1) The velocity distribution for the flow of an incompressible fluid is given by u = 3-x, v =

4+2y, w = 2-z. Show that this satisfies the requirements of the continuity equation.

SOLUTION: For three-dimensional flow of an incompressible fluid, the continuity

equation simplifies to ,

2) Consider steady flow of water through an axisymmetric garden hose nozzle. Along the
centerline of the nozzle, the water speed increases from uentrance to uexit as sketched.
Measurements reveal that the centerline water speed increases parabolically through the
nozzle. Write an equation for centerline speed u(x), based on the parameters given here,
from x = 0 to x = L.

Solution We are to write an equation for

centerline speed through a nozzle, given that the
flow speed increases parabolically.

Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is axisymmetric. 3 The water is

incompressible.

Analysis A general equation for a parabola in the x direction is

General parabolic equation: u = a + b ( x − c)2 (1)

We have two boundary conditions, namely at x = 0, u = uentrance and at x = L, u = uexit. By

inspection, Eq. 1 is satisfied by setting c = 0, a = uentrance and b = (uexit - uentrance)/L2. Thus, Eq.
1 becomes

Parabolic speed:
3) Consider the following steady, two-dimensional velocity field as below. Is there a
stagnation point in this flow field? If so, where is it?

Solution For a given velocity field we are to find out if there is a stagnation point. If so,
we are to calculate its location.

Assumptions.1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane.

Analysis The velocity field is (1)

At a stagnation point, both u and v must equal zero. At any point (x,y) in the flow field, the
velocity components u and v are obtained from above equation,

If the flow were three-dimensional, we would have to set w = 0 as well to determine the
location of the stagnation point. In some flow fields there is more than one stagnation
point.

4) Consider steady, incompressible, two-dimensional flow through a converging duct (as

shown in figure). A simple approximate velocity field for this flow is as given below. In
velocity field U0 is the horizontal speed at x = 0. Note
that this equation ignores viscous effects along the
walls but is a reasonable approximation throughout
the majority of the flow field. Calculate the material
acceleration for fluid particles passing through this
duct. Give your answer in two ways:(1) as acceleration
components ax and ay and (2) as acceleration vector 𝒂 ⃗

Solution We are to calculate the material acceleration for a given velocity field.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is incompressible. 3 The flow is two-
dimensional in the x-y plane.
Analysis The velocity field is

For positive x and b, fluid particles accelerate in the positive x direction. Even though this
flow is steady, there is still a non-zero acceleration field.

5) A steady, incompressible, two-dimensional velocity field is given by the following

components in the xy plane:

Calculate the acceleration field (find expressions for acceleration components ax and ay)
and calculate the acceleration at the point (x, y) = (1, 2).
6) Converging duct flow (As shown in figure) is modeled
by the steady, two-dimensional velocity field as given
below. Generate an analytical expression for the flow
streamlines.

Solution For a given velocity field we are to generate an equation for the streamlines.

Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane.
7) A general equation for a steady, two-dimensional velocity field that is linear in both
spatial directions (x and y) is

where U and V and the coefficients are constants. Their dimensions are assumed to be
appropriately defined. Calculate the x- and y-components of the acceleration field.
8) A cylindrical tank of water rotates in solid-body rotation, counterclockwise about its
vertical axis at angular speed n = 360 rpm. Calculate the vorticity of fluid particles in the
tank.

9) Consider the following steady, three-dimensional velocity field: Calculate the vorticity
vector as a function of space (x, y, z).

10) Consider the general form of the Reynolds transport theorem (RTT) given by
where ⃗𝑽r is the velocity of the fluid relative to the control surface. Let Bsys be the mass m
of a system of fluid particles. We know that for a system, dm/dt = 0 since no mass can
enter or leave the system by definition. Use the given equation to derive the equation of
conservation of mass for a control volume.

11) Consider the general form of the Reynolds transport theorem (RTT). Let Bsys be the
⃗ of a system of fluid particles. We know thatfor a system, Newton’s
linear momentum m𝑽
second law is

Use the RTT Equation and this equation to derive the equation of conservation of linear
momentum for a control volume.
 12) Consider steady flow of air through the diffuser portion of a wind tunnel. Along the
centerline of the diffuser, the air speed decreases from uentrance to uexit as sketched.
Measurements reveal that the centerline air speed decreases parabolically through the
diffuser. Write an equation for centerline speed u(x), based on the parameters given here,
from x = 0 to x = L.

Solution We are to write an equation for centerline speed through a diffuser, given that the
flow speed decreases parabolically.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is axisymmetric.
Analysis A general equation for a parabola in x is
General parabolic equation:
(1)

We have two boundary conditions, namely at x = 0, u = uentrance and at x = L, u = uexit. By

inspection, Eq. 1 is satisfied by setting c = 0, a = uentrance and b = (uexit - uentrance)/L2. Thus, Eq.
1 becomes

13) For the velocity field of above problem 12, calculate the fluid acceleration along the
diffuser centerline as a function of x and the given parameters. For L = 2.0 m, uentrance = 30.0
m/s,and uexit = 5.0 m/s, calculate the acceleration at x = 0 and x = 1.0 m.

Solution We are to generate an expression for the fluid acceleration for a given velocity,
and then calculate its value at two x locations.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is axisymmetric.
Analysis In the previous problem, we found that along the centerline,
Discussion: ax is negative implying that fluid particles are decelerated along the centerline of
the diffuser, even though the flow is steady. Because of the parabolic nature of the velocity
field, the acceleration is zero at the entrance of the diffuser, but its magnitude increases
rapidly downstream.
14) Given the eulerian velocity vector field as below. find the total acceleration of a
particle.

Solution:

15) Determine the family of  functions that will yield the velocity field
  
V  ( x 2  y 2 )  i  2 xy  j .

Solution
  
Velocity field: V  ( x2  y 2 )  i  2 xy  j  u  x 2  y 2 & v  2 xy
Assumptions
 Steady state condition
 Incompressible fluid flow
 2 - D problem
  & 
Stream function (incompressible fluid flow version) definition: u v
y x
With the definition of stream function and the given velocity components:


u  x 2  y 2 … (1)
y


v  2 xy … (2)
x

1 3
(1)   ( x 2  y 2 )  y      ( x  y 2 )  y    x 2 y  y  f ( x) ,
2

where f(x) is any function of x including constants.

  df ( x)
Using this  obtained, take that will be  2 xy  0  … (3)
x x dx

df ( x)
Comparing (2) with (3),  0 , that represents f(x) = constant.
dx

1 3
Finally,   x y  y  const.
2

The stream function, , exists; therefore, the velocity field satisfies the continuity equation,
u v
  0 , and also it can be said that it is a valid velocity field.
x y

16) An incompressible velocity field is given by

u=a(x2 - y2) , v = unknown , w = b

where a and b are constants. What must the form of the velocity component v be?

Solution

Applying continuity equation

This is the only possible form for v that satisfies the incompressible continuity equation. The
function of integration f is entirely arbitrary since it vanishes when v is differentiated with
respect to y.

17)