Fluid Circulation

Every cell of an organism requires constant supply of Nurients and immediate removal of
waste. For this purpose all the animals developed some kind of circulatory system.
Types of Circulatory systems
1. Intracellular circulation: - Circulation of fluid within the cell
Eg: Cyclosis in protozoans.
2. Extra Cellular circulation:- In which fluid circulates outside the body of organism
(i) Extra orgnaismic Circulation: In which fluid circulates outside the body of
organism
Eg. Porifers and Coelenterates.
(ii) Intra Organismic Circulation: Circulation within the body or organism.
(a) Parenchymatous Circulation: - In flat worms space between alimentary
canal and body wall remain filled with parenchymatons tissue called
Mesenchyme.. space between its cells form a network for the circulations
of fluids.
(b) Body Cavity circulation: - Fluid circulates within the body cavity eg.
Aschelminthes.
(c) Blood Vacular system or cardiovascular system. In which well
developed heart pumps specialized blood in entire body.
Types of B.V.S
Open B.V.S Closed B.V.S
In which blood do not travel within blood Blood travel within definite blood vessels
vessels during it camplete circuit but it is during its complete circuit and never comes
poured in Large spaces called Lacunae or in direct contact of tissues.
Sinuses where the exchange between blood
and cells takes place.
Eg. Arthropods, Leeches, Molluscs except Eg: Annelids and Chordates
cephalopods

Components of B.V.S:-
It comprises Blood, Blood vessels and Heart.
ARTERIES VEINS
o Carry the blood away from the heart o Carry the blood towards the heart.
o Carry oxygenated blood except o Carry impure blood except Pulmonary
pulmonary Arteries. veins.
o Arteries are deeply placed in body. o Veins are super ficially placed in
body and appear blue in colour
o Blood pressure and velocity is high in oBlood pressure and velocity is lower
Arteries in veins.
o Valves are absent oValves are present
o Wall of arteries are thick, strong oWall of thin, weak, inelastic &
elastic and non collapsible collapsible.
o Its Lumen is narrow oIts Lumen is wide
Histology of blood vessels:
• Tunica externa or adventitia is made up of collagen rich fibrous tissue.
• Tunica media is made up of circulary arranged smooth muscles and eleastic
fibres. It is less developed in veins that’s why lumen is wider in vein.
• Tunica inerna is made up of two layer
 Outer made of yellow elastic fibres

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  Inner Endothelium –made up of simple squamous epithelium
CAPILLARIES:-
Disc by Malpighi
• Its wall is made up of a single layer of epithelial cells called endothelium.
• Lumen of capillaries is 7.5µ or 75µ
• Approximately 5 – 7 % blood is found in capillaries.
Heart: Thick muscular, Pumping organ
TYPES:-
Neurogenic Heart:- When heart beat is originated by excitation of nerve ganglion.
Eg. Crustaceans, some insects (cockroach), Annelids (Earthworm).
Myogenic Heart: When the heart beat is initiated by specialized cardiac muscles.
Eg. Molluscs, Chordates.

Singel chamberd – Herdmania/Amphioxus 4 Chambered – Aves and Mammals

Two chamberd – Pisces 7 Chambered – Scorpion
Three chambered – Amphibians 13 chambered – Cockroach
31/2 chambered – Reptiles Pulsatile and lateral heart – Earthworm

VERTEBRATE HEARTS
Pisces:-
2 Chambered- (one auricle and one ventricle)
In lung fishes heart is 3 chambered.
Accessory chambers – Sinus venous and Conus arteriosus
Piscian heart is also known as Venous or Brachial heart
Venous heart as it Receive and pump deoxygenated blood only.
Branchial heart: As it pump the blood towards the gills.
Single circuit circulation: Blood passes through heart only once during its course of
circulation.
Amphibians:
3 chambered (2 Auricle and one ventricle)
Accessory chambers – Sinus venosus and Truncus arteriosus.
Arteriovenous heart as it receive and pump pure as well as impure blood.
Transitional circuit of blood is present: Because partial mixing of pure and impure
blood takes place in ventricle.
Reptiles:
3 – ½ Chambered (Two Auricles and incompletely divided ventricles)
But 4 chambered in Crocodilians.
Accessory chamber: only sinus venosus is present
Arterio-venous heat
Transitional circuit
Avian & Mammalian Heart:
4 chambered (2A & 2V)
Accessory chambers – absent
Arterio-venous heart
• Double circuit circulation as Blood passes Twice through heart during its
course of circulation.
Pulmonary circuit:- In this circuit blood flows from R.V to lungs and back to the
left auricle.
Systemic cicuit:- Blood flows from left ventricle to body and back to the righ auricle.
Systematic circulation (84%), In veins, veinules and sinusoids 64%, Arteries 13%,
Capillaries 7%, Pulmonary Circulation 9%, Heart 7%.

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 Mammalian Heart
• Busiest organ
• Central Pumping station of the body which regulates the traffic of blood.
• Thick muscular, Pyramidal, Redish Brown structure found in thoracic cavity
between the lungs in a space called Mediastenum
• Size 12 × 9 cm (roughly fist size)
• Weight In males 280 to 360 gms
In females 230 to 280 gms
• Pericardium: Protective covering present around the heart.
(1) Parietal pericardium outer layer
(2) Visceral pericardium inner layer
• Space between pericardial layers is called Pericardial space which remains
filled with Pericardial fluid.
Pericardial fluid act as Shock Absorber and helps in frictionless movement.
Structure of Heart
Morphology:- Upper broad-part is called base
Lower conical part is called apex
• Atrio-ventricular Groove: Transverse groove which indicate the division of
heat into Atrial and Ventricular part
• Inter Ventricular Groove: Oblique groove present over the ventricular part
and indicates its division into righ and left one.
 It lodges the Coronary blood vessels.
Anatomy
Auricles or Atriums:-
Smaller, Upper, Receiving chambers.
Thin walled becoz auricles pump blood only upto the ventricles.
Inter Auritcular septum: - Divides the Atrial part into Right and Left atrium.
• Foramen ovale:- Aperture present in I.A.S during embryonic condition
• Fossa ovallis:- Remnant of foramen Ovale in form of thin depression.
Musculi Pectinati: Ridges present on the inner surface of auricles.

Right auricle receive the doxygenated blood from

Pre Caval, Post Caval and Coronary sinus
Precaval is also called Superior or Anterior vena cava – It collect the blood from
upper part of body
• Its opening is guarded by Haversian valve.
Post caval is also called Inferior or Posterior vena cava
• collect the blood from lower part of body
• Its opening is guarded by Eustachian valve.
Coronary sinus:- Collect the deoxygenated blood from heart muscles.
• Its opening is guarded by Thebesius valve.
• Right Auricle open into Right Ventricle and its opening is guarded by Right
Atrio-Ventricular valve (Tricuspid valve)
Left Auricle:- Receive the pure blood from two pairs of pulmonary veins.
Left auricle open into let ventricle through. Bicuspid or Mitral valve.
VENTRICLE:-
Larger, lower, distributing chambers
• Thicker – Because these have to pump the blood upto distant body parts.
Left ventricle is thickest because it has to pump the blood to whole body.

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 • I.V.S (Inter ventricular septum) divide the lower part into Right and Left
Ventricles.
Some Ridges are present on inner surface of ventricles.
• Lower ridges are called Columnae Cornae or trabeculae.
• Higher Ridges are called Mammary Muscles or Papillary Muscles
Chordae tendinae – are white elastic fibres which connect the flaps of A.V valves with the
mammary muscles to hold them in proper position during ventricular systole.
Right ventricle give rise to Pulmonary trunk.
Left ventricle give rise to carotico systemico arch.
Ductus Botallis or Ductus arteriosus: Duct which connect the pulmonary trunk with
Carotico systemico arch.
Ligamentum arteriosum: Yellow fibrous band which replaces Ductus arteriosus befor the
birth
Origin & conduction of Heart Beat:
• Heart beat is wave of Electrical potential and Myogenic in origin.
• Impulse is originated and conducted by specialized Cardiac Muscles called
Cardiac Elements or Nodal Tissue or Junctional Tissue
Cardiac Element comprises (1) S.A.N. (2) A.V.N. (3) B.O.H and its branches (4) Purkinge
fibre.
S.A.N (Sino Auricular Node):-
• Present near the opening of precaval in right auricle.
• It is also called Pace maker or Heart of the Heart or Right sided structure or
Keith and Flock node.
• In Lower Vertebrates like Amphibian (Frog) and Reptiles S.A.N is present is
Sinus venosus.
A.V.N (Atrio Ventricular Node):-
• Present at the posterior part of I.A.S
• Dis by Kent
• Also called as pace setter.
• It receive the impulse from S.A.N and Convey it to the B.O.H.
B.O.H (Bundle of His or Atrio Ventricular Bundle)
• Dis by HIS
• Divide to form
(i) Right branch of bundle of His.
(ii) Left branch of bundle of His.
Purkinje Fibres:-
• Dis by Purkinje
• Originated from branch of bundle of His and found embedded in the wall of
ventricles.
• Absent in Piscian, Amphibian and Reptilian heart.
CONTROL OF HEART BEAT
Centre for Heart Beat is Medulla Oblongata.
Sympathetic N. System on excitation secretes Adrenaline which increases the heart beat.
Parasympathetic nervous System & Vagus Nerves on excitation secrete Acetyl choline which
decrease the heart beat.
• Na+ ions are necessary for maintenance of normal beat.
• Injection of KCl decrease the heart beat.
• For every 10C elevation of Body temperature heart beat
Arrythemia – Irregular heart beat
Tachycardia – Fast rate of heart beat (Over 100)

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Bradycardia – Slow rate of heart beat (Under 60)
Heart Rate
Number of beats Per minute
In Adult – 70 to 80/min
In Children – 100 beats/min
In New Born Babies – 130 to 140/min
In Rabbit – 200 to 210
In Frog – 64 beats/min
Elephant – 25 beats/min
Rat – 400 to 600 beats/min
In Canary Bird – 2000 beats/min
Heat Rate is inversely proportional to the size of organism
Stroke volume or systolic discharge:-
• Volume of blood ejected out from the each ventricle per beat
• Its value is 70 ml
Minute Volume or Cardiac Output:
• Volume of blood pumped by heart per minute.
• Min volume = Stroke volume × Heart Rate
70 × 72 = 5040 ml
Distribution of blood
Heart – 10%
Brain – 15%
Kidneys – 25%
Digestive system – 25%
Other parts – 25%
• During exercise blood supply decreases to liver & kidney
• During exercise blood supply increases to skeletal muscle
• During exercise blood supply remains as such brain, bones and thyroid

HEART SOUND:-
Can be heard by Stethoscope
Stethoscope was invented by LENNEC
• Record of heart sound is called Cardiophonogram
First sound or LUBB or Systolic sound
• It is dull, low pitched and of long duration
• Produced by the closer of A.V. valve at the start of ventricular systole.
Second sound or DUPP or Diastolic sound
• It is sharp, high pitched and of short duration
• Produced by the closer of Semilumar valve at the start of ventricular diastole.
MURMUR: - Sound produced by defective and leaky valves (Lubb-ssh)
BLOOD PRESSURE
• B. P. is measured by Sphygmomanometer from the branchial arter of left arm.
• Invented by RIVA RICCI/ KARROT KOFF
• B.P. was first of all measured by S. Hales
Pressure exerted by blood on the wall of blood vessels with each heart beat while
flowing through them
Systolic pressure – (120 mmHg)
Pressure exerted on the wall of vessels at the end of ventricular systole.
Diastolic Pressure- (80 mm Hg.)
Pressure exerted on arterial wall when the ventricles are maximally relaxed.

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Normal B.P. is 120/80
Pulse Pressure – Difference between systolic and diastolic pressures (40 mm Hg)
Dorsal aorta > Arteries > veins > capillaries

E.C.G (Electro Cardio Grapphy) / EKG(American)

Technique used for the detection of heart diseases and functioning.
Electri Cardio Gram: Graphical Record of difference in Electrical potential during cardiac
cycle.
Electro Cardio Graph:- Device used to record the EC Gram.
Father of E.C. graphy – Einthoven
E.C. Gram was first of all recorded by Waller
E.C.G is recorded in terms of PQRST.
P-wave – Represents atrial depolarization
T- wave – Represent ventricular repolarization
TP - interval: Resting time of heart.
QRS complex – Ventricular depolarization

Cardiac Cycle
Cycle of rhythmic contraction (Systole) and relaxation (Diastole)
Sequence of events that occur during each heart beat is called cardiac cycle.
Cardiac cycle time = 60/75 = 0.8 Sec
Atrial Systole = 0.1 Sec
Atrial Diastole = 0.7 Sec
Ventricular Systole = 0.3 Sec
Ventricular Diastole = 0.5 Sec
Joint Diastole = 0.4 Sec

ARTERIAL SYSTEM
Largest Artery – Dorsal Aorta In Rabbit – Iliac Artery
Smallest Artery – Phrenic Artery.
• Pulmonary Trunk divides into two Pulmonary Arteries (R and L) which carry
deoxygenated blood to respective lungs.
• Caroticosystemic Arch:-
Give rise to Right and Left Coronary arteries which carry blood to righ and
left part of heart.
Innominate (Brachiocephalic)

Vetebral artery
Right sub clavian Axillary Artery – Brachial Artery – Radial & Ulnare
Mammary Artery

R External carotid
Right common corotid
R Internal carotid

Left common carotid

L External carotid
L Internal carotid
Left Sub Clavian Artery
After giving rise to the above braches caroticosystemic arch change to form Dorsal
Aorta. It give rise to the following branches.

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 • Intercostal Arteries
• Oesophageal
• Pericardial
• Bronchial
• Phrenic
Abdominal Region
Left Gastric
Coeliac Hepatic
Splenic Artery

Superior / Mesenteric Colic

Duodenal
Intestinal

Right Renal Artery

Renal
Left Renal Artery

Testicular
Genital Artery
Ovarian
Posterior or Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Now dorsal Aorta Split to form
External Iliac → Popliteal → Tibiole Arteries
Right common Illiac Artery
Internal Iliac

Venous System
Largest Vein – Inferior Vena cava
Pulmonary Veins (2 Pairs)
Coronary Sinus
Precaval/Anterior or superior vena cava
In rabbit while single in man
It collects the blood from
Jugular - Head Region
Subclavian - Fore limbs
Azygous and Hemiazygous – Intercostal muscles and Dorsal body wall

Post Caval
It is formed by the union of two common Iliac veins
Collect the blood from Hydpogastric, Renal, Hepatic and Phrenic Veins etc

Portal Systems
System in which blood passes through some organ before returning to the heart
Portal Vein: -
• Vein which start from capillaries and also ends in capillaries
• Which collect the blood from an organ by a set of capillaries and distribute it
in another organ by another set of capillaries
Hepatic Portal System:
Found in all vertebrates

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Duodenal
Ant and Post mesenteric __________ Liver_____________ Hepatic vein ___________ Post
caval _______ Heart Lineogastric veins

Renal Portal System

Present Amphibians & Pisces
Reduced in Reptiles and Aves
Absent in mammals
Blood ___________ Renal portal vein _______ Kidneys ______ Renal Vein ________ Heart

Hypophyseal Portal System

Hypothalamus (Hypophyseal portal vein) Pituitary ________ Hypophyseal vein

_____________ Heart.

Lymphatic system
Also called as Secondary or Subsidiary circulatory system
Components:- Lymph, Lymph nodes, Lymph glands, Lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic
vessel & ducts etc
Lymph = Blood – R.B.Cs, platelets & some proteins
• Lymph is highly transluscent, alkaline fluid present between the blood
capillaries and the tissues
• Its amt is approximately 2 litre.
• Lymph have clotting properties.
• Lymph act as middle man between blood and tissues.
Lymph is blood like but differ with blood in
 Less leucocytes count
 In absence of R.B.Cs.
 Less Protein content.
 Less amount of Ca & P.
Formation :- Capillaries are very thin that’s why the some fluid oozes out in intercellular
spaces by ultrfiltration. Some W.B.Cs are also squeezed by diapedesis. This fluid when
absorbed in lymph capillaries is called lymph.
Lymph Nodes:-
Small oval or bean like bodies present over the lymphatic vessels which are abundant
in neck, chest groin, arm pit and sub maxillary area.
• Lymph nodes produces Lymphoytes and Antiobodies. Which destroy the
foreign particles through phagocytosis.
• Lymph nodes can detect and destroy the cancerous cells.
Eg. Adenoids, Tonsils, Payer’s Patches.
Lymph Glands: Spleen and Thymus.
Spleen
Largest Lymph Gland
Graveyard of R.B.Cs.
It act as reservoir (Blood bank) for blood
It is found in abdominal cavity just behind the stomach near the tail of Pancreas.
• Red & white pulps are found in spleen
• Cord of Billorths are found in spleen.

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 • It act as Haemopoetic organ in Embryo
• It also act as filter organ for Blood
• It produces Lymph & Lymphocytes.
Lymphatic Capillaries:- These are blind capillaries found in close association with blood
capillaries.
Lymphatic Vessels:- Formed by the union of Lymphatic capillaries
Many valves are found in it.
Lymphatic Duct: Different vessels unite to form two Lymphatic Duct.
1. Thoracic duct
2. Right Lymphatic duct
Right Lymphatic duct:- Collect the Lymph from right side of head, arm, neck, thorax and
pour it into the right sub clavian vein
Thoracic duct:- It collect the lymph from rest part of body & pour it into the left sub clavian
vein.
Cisternae Chyli or Receptaculum chyli:- A sac like structure which collect the lymph from
lacteals

Functions of lymphatic system:

• It drains excess tissue fluid from the extracellular spaces back into the blood.
• Takes lymphocytes & antibodies to the blood.
• It also destroy the invading microorganism in lymph nodes.

Cardiao vascular Diseases

(Disease of Heart and blood)
Heart Failur:- S.A. Node fails to initiate the heart beat.
Heart Block:- A.V. Node is Damaged and can not conduct the impulse to the ventricles
Heart Attack or Coronary Attack or Mycoardial Infraction: - Cardiac muscles dies due
to the coronary thrombosis which interrupt the blood supply to the heart wall
* Nitroglycerin, Amyl nitrate or enzymes Streptokinase, Enterokinase. TPA(Tissue
Plasminogen Activator) etc dissolves blood clot hence used for the treatment.
Angina Pectoris:- Server pain in chest region due to the arteriosclerosis of coronary
artery.
Atherosclerosis:- Narrowing of lumen of artery because of deposition of fats.
Rheumatic Heart Disease:- Valves of heart becomes weak due to the frequent infection of
rheumatic fever in children.
But now it is thaught to be caused by a virus Cowsackie B –1
Blue Baby:- Baby with the defect in Atrial or Ventricular septum.
Cardiac Arrest:- Cessation of heart beat
Cirulatory Arrest:- blood flow in the body
Aneurysm:- Some segment of blood vessel dilate and bursts.
Haemengioma: Congenital red mark due to malformation of blood vessels.
Haemotomesis:- Presence of bloodin vomiting

• First open heart surgery of India was done by Dr Gopinath Betts.

• First open Heart surgery was done by Lillethal (1953).
• First Heart transplant was done by Dr Christian Bernard (1967).
• First Heart transplant of India was done by Dr. P. Venugopalan of AIIMS.
• First Coronary Artery Bypass was done by Vineburg.
• First Coronary angioplasty was done by Gruntzig. (1976)

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 • First Robot Assisted Heart surgery in India w as done by Dr Trehan of Escorts
heart research instt.
• Artificial pace maker was first developed by Chardac & Greatbach.
• Indigenous Pace Maker – LAYA.
• First Pace Maker Bank of India is located in – Calcutta
• Angiography: Autoradiography of blood vessels after injection of certain
tracers
• Angioplasty: Removal of blockage of an artery by ballon surgery.
• Retia mirabilis:- Those arteries or veins which divides into capillaries and
reunite to form arteries or veins.
• Vasa vasorum:- Smaller blood vessels which supply the blood in the wall of
Larger blood vessels.
• Arterioslerosis :- Thickening of the wall of arteries.
• Moderator Band:- A band of muscles extending between the interventricular
septum and right ventricular wall.
• Cardiac index = Cardiac output/Square meter of surface area of body.
• Franklin Starling Law of Heart: Within certain physiological limit heart
pumps all the blood that comes to it.

Artifical Valves
(i) Mechanical Valves: Made up of metal alloys, plastics and Ceramics.
(ii) Tissue Valves: Formed from the pericardium of some animals like pigs etc.

Vascular Graft
Can be made by Rubber, plastic, silver, glass, steel etc
But the valves of Teflon & Decron are more durable.

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