Under load, wide cracks ara cbserved near ho end ofthe chord manners atthe ‘omer of the opening in beams (see Fig. 3.50) Fig. 320 shows the measured Inacmom crack wid wih nerecsing appad lac fora series of beans tested by ‘Ten (1862) wih rerforcementdetalsgven in Fig. 35 and Table 3.2. Two types Comer eiforcamant were provided. one vith Vera! simups only aed tho other ‘it's combination of vrteal sirup ord lagen brs. “Tre sus of beam Rt to R2n Fig, 320() show that forthe same typeof comer reoreement that verieal sirup only) the maximum crack wich at a parbeder load level ia wider for bears with longer aponings. Wh the adton of {diagonal bare asin beam 4, Fowevar, ha maximum crack wich became smatec than that in 2 a al stages of oadng, except near the ultimate load, despite beam RR having a longer opening lath. Tho smaller crack width in beam Ré was Conreuod parly by the dagoral bare and by the larger amoure of comer Torforcoment (see Table 22)” A carl anajes of test ata reveals hat the provison of diagonal bers was manly responsible fr emalar crack wins inthe beam designated as Ra120. CONCTETE BEAMS WITH OPENINGS: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Load, PN) lesimu cock wth rin) Figure 3.20. Load versus maximum erack width curve for beams tested by ‘Tan (1982). Fig. 8:20) shows thatthe maximum crack wth Ineroases as the opening pth Is reroaced. In addon, tmoreaces vith an cease nthe moment shear fata at tho confer ofthe opening (equvalnt to pastion of opening ang the beam Tenet) for the same typeof comer reinforcement, as ndcated by the beams R10 tnd Ri2 in Fig, 2200). However, poor crack cota! provided by vertal stimups i comer reinforcement Becomes event from the reeut of beam R11. Tho “vaton in annum cack lana with mal opening eccentices as m boars PB lind RB ls nogpieant, as ndested by Fig, 3.20). Neverheoss, he advartages ‘fusing agonal ars o conto crack win are alo clear fom tis figure. axrmum crack wid fone of the major saniesabiy requrements of concrte structures. Azoordng to the ACI Code (1985), the allowable maximum ‘aokwidns at sence forthe exter and ineror exposure canddensare 03 and mm, spectively. Table 8 showe tho maximum crack wath atthe sevice toads, taken a the design uma fads dviged by a load factor 2 1.7. The Seniseabity eeren of maximum erack wth fr infteor exposure condons Sted by al beams frespeive of the fpe of comer reinforcement excect for foams RS and FT. However the cretion ls voted In mast of th cases for ‘exterior exposure contons Seams wih Large Recanguar Openings 121 “Table 24 Maximum crack width under service load. Canarae | Test] Caleuated | Waximum | Comer tylinger” | utimate | service | erackwidh | reinforce beam | s¥ength | load | losd™ | “atserdoe’ | “ment” vee) | _twhy_| un RI] 304} 2239} 4200 re | 304 | te25 | ‘953 o ra | a5 | tat | 776 o ra | 335 | 134 | oe x Rs | 208 | toe | 524 x rs | 208 | 1900 | 965 o | ar | 351 | is) sar 033 5 re | 351 | 153 | otz 03s, x ro | ace | sao] exe | 038 x rio | 33 | 774 | s08 on | x rin | 2a8 | sas | 771 045, a 2ee_| iss | tar O31 Fd lpn verte sap y= eap a aon bar ‘inc he widest cracks always occured athe comer af the opening due to the efect of stress concentration the shear concsnitaton factor, defied as the ‘alo ofthe design shear forest the factored shear at to oponing, fr each boam ‘Should be (aken ilo account when considering the sarvceaily ertrion of maximum cack with. Fig, 3.21 shows be maximum crack wih al serie load Pioted again! the shear concerttabon factor "The chan ines drawn trough the Entel test osta Grote the Greatest value ot macimum crack wih at can Be trpoctd for 8 parculer type of comer recforcamet, regardless ofthe oparing fe and ts lcaton. The masmum cack wah decreases wily an incoaso nthe hear concentration facer The chan ines alo weicato at tho. shear cneentratio fsa for the fvo types of comer reiforeement shall be a least 1.95 {fer ctagonal bars and vertical stipe) and 2.48 (or ver! stirups on) 1 sity the seroeabity requirement of maimum crack wath for exterior exposure Cndons Thus a shear concentration factor Of 2.35 recommended by Nasser et 1. (1967) appoare lo be saisfactory regardless of the size and locaton ef the ‘pening oriy when a conbnaton of agonal bars and vertical sirup fs used a¢ ‘omer reorcement Fig. 221 also shows that, forthe same shear concerration factor, the maximum crack wath i smaller for baame with agonal reinfoceament than for {he beams wih verioa stimupe ony. Therefore, the maimum cack wis also ‘epend onthe properton ofthe clagonal reinforcement used. Beams RB and RG. witn a shear concenvaion fecor of about 15 end wit 41% and 71%, respectively, of the shear resstance was provided by the dagonal bars (soe ‘Table 35), roordod the largest maximum crack wish st sonic load (soe Fig 221), Hence, a shear concentration factor of 2 wth 60 ~ 75% of the shear ‘evista conribuled by dagona bars may bo considered as satisfac Incontroling crack width, This wil also rove felrforcement congoston atthe Comore of te opening as compared to Using diagonal bars or vet sirup Ke OE es | Siete } Figure 221 Effect of shear concentration factor on maximum crack with Under service load. “Teble 35 Shear concentration factor for beams tasted by Tan 1982}. Grae eaitares powsedy | | rT closes | Dlgorat | er eign | oreo Pea ore | cesetance shear | 22 sips ew |e Vm A | Voom Aston Ma |raxst| Me i a we |Paay* | ar [ans 0 | Ta] fe | 702 seo | 120 fe | 702 ia | pa | 20x 48 7 | on 198 Bs | 20 298 fr | on 23 Rr) 72 72 sor | 230 pe | a2 maa ess fom | seo) ta po | 204 88 er fon | ao | tas 204 was er fon | a7 | 133 Beam wih Lage Rectang Opeings 123, EXAMPLE PROBLEM 37 ‘Design the comer reinforcement othe opaning ofthe beam described in Example Problam 4 Also, check whother te comer reinforcement provides accoringf the pasty tuse method (Exama Problem 38) and ino stutandite method {Eaample Problem 38) satis the requrament fo crack con. SOLUTION (a) Plastic hinge method (Fig, £3.42) shear atthe opening vea=792/085 S32 kN ‘Sevenyfve percent of his shear may be rosstod by diagonal bars with a shesr ‘Sven factor of 2 Assuring bast be inained at 46° and f= 460 MPa, he requved area of agonal bares Ae = (2 0.75% 93.2 10) 460 > sn 45% = 430 a? “Therefore, use two TIS and one T10siagonal bars (481 mr) al each corner. ‘The remaining arto the shear shoul be resisted by stirups wih area Ay (2 028 982% 109/480 =101 me? “Therefore use one TS covble legge serup (101 mn) at each end (&) Plasticity truss method (Fig. €3.5.1) ‘quirement 28 forthe pasichinge meth should be providod (@) Strutanc-tte method Fig. £362) “Te factored shear athe epaning is V/p = 63.2 KN andthe design shear assuming 2 sheer conconvation Facer of 2s 2x 83:2 or 1854 KN. A te low-moment en, tha shoerresstance provided by wo TB ceubloSoggod sirup i 829 KN or about 150% ofthe design shear Therefore, provide adatonsl diagonal brs st 45° to ‘eit iheremainng shear The requred sea is Ay (185.4 $2.0)» 109/60» sin 45°) = 288 re? “Thoreiore, use twee T12 bars (289 mm? a each comer ef the opening124 CONCRETE BEAME WITH OPENINGS: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 346 CALCULATION OF DEFLECTIONS For beams with a opening. the maximum defection usualy occurs at he high- Iroment ond ofthe openings ebesrved nthe boars tsted by Tan (oso Fig 35 {Bnd Table 23). Fig 322 shows tak in general th slope of th losddscton uve ofthe Beam decreases win inereatng Toad until ft becomes hotzonsl at ‘timate eas Loo WN) Loa sximum defection (im) Manin detection re Figure 3.22. Load versus deflection curves for beams tasted by Tan (1882). [A any pattiadsr load tha defection it larger for beams win longor openings, els buicent fom Fg, 3.2(8). Deflection aso ineases witineasrg pening dah, ax canbe seen fom Fig, 3.22). ‘The results of beams RB and RS In Fig 322(¢) reat hat the effect of eccoricty on beam defection is insignticert. iq, 322(0) shows tt forthe same type of comer rerforcament (fi0 and R12) defecton izeaces vith an fereasing momertto-she rato at the certer of the opening "The use of ssagonal bars in beams RS and Rt results in betlr defecion corieh however Al beams were found to say the Sonicoabily tequremant of maximum delocion of (span / 360) of 83 mm, Getordng fo the ACI Coss (1995), Bamey et al (1577) made tbe same Soservaion regarding serve lad defections and concluded thatthe iftuonce of ‘Sperings on defection is miner propery detaled boars Tris cifiaut fo set Imiing span-afecive cop ratios for beams with openings which woud satity the servcoabity bit sate of defection. Therefor, dafecions ef Bears with large epenngs should be calclied end checked aginst Beams ith Large Recangult Openings 125 ‘lowable yaies A single method lo estate the mipan defection of sep Supported beams with openings oa flows (Bamay at a, 1977) ‘Consider the mode fhe beam with an opening i shown in Fig. 329, kn ‘which the chord members are ieafzed ae tus raring iio gd aoUtmants Oo 20h side ofthe epening. Tho length, fof the struts is conservatively takon as tho Gietanca between vertical strups on gach sido of tho opening. To reflect the Virerdee! truss acon obeerved f the fete (se2 Ar. 3.2), hinges (pants of onratlenur) are assumed athe midlengh of each siut. Tho moments oferta for the top compressive and bottom tensio struts are donotod as J, and fy respectively [Som Figure 823. Idealized model for the estimation of deflection at opening (Garey otal, 1977). Aplyng the momenta princes, the eave displacement of the hinge vith respect ane end othe opanng unsee action shear force Vis oe) SETH) 7) whore Ele the modus of elatoy of concrete. Under sence fad contins, he ‘ralue of may be baeed on goss cance soci while the value off can be Consent based ona fly racked section Thus, the ete dsplacoment of She end ol ho opening wit espect othe oer ends ve 6282 Me (7 aaa AETS) J “The midspan dation ofthe beam canbe calculated as 5 25, +(6,)anags* 6 Danese (79) hore Bye he midspan defection inthe absence of openings.126 CONCAETE BEAMS VT} OPENNNGS: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN [A more rigorous method to calouata deflections that ertals an oles analysis ie also avalible In ho method, the beam le tosted as a srtual ‘amber ith ever sogmentsconatiuing tha porions wth sols beam sectons ‘and those with secione traversed by tho opening. An edulvalet itness fs ‘Adopted forthe ltr segments and the beam can be analyd using methods such {3 the Dire Sites Matod to cbtain tha maxdmum boar deflation ane tha ‘Sesumed eerie load. Futhor eaimant ofthe method i gion in Cape EXAMPLE PROBLEM 3.6 CCatulte the mitspan defection ofthe beam described in Example Publem 24 ‘nde sanica load condo. ‘soLUTION “Te senioa oad Pee Py/AT 528/17 21.1 KN and the comesponding shear foros Ve 15 P,=466kN “Tho ofetiv long of chord members for detection calculation i taken ab = (950 +50) = 1000mm Based on gross section propor, the moment of neta of ho chord mambers is ‘each equal fo 900 180°/ 12 or 148 x 10° mm. For ta eetmaton of defection, conservatively assume 16.108 mmf; 04 x 146% 10% ren 15x 10° ‘Aloo, tha modus of elastic of coer ia E_= 4700 YF =4790 50 =26% 10° MPa 322 fom En. (272), he deflation dus to shear fore atthe opeing is Wia2 12 Eb] = 46.6 10/ (12% 263 (146+ 5) x 107) ods mm For the load arangement 2s shou in Fig. £3..1, tho midopan datecton, fy of the boam vith @ span Ls 11PL2/ 1886, whore [ean be coneorvaively estimated ‘asthe moment of ets ot the Beam ats secon treugh the opening, Ta = 2x (800% 0°/ 12 + 900% 180% 210") = 5054 108 amt As the span s 6m, therefor, Soot 91.1 106 [Ad 28 «S054 10°) once, he total midepan dalton i austed as 198+ 801 = 484 mm <1 /360 = 167 mm 3.7. MULTIPLE OPENINGS AND DESIGN OF POSTS, When multiple openings ae placed cose to each eter in a beam, the eemen butwoon te adacentcperings i own 3.8 pot. oper Sein and Stating for repost Souldbs proved. Test cartad out ha borat a Porland Coment Foam (AGLASCE, 107) have nated tak cosy sacra rate Ertorcmsrt_ Specmens wih muta cr and ova ols fed the chord Inombors wha fe wath of fhe post mason or greater man 38 the Soph of tho wel, Pip 224 shows sn iveted Tsnam wih sup ectangl opening Spat by adequate rortred post aortas baer tsa lure. Figure 2.24 Failure ofa beam with multiple rectangular openings separated by adequately reinforced post, “To enue hat he posts behave rig, Barney otal. (1977) recommended that aclacent openings shous bo eopsstog by pasts having overalwct-o-neg fae of at east 20 whore the who he pots tho distance betwoan adjacent SSirup. It was also suggested that he nominal dosgn shear sess Torte posts bo lmted 00.17) (NP:128 CONCRETE BEAMS WITH OPENINGS: ANALYSSS AND DESIGN When two openings are placed lose to eech or, I evident rom the freetbogy diagram shown in Fig. 825 tha a horzonal shear, Vy conpresion fate, My and bending moment, My act on tho post botweon the pening ‘zcuing that points of eontaeure occur a tha midtengh ofthe chord members imeach opening, equim ol forces gives whore ip = wid of pos, akon a the stance botwoen vet tape nthe post fdjacont othe sides ofthe two openings = tale ree acting on te boom ‘howd membar f opening Vp vera shear fora ating onthe botbm chord mmamber of opening: @ = eoverrcty of opening: de = depth of botem chord ‘amber ,= length of opening, taken asthe dance betweon the ver eimspe {adjacent tothe tno sides ofthe opening, dy = dept of opening: and subsets 1 ‘an 2 rer to tho operngs tothe ft an it of te post, respectively. Knowing the value of Vp in ard My tho requ ronforesmen! ean be Qoained by and re hinges form nM 1. ‘Solution foc Hinge Mode 3 |The soliton coreeponding to hinge Mode 9 can be obtained In a simibr manner. Unig Eas (42), (43), ana (4.48) we get Ce ra (250) rr Torsion in Beams with Rectangular Opanings 145 and sis maximum when 1 aa Ve sn) Since tm, nd v must be posive, x can be shown fram Eq (42) that = 1, Ths, from ga (490) and (451), we get 4s) Simlty, the ultmte torsional stengh corespording to Mode 2 hinge femation canbe cbiained as “Te minimum vauo off 38 giv by Eqs. (448) for Eg (249, (482), nd (4.53) il be ye requred sul, provided thal the yet conctons are salad along the length of bot chord members. “The valve of Ty as found fom the foregoing upper and lower bound snalyss must not be greater ran hs srength of be sol secon ofthe beam, Tox tmoses of hinge formaton must be checied fo te tot section The smalst Value wil ebisly govern. Thus, T,> Ta then te utmate torque of te beam ‘a Be Ts 42.3.3 Torsion Caried by Chord Members The equstrium equation. Eq (4.31), shows thatthe apd torque is resisted party by terion each shox and pay by te coupe formed by the restarts ef aeral fhoersireseee int chords. f haa been shown nthe anayes that for opening langth restr then or equal toe enca length, fq a8 osfnad by Eq, (424) the entre applied tere is rasta by torsion in he chord members alone. Therelre, inlight ofthe above theory, # may be of taresto evaluate wht proporion ofthe pple ore sessed by the coupe frmod by te loa shea he chads as {he engin of epening Is decreased, Tas has parculr reevance 1 he design of boame wth tml openings under predominant forsensl moment For vs puposs, ‘he deais ofthe beams wth 200 mm-deep, symmeviealy (wih respect fo the opi) placed opening, as tosiod by Mansur ets (19838) Mave been seh ‘The dolls ethose Dears are presen in Fig. 48a Th Ye CO tke Kak Sedton AeA Section BS Figure 4.8 Detalsof beams tested by Mansur eta. 19838, F i=2ttav ah Figure 4.9. Resistance to applied torque provided by torsion and shear inthe ‘chord members. Town in Beare wih Rectanguar Openings 147 ‘The proportion of the applied torque rested by torsion in the chord member is pote agale! the rto of opening angh ta beam depth Fig 43. thay be sean that as the opening length dosages, he torsional component ‘Shown doted) decreases, but the resstanoe ofthe bam fnreases. This reans thatthe couple formed ty the lateral shear provides the major pat ot the tal resitanes inthis prteuar eas, this amount fo abou 20% of tne apped forge ‘hon the opening reduces. to. a square ‘one, Tis cbsewaten jueves the "plication mada At 25 fr beams with smal oponings 424 EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION ‘The presetions ofthe mained deserbed above are compared wth the test data of ten beams tested by Mansur etal. (1988) and fourteen beams tested by Danial ‘and Mettulon (1977). In be study by Mensur et el (19894), the overall beam ‘mensions and te aman and arrangement of enforcement wer Kept constant forall tho beams, wile tw lngth, depth, and scoercy (wth rept to the centroids! xs of tho bea) wore systomatcaly varled. Tho beams feet By Danial and MeMulen (1977) were proved wth openings inthe vertical recon, Honaver, if sol-veight ofthe beam ls ignored, often of eponing has. no ifuenee on i torsonal capac. Tr has boon shown thatthe lower Bound analyse gives a conservative estimate ofthe torsional strength fora tho beams. For te 24 avalabla test ‘esuts, the average reo of txt fo caleulated torsional capacties fs 1.22 and the Standard deviation fs 0.11. The upper bound approach also prec lover Strong than tho lest valuss excep for the bears cantahing openings of shorter length. inthis caso, to avrago rato of ato olulatedulimatetorause i 05 vita standard deviation of 0.13. The mal source of his consaratve eter may be ated to tho selcted ya ero, which ae by themselves lower bund land cbesrvedsirin hardening of rebar, may be Inlorstingo sty the effects of lang, dept, and eccenticty of ‘openings on the torsional eapacty ofa beam. Fortis purpose, the cross-sectional land material deta ofthe boas testa by Manur ot. (19835) are eslectes. ‘These deta ae presented n Fig. 48, 42.41 Etect of Opening Length ‘The effect of varying the longth of apening on the utimat torsional strength of beams as predicted by the anajical mathe shown nig. 410. itmay be soon thatthe frsonalcapaoty of a beam decreases wih an incroase in he length ot paring, but only up to certain ral length, fy as given by Eq, (428) For opening leneth, greater than bath lower and upper Bound approaches predit {he same toional song for beams wih a cance opanng. thas boon ‘Shown ear tat hs vale Is the sum of Invdual orsional capaci of the two ‘chord member, which are ebvousy independent ff “Tos rests of beams reported (Mancur otal, 198) wth opaning length a3 the parameter are also plated m Fig. 4.10. Ktmay be seen thatthe tet dataflow {he theoreti tend, that i, torsional engl decreases as the lengh of openingIs increased. However, for tho opening dapth used in these beams, te crcal Tang is beyond te race! iit — = : Tom ge Seine | wn Figure 4.10 Effect of pening length on utimate torque (Maneur ot a 198), 42.42 Effect of Opening Depth Figure 411 shows the ofect of opening depth on torlonal stength of «bear. ‘canbe seen thatthe stongth of he sold secon cortras the depth of pening fe ‘ery sma.” As the dep of cparing i increased, torsional capac decweases. For ‘mall depths of cpening, bath the upper and lower bound analyses prods almost ‘ho. samo torsional capactios The dffarencs butwoen the, two. spprosces Hexeas te dept of openings ereased, Consiga praca Mt or Me

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