CHAPTER IV

PROCEDURE AND RESULT

4.1 Preliminary Design

4.1.1 Cable Configuration

Cross direction cable configuration is Two Vertical Planes

System, while the longitudinal direction of the bridge is Fan System.

1. Bridge Span

Figure 4.1 Main span ratio to side span

L = l + 0.4.l
Where :
L = Length of bridge
140 = 1,4.l
l = 100 meters

So obtained span for this bridge as follows:

Main span(l) = 100 meters
Side span (0,4.l) = 40 meters
 The bridge is planned to consist of 1 main span, 1 span and 1
pylon as shown in Figure 4.1.
2. Cable Distance on the bridge
a. Cable Distance on the girder
 If in the form of steel girder then the distance: 15 m - 25
m (Walther, 1988).
 If in the form of concrete girder then the distance: 5 m
- 10 m (Walther, 1988).
The girder on this bridge is in the form of concrete,
hence the planned distance of the cable on the girder is 10
meters.
b. Cable distance on the pylon
For the longitudinal cable direction of the fan system,
the wiring on the pylon is easier because there is sufficient
space for pemangkeran with a distance of 1.5 m - 2.5 m
(Parke and Huson, 2008).
The distance of the cable on the pylon is 1.5 meters.

4.1.2 Pylon Configuration

1. Pylon Height
As an initial reference the determination of pylon height
is used the following formula:
𝐿
≤ 𝐻 (Pusjatan 2011)
3

Where:
L = Length of bridge
H = Pylon Height

34
 Solution:
100
≤𝐻
3
33.3 ≤ 𝐻
The initial height of Pylon is 40 meters.
2. Pylon Dimension
Table 4.1 is use for determine the pylon initial dimension.
Table 4.1 Pylon's initial dimensions

Shaped Section

Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom

The planned Pylon configuration for this bridge is A-

Shaped. So the initial dimensions for Pylon are obtained as
follows:
1. The Top
Longitudinal = H/18 = 40/18 = 2.2 meters
Transversal = H/23 = 40/23 = 1.7 meters
2. The Bottom
Longitudinal = H/18 = 40/18 = 2.2 meters
Transversal = H/20 = 40/20 = 2.0 meters

35
4.1.3 Initial Dimension of Girder

1. Girder
Experience in the design of cable stayed bridges
(Troitsky, 1977) indicates that the height of the girder can be
used between 1/15 - 1/18 panel length or 1/100 - 1/200 in length
of the main span. Or L / 100 - L / 40.
140 140
≤ ℎ𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 ≤
100 40

1.4 ≤ ℎ𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 ≤ 3.5

Longitudinal girder height is 1.6 meters.

2. Cross Girder
For the initial planning of the transverse girder, the
dimensions are smaller than the longitudinal girder.
Height of Tranversal Girder (h) = 0.9 meters.

PC I girder is used for longitudinal and transverse girder

with initial dimension can be seen in Figure 4.2, where the size
is obtained from wika concrete table.

36
 Figure 4.2 wika PC-I Girder concrete Table

4.1.4 Anchor and cable initial dimensions

There is two types of parallel cable VSL 7 wire strand commonly

used for cable bridge construction as shown in Table 4.2 :
Table 4.2 Types of cables and anchors
ASTM A 416 -74 Euronorme 138-
Standard
grade 270 79

Ø (mm) 15,2 15,7

As (mm²) 140 150

fu (fijin = 0,8 fu) (Mpa) 1860 (1488) 1770 (1416)

Ukuran angkur 7, 12, 19, 31, 37, 61 dan 91 strand

Source : Gimsing (2012), Cable Supported Bridges:Concept and Design

Types of cables uses are ASTM A 416-74 grade 270 which has
a diameter of 15.2 mm and an area of 140 mm2. For tensile strenght :
σultimate= 1860 Mpa
σpermit = 0,45 x σultimate = 0,45 x 1860 Mpa = 837 Mpa

37
 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 11 12 13 14

Figure 4.3 Angles formed from Cables

Figure 4.3 shows the angles from cable and deck. The
calculation of the cross section and the number of strands are used as
follows (Gimsing, 1983) :

(𝑤𝑙 + 𝑃)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐴𝑠𝑐 =
(0.85𝑓𝑢)𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃/2 − 𝛾𝑎

Where :

Asc = Cable cross section area

W = Dead load and live uniform load
P = Joint load
L = The distance between the cables on the girder
Θ = The angle of the cable against the horizontal
γ = Spesific Gravity of cable = 77.01 kN/m3
fu = 1860 Mpa
a = Pylon horizontal distance to the cable on the girder
The calculation of cross section and the number of strand as
follows for cable u1, for the next cable is done calculation using table as
shown in Table 4.3 :

38
Cable u1:
a1 = 10 m ; θ = 69o ; (wl+p) = 1175 kN
(1175) cos 69
𝐴𝑠𝑐1 =
(0.85𝑥1860) sin(2𝑥69) /2 − 77.01𝑥10
Asc1 = 847.14 mm2
Cable type 1 1 (D = 15.2 mm; As = 140 mm2)
𝐴𝑠𝑐1 847.14
Total of cable (n) = = = 6.05 = 7 strands
𝐴𝑠 140

Asc = nxAs = 7 x 140 = 980 mm2

Table 4.3 Calculation the number of strand cables

θ ai w asc0 n n asc
No
(o) (m) (kN) (mm2) (Kabel) (Kabel) (mm2)
u1 69 10 1175 847.1406652 6.051005 7 980
u2 54 20 1368.963 1139.665572 8.140468 9 1260
u3 45 30 1612.072 1536.905446 10.9779 11 1540
u4 38 40 1960.439 2149.144197 15.35103 16 2240
u5 33 50 2424.486 3008.675284 21.49054 22 3080
u6 30 60 2660.686 3602.022016 25.72873 26 3640
u7 27 70 2904.277 4338.058085 30.98613 31 4340
u8 25 80 2944.078 4732.800315 33.80572 34 4760
u9 23 90 3345.272 5829.23344 41.63738 42 5880
u10 22 100 4127.328 7516.411513 53.68865 54 7560
s1 74 10 1205.907 844.7311197 6.033794 7 980
s2 62 20 1229.658 938.2799551 6.702 7 980
s3 52 30 1469.424 1257.199432 8.979996 9 1260
s4 45 40 1740.897 1661.448681 11.86749 12 1680

In the implementation, cable will be deflected due to its own

weight. But in the analysis can be used a straight cable with a correction
on the value of elastic modulus, as follows:

𝐸
𝐸𝑒𝑞 = (𝛾.𝑙)2
1+ 𝐸
12.𝜎 3

39
Cable u1:

E = 200000 ; γ = 77.01 kN/m3 l = √102 + 2.52 + 26.52 = 28.43

σ = 1488 Mpa
200000
𝐸𝑒𝑞 = (γl)2
1+ 𝐸
12σ3

200000
𝐸𝑒𝑞 = (77.01x28.43)2
= 199995.1
1+ 200000
12x14883

Table 4.4 Correction calculation Equivalent elastic modulus.

1+(ϒ.l) 2. E
No ai ci l Eeq
12σ3
u1 10 26.5 28.43 1.0000 199995.1
u2 20 28 34.50 1.0000 199992.9
u3 30 29.5 42.15 1.0001 199989.3
u4 40 31 50.67 1.0001 199984.6
u5 50 32.5 59.69 1.0001 199978.6
u6 60 34 69.01 1.0001 199971.4
u7 70 35.5 78.53 1.0002 199963
u8 80 37 88.18 1.0002 199953.4
u9 90 38.5 97.92 1.0003 199942.5
u10 100 40 107.73 1.0003 199930.4
s1 10 35.5 36.97 1.0000 199991.8
s2 20 37 42.13 1.0001 199989.3
s3 30 38.5 48.87 1.0001 199985.7
s4 40 40 56.62 1.0001 199980.8
From Table 4.4 it can be observed that the modulus of elasticity
correction that occurs is very small (less than 0.5%) so it can be ignored.
This means the cable deflection caused by its own weight is so small that
it can be regarded as a straight cable.

40
4.2 Load Analysis
4.2.1 Dead Load
The bridge dead load consists of the weight of each section of the
structure and non-structural elements. Each weight of this element should
be regarded as an integrated action at the time of applying the ordinary
and reduced load factor. The bridge planner should use his wisdom in
determining those elements.
1. Longitudinal, tranversal cable and wires
Weight of longitudinal, transverse and cable girder has
been directly calculated by SAP2000 software by entering data from
preliminary design to modeling.
2. Deck
The weight of the deck is distributed to the transverse
girder with a tributary of 2.5m. So that we get the load evenly on the
transverse girders as follows:
γconcrete = 24 kN/m3
thickness = 0.3 m
area = Tributary x thickness = 0.750 m2
qdeck = 0.750 x 24 = 18 kN/m
4.2.2 Super Impose Dead Load
An additional dead load is the weight of all materials that form
all load on the bridge which is a non-structural element, and the weight
may change over the life of the bridge.
The additional dead load on the fence and asphalt on the Gunung
Nago bridge is distributes on Longitudinal girder.
Asphalt load = 8 m x 0.1 m x 22.4 kN/m3

41
 = 17.92 kN/m

Railing Load = 2 x 0.3 m x 24 kN/ m3

= 14.40 kN/m

qSDL = asphalt + railing

= 17.92 + 14.40
= 32.32 kN/m For the entire bridge
= 16.16 kN/m For elongated girder

4.2.3 Live Load

Traffic loads for bridge design consist of "D" line load and truck
load "T". D lane loads work across the width of the vehicle lane and have
an effect on the bridge equivalent to an actual motorcade of vehicles.
The "T" Truck Load is a heavy vehicle with 3 aces placed in
multiple positions in the planned traffic lane. Each axle consists of two
pieces of load contact intended to simulate a heavy wheel drive.
1. UDL Load

L1 = 100 m L2 = 40 m
a. L1
15
𝑞 = 9 (0.5 + ) = 5.85 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
100
UDL for 100 m span is 5.85 kN / m2 x width of tributary (4.5
m).
UDL100 = 26.33 kN/m on longitudinal girder.

42
 b. L2
15
𝑞 = 9 (0.5 + ) = 7.88 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
40

UDL for 40 m span is 7.88 kN / m2 x width of tributary (4.5 m).

UDL40 = 35.44 kN/m on longitudinal girder.

2. KEL
The bridge line load on the bridge is set at 49 kN / m placed
perpendicular to the direction of traffic, and at an arbitrary
position along the bridge that gives maximum impact.
KEL = 68.6 x Tributary (4.5 m)
KEL = 308 kN

3. “T” Load
The "T" load is a centralized load for the floor of the vehicle
used for calculating the floor strength of the vehicle or bridge
floor system. Only one truck is applied per lane traffic plan (SNI
- 02 - 2005) as shown in Figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4 Truck Load

43
 Dynamic factor = 30%
Load Factor : service = 1
Ultimit = 1.8
Truck 1 side load = 112.5 kN
Truck Load = (1+0.3) x 112.5 kN
= 146.25 kN
4. Brake Load
Brake loads are taken 5% of the UDL load in the
longitudinal direction, as high as 1.8 m above the road surface.
qbrake100 = 0.05 x 100 x UDL100
= 131.63 kN
qbrake40 = 0.05 x 40 x UDL40
= 70.88 kN
4.2.4 Earthquake Load
The analysis of earthquake load is using Response spectrum. The
seismic and spectrum response data were obtained by entering the name
of the region / coordinates in the wbsite of Pusat Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Jalan dan Jembatan. The earthquake area used is Padang
area with medium soil condition can be seen in Figure 4.5.

44
 Figure 4.5 Response Spectrum Padang
4.2.5 Load Combination
For load combinations are refer to SNI 1725: 2016 the
combination can be seen in Table 4.5 :
Table 4.5 Load Combination for bridge
MS MA TD TB Eqx Eqy
Service 1 1 1 1 1
Service 2 1 1 1.3 1.3
Service 3 1 1 0.8 0.8
Service 4 1 1 0 0
Strenght 1 1.2 2 1.8 1.8
Strenght 2 1.2 2 1.4 1.4
Strenght 3 1.2 2
Strenght 4 1.2 2
Stenght 5 1.2 2
Extreme 1 1.2 2 0.3 0.3 1 0
Extreme 2 1.2 2 0.5 0.5
Fatigue 0 0 0.75 0.75

Where :
MS = Dead Load
MA = Superimpose Dead Load
TD = Live Load
TB = Brake Load

45
Eqx = Earthquake load direction X
Eqy = Earthquake load direction Y

4.3 Modelling
Modeling the structure of Cable stayed bridge in Gunung Nago
is using SAP2000 software. The bridge components modeled on
SAP2000 include elongated girder, transverse girder, pylon and cable in
accordance with the data on preliminary design.The result of modelling
can be seen in Figure 4.6-4.7.

Figure 4.6 Modeling of bridge structure Cable stayed (1)

Figure 4.7 Modeling of bridge structure Cable stayed (2)

46
 After the structural modeling has been completed, the load that
has been analyzed is entered into the model. Dead load (own weight and
additional dead load), live load (traffic load), and earthquake load. Further
analysis is done to get the value of inner force that will be used for
structural strength planning.

4.4 Structure Analysis

Analysis of the bridge structure is done after all loads are

inserted. Structural analysis results obtained From SAP200 software as
shown in Figure 4.8-4.10 :

Figure 4.8 Axial Force Diagram from SAP2000

Figure 4.9 Shear Diagram From SAP2000

47
 Figure 4.10 Momen Diagram from SAP2000

4.4.1 Structure Forces

4.4.1.1 Girder
The inner forces acting on the longitudinal girders are axial forces,
shear forces, and moments, an inner force recap that works on elongated
girder is can be seen in Table 4.6:
Table 4.6 Recap Forces in Longitudinal girder

P V2 V3 T M2 M3
KN KN KN KN-m KN-m KN-m
1181.027 1199.579 64.694 89.96 228.4678 4140.959
-1028.54 -1199.58 -68.353 -89.96 -228.468 -3350.01

4.4.1.2 Cross Girder

The inner forces acting on the Tranverse girders are axial forces,
shear forces, and moments, an inner force recap that works on tranverse
girder show in Table 4.7:
Table 4.7 Recap Forces in Tranversal girder

P V2 V3 T M2 M3
KN KN KN KN-m KN-m KN-m
6.908 502.762 12.447 3.7152 95.0036 1041.256
-171.109 -502.762 -21.112 -3.4062 -95.0036 -754.144

48
4.4.1.3 Cable
Table 4.8 shows the inner force that works on the cable is just the
axial , because the cable can only work when in tensile state:
Table 4.8 Recap Force in cable

P V2 V3 T M2 M3
KN KN KN KN-m KN-m KN-m
2454.29 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0

4.4.1.4 Pylon
The inner forces acting on the pylon are the moments, axials and
shears, since the bridge is not symmetrical causing the pylon to has a large
moment on the upper pylon as shown in Table 4.9:
Table 4.9 Recap forces in pylon

P V2 V3 T M2 M3
KN KN KN KN-m KN-m KN-m
1373.285 2082.217 796.716 781.8808 13020.82 14470.67
-35420.4 -2192.67 -796.716 -781.881 -13020.8 -4981.27

4.4.1.5 Joint Reaction

Table 4.10 shows the joint reaction on this bridge is used as a
burden on the foundation and abutment planning. The inner force used is
F3 direction :
Table 4.10 Recap forces in joint reaction

F1 F2 F3 M1 M2 M3
KN KN KN KN-m KN-m KN-m
796.716 8296.948 31504.06 1568.199 12760.68 2705.111
-954.777 -8296.95 -840.869 -1568.2 -4449.74 -2705.11

49
4.5 Superstructures Design

4.5.1 Girder Design

Specification :
The width of the bridge = 9 meter
The length of the bridge = 140 meter
The distance between the girder = 9 meter
Quality of prestressed concrete = K-600 ; 60 Mpa
Specific gravity of reinforced concrete = 25 kN/m3

4.5.1.1 Sectional Analysis

Figure 4.11 show the cross section and Analysis before composite in
Table 4.11-4.12:

Figure 4.11 Section of Girder

Tabel 4.11 Girder cross-section characteristics

Bagian Ac (m2) Y (m) Ac.Y (m2)

I 0.06875 1.5375 0.105703125
II 0.225 0.85 0.19125
III 0.14625 0.1125 0.016453125
IV 0.0069 1.45 0.010005
V 0.0069 1.45 0.010005
VI 0.01175 0.2583 0.003035025
VII 0.01175 0.2583 0.003035025
Total 0.4773 0.3394863

50
Centre Gravity point :
𝑌𝑏 = 71.1264 𝑐𝑚
𝑌𝑎 = 88.8736 𝑐𝑚
Table 4.12 The moment of inertia of the girder

B (cm) H (cm) Y (cm) Ac (cm2) IX (cm4)

55 12.5 82.6236 687.5 4702280.247
18 125 13.8736 2250 3362760.342
65 22.5 -59.8764 1462.5 5305029.497
18.5 7.5 73.8736 69.375 378817.6087
18.5 7.5 73.8736 69.375 378817.6087
23.5 10 -45.2964 117.5 241735.0144
23.5 10 -45.2964 117.5 241735.0144
4773.75 14611175.33
𝐼𝑥
𝑆𝑎 = = 164403.9972 𝑐𝑚3
𝑌𝑎
𝐼𝑥
𝑆𝑏 = = 205425.491 𝑐𝑚3
𝑌𝑏
Determination of the core of the prestress limit:
𝐼𝑥
𝐾𝑎 = = 43.03 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑥𝑌𝑏
𝐼𝑥
𝐾𝑏 = = 34.44 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑥𝑌𝑎
Figure 4.12 show the cross section and analysis after composite in Table
4.13-4.14.

Figure 4.12 Cross girder after composite

51
Central gravity concrete (cgc) :
Table 4.13 Characteristics of longitudinal girder after the composite
Bagian Ac (m2) Y (m) Ac.Y (m2)
I 0.06875 1.5375 0.105703125
II 0.225 0.85 0.19125
III 0.14625 0.1125 0.016453125
IV 0.0069 1.45 0.010005
V 0.0069 1.45 0.010005
VI 0.01175 0.2583 0.003035025
VII 0.01175 0.2583 0.003035025
Pelat 1.145644 1.75 2.004876867
Total 1.622944 2.344363167

Centre gravity Point of the composite beam:

𝑌𝑏′ = 1.44 𝑚
𝑌𝑎′ = ℎ − 𝑌𝑏 = 1.9 − 1.44 = 0.46 𝑚
Moments of composite beam inertia:
Ix’ = Ix + Iplat + Aplat (yplat - yb)214611175.33
= 26161840.22 cm4
The opposite moment of the composite top:
𝐼𝑥′
𝑆𝑎′ = = 574370.3995 𝑐𝑚3
𝑌𝑎′
𝐼𝑥′
𝑆𝑏′ = = 181111.87 𝑐𝑚3
𝑌𝑏′
Determination of the core of the prestress limit:
𝐼𝑥 ′
𝐾𝑎′ = = 11.16 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑥𝑌𝑏 ′
𝐼𝑥′
𝐾𝑏′ = = 35.40 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑥𝑌𝑎′
Comparison of modulus beam cross section with composite:
𝑆𝑎
𝑚𝑎 = = 0.286
𝑆𝑎′

52
 𝑆𝑏
𝑚𝑏 = = 1.13
𝑆𝑏′
Table 4.14 Girder analysis Result
Uraian A (cm2) Ya (cm) Yb (cm) Ix (cm4) Sa (cm3) Sb (cm3)
Balok Precast 4773.75 88.87360151 71.1264 14611175 164404 205425.491

Balok
16229.44 45.54872647 144.4513 26161840 574370.4 181111.8696
Komposit

4.5.1.2. Allowable Stress

Design based on service limit structure is considered to behave
linear elastic. The permissible strength of the plan should be determined
on the basis of the requirements appropriate for the structure under
review. Thus the PBL planning is done to anticipate the boundary
conditions consisting of Stress, permanent Deformation, Vibration,
Corrosion and flood hazard.
Characteristics of cross-section before composite:
Ag = 0.477 m2 Ixg = 0.146 m4
Yb = 0.711 m Ya = 0.888 m
Characteristics of cross-section after composite:
Ac = 1.623 m2 Ixc = 0.261 m4
Ybc = 1.445 m Yac = 0.455 m
Kb = 34.43 cm
a. Tendon size
Table 4.15 shows the strand properties of cable or tendon.
Table 4.15 Strand Properties
TYPE D (mm) A(cm²) Fu(N/mm²) Es (N/mm²)

7 wire 12,7 0,9871 1860 200000

53
Area of section (Aps) = Ast x total strands
= 4738 mm2
Ultimate stress (fu) = 1860 Mpa
Fpi = 0.7 x fu x Aps
= 6168 kN
Fpe = 0.6 x fu x Aps
= 5287 kN
b. Stress control
 Allowable stress under services condition
Allowable stress σcs = 0.45fc’
(For all load combinations)
 Allowable stress under temporary load conditions or prestressed
force transfer conditions.
Allowable stress concrete σci = 0.6fci’
 Tensile permits on service conditions.
Concrete without reinforcement σts = 0.15 fc’^0.5
Full prestressed concrete σts = 0.5 fc’^0.5
 Tensile permit at prestressed force transfer condition.
On restraint σti = 0.25 fci’^0.5
Besides restraint σti = 0.5 fc’^0.5

4.5.1.3. Calculation of Tendon Safe Area

Limit kern is the area along the beam where the axial force of the
press will not cause a stress exceeding the allowable stress (either tensile
or tap).
Estimated prestressing force (F)

54
 𝑀𝑇
𝐹=
0.65𝑥ℎ
The average Force loss for the post tensioning system is 20% (Fo).
𝐹
𝐹𝑜 =
0.8
Limit kern
𝜎𝑐 𝑖𝑗𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑘𝑡1 = 𝑘𝑏 ( + 1)
𝜎𝑔
𝜎𝑐 𝑖𝑗𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑘𝑡2 = 𝑘𝑡 ( + 1)
𝜎𝑔′
The kt 'value is taken at a maximum
𝜎𝑡 𝑖𝑗𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑘𝑏1 = 𝑘𝑏 ( + 1)
𝜎𝑔
𝜎𝑡 𝑖𝑗𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑘𝑏2 = 𝑘𝑡 ( + 1)
𝜎𝑔′
The kb' value is taken at a minimum
Cable Safe Area
The safe area of the cable is the area along the beam where the
cable placed in the area will not cause a stress exceeding the permit stress
can be seen in Figure 4.13.
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑒𝑜𝑎 = 𝑘𝑡 ′ +
𝐹
𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑒𝑜𝑏 = 𝑘𝑏 ′ +
𝐹𝑜

Figure 4.13 Relation of kern limit with cable safe area

55
Displacement
Table 4.16 BMS deflection restrictions
Element Reviewed Max Deflection from Vehicle
Deflection Deflection Load and Pedestrian
Vehicle Load
Simple Beam Instant L/800 L/1000
Deflection
Cantilever L/400 L/375

In design, the magnitude of the upward and downward deflections

should be checked and restricted so as not to exceed the permissible
deflection limits as shown in Table 4.16. Especially for the reference
bridge regarding the deflection limit can be seen in Table 4.17.
Tabel 4.17 Displacement on the girder
U1 U2 U3 R1 R2 R3
m m m Radians Radians Radians
0.000993 0.000042 0 0.001796 0.003855 4.365E-08
-0.000075 -0.000042 -0.081429 -0.001796 -0.00483 -4.365E-08

Allowable deflection = L/800

= 140/800 = 0.175 m
4.5.1.4. Checking strength

A. The nominal moment of bending (Mn)

Properties:
Dps = 1750 mm Ds = 1850 mm
Bw = 180 mm Bf = 3500 mm
Fpu = 1860 Mpa Fpy = 1674 Mpa
Fy = 390 Mpa Aps = 4737.6 mm2
As = 530.929 mm2

56
 Figure 4.14 Strain, tension and flanged sectional forces
Figure 4.14 show the internal forces in beam cross section.
Equation of horizontal force equilibrium:
𝐴𝑝𝑠𝑥𝑓𝑝𝑢 + 𝐴𝑠𝑥𝑓𝑦
𝑐= 𝑓𝑝𝑢
0.85𝑥𝛽1𝑥𝑓𝑐𝑥𝑏𝑓 + 𝑘𝑥𝐴𝑝𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑝𝑠
𝑐
𝑓𝑝𝑠 = 𝑓𝑝𝑢 (1 − 𝑘 )
𝑑𝑝𝑠
𝐴𝑝𝑠 × 𝑓𝑝𝑠 × 𝑑𝑝𝑠 + 𝐴𝑠 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝑑𝑠
𝑑=
𝐴𝑝𝑠 × 𝑓𝑝𝑠 + 𝐴𝑠 × 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
= 0.043 < 0.42 … . 𝑀𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑑
a = β1 x c
𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = (𝐴𝑝𝑠 × 𝑓𝑝𝑠 (𝑑𝑝𝑠 − ) + 𝐴𝑠 × 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑𝑠 − ) + 0.85 × 𝑓𝑐(𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤)
2 2
𝑎 ℎ𝑓
𝛽1 × ℎ𝑓 ( − ))𝑥10−6
2 2

φMn = 0.8 x 13501.61

= 10801.29 kNm
Flexible bending capacity of the cross section
φMn > Mu
10801.29 > 4140.9 ……….. OK

57
Check Strength after cracking
Tensile stress after cracking (fr)
𝑓𝑟 = 0.6√𝑓𝑐
The cracked moment of the cross section is:
𝐼𝑥𝑐
𝑀𝑐 = (𝑓𝑟 − 𝑓𝑎𝑘𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙)
𝑌𝑏𝑐
The moment to crack the cross section is:
Mr = Mc+ Mu
= 2026.4 + 4140.9
= 6167.3 kNm
Control the cross-sectional capacity after cracking:
Mn > Mr
10801.29 > 6167.3 …………. OK

Bending reinforcement
Planned main reinforcement with 22 mm diameter.
An = ¼ .22/7.222 B = 1000 mm
Fy = 320 Mpa Mtu = per 5 m = 37304687.5 Nmm
H = 1600 mm Du = 1545 mm
𝑀𝑡𝑢 𝑓𝑦
2
= 0.8𝜌. 𝑓𝑦. (1 − 0.0588. 𝜌. )
𝑏. 𝐷𝑢 𝑓𝑐
0.016 = 256𝜌 − 80.2816𝜌2
Using the abc formula in obtaining ρ = 0.000049
ρmin = 1.4/fy = 0.0043
ρ < ρmin so that ρmin is used.
As = ρmin x b x du

58
 = 0.0043 x 1000 x 1545
= 6757 mm2
𝐴𝑠 6757
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = = 17.776
𝐴𝑛 380.133
Then the number of reinforcement is 20 pieces.

B. Checks Shear Capacity

The working shear is obtained from the software SAP2000
VDL = 409.61 kN VSDL = 171.735 kN
VLL = 223.494 kN Vu = 1278.71 kN

The value of vn is the contribution of the concrete shear strength and the
shear strength of the reinforcement.
Vn = Vc + Vs
Concrete
𝑓𝑐 ∆𝑉𝑢. ∆𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑏𝑤. 𝑑 +
20 ∆𝑀𝑢
where :
∆𝑉𝑢 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
∆𝑀𝑢 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
∆𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

Steel
Area = 804.248 mm2
Fy = 320 Mpa
Height (d) = 1600 mm
Distance of shear = 150 mm

59
 𝐴𝑠. 𝑓𝑦. 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 =
𝑠
Shear capacity control with ultimate shear
φVn > Vu
2321 > 1278.71 kN ………. Kondisi OK

Planning shear reinforcement

The shear reinforcement diametre 16 (As)
𝐴𝑠. 𝑓𝑦. 𝑑
𝜑𝑉𝑛 = 𝜑 (𝑉𝑐 + )
𝑠
= 1291 kN
Shear capacity control
φVn > Vu
1291 > 1278.91 ……..OK
Then used shear reinforcement D16-150

4.5.2 Cross Girder Design

Specification
Widht of bridge = 9 meter
Length of bridge = 140 meter
Distance between girder = 5 meter
Prestress concrete quality = K-600 ; 60 Mpa
Specific gravity of concrete = 25 kN/m3

4.5.2.1 Sectional Analysis

Figure 4.15 show the cross section and Analysis before composite in
Table 4.18-4.19.

60
 I
IV V

II

VI VII

III

Figure 4.15 Cross girder cross section

Table 4.18 Characteristic of cross sectional cross girder

Bagian Ac (m2) Y (m) Ac.Y (m2)
I 0.02625 0.8625 0.022640625
II 0.119 0.475 0.056525
III 0.08125 0.0625 0.005078125
IV 0.003375 0.8 0.0027
V 0.003375 0.8 0.0027
VI 0.012 0.1583 0.0018996
VII 0.012 0.1583 0.0018996
Total 0.25725 0.09344295

Table 4.19 Inertia moment of cross girder

B (cm) H (cm) Y (cm) Ac (cm2) IX (cm4)
35 7.5 49.92621 262.5 655544.9083
17 70 11.17621 1190 634556.7916
65 12.5 -30.0738 812.5 745431.1179
9 7.5 43.67621 33.75 64487.35054
9 7.5 43.67621 33.75 64487.35054
24 10 -20.4938 120 51066.11852
24 10 -20.4938 120 51066.11852
2572.5 2266639.756

Figure 4.16 show the cross section and analysis after composite in
Table 4.20-4.21:

Figure 4.16 Cross section of cross girder after composite

61
Central gravity concrete (cgc) :
Table 4.20 Characteristic of cross girder
Bagian Ac (m2) Y (m) Ac.Y (m2)
I 0.06875 0.8625 0.059296875
II 0.225 0.475 0.106875
III 0.14625 0.0625 0.009140625
IV 0.0069 0.8 0.00552
V 0.0069 0.8 0.00552
VI 0.01175 0.1583 0.001860025
VII 0.01175 0.1583 0.001860025
Pelat 0.572822 1.05 0.60146306
Total 1.050122 0.79153561

Table 4.21 Recapitulation of cross girder

Uraian A (cm2) Ya (cm) Yb (cm) Ix (cm4) Sa (cm3) Sb (cm3)
Balok
2572.5 53.67620991 36.32379 2266640 42228.01 62400.97056
Precast
Balok
10501.22 44.62441138 75.37559 7723375 173075.1 102465.1992
Komposit

4.5.2.2. Allowable Stress

Characteristics of cross-section before composite:
Ag = 0.257 m2 Ixg = 0.0226 m4
Yb = 0.363 m Ya = 0.536 m
Characteristics of cross-section after composite:
Ac = 1.051 m2 Ixc = 0.0772 m4
Ybc = 0.753 m Yac = 0.446 m
Kb= 16.415 cm
Determine the number of strands on prestress tendons
a. Tendon size
Table 4.22 shows the properties of cable.
Table 4.22 Strand Properties of tendon
TYPE D (mm) A(cm²) Fu(N/mm²) Es (N/mm²)

7 wire 12,7 0,9871 1860 200000

62
Area of section (Aps) = Ast x total strands
= 1974 mm2
b. Stress control
 Allowable stress under services condition
Allowable stress σcs = 0.45fc’
(For all load combinations)
 Allowable stress under temporary load conditions or prestressed
force transfer conditions.
Allowable stress concrete σci = 0.6fci’
 Tensile permits on service conditions.
Concrete without reinforcement σts = 0.15 fc’^0.5
Full prestressed concrete σts = 0.5 fc’^0.5
 Tensile permit at prestressed force transfer condition.
On restraint σti = 0.25 fci’^0.5
Besides restraint σti = 0.5 fc’^0.5

4.5.2.3. Calculation of tendon safe area

Tendon Safe area

e = 0.288 m From iteration
eoa < e < eob
0.192 < 0.288 < 0.319 …….. OK

63
4.5.2.4. Checking strenght
A. Bending Strength Analysis
Data :
Dps = 1125 mm Ds = 1150 mm
Bw = 170 mm Bf = 2500 mm
Fpu = 1860 Mpa Fpy = 1674 Mpa
Fy = 390 Mpa Aps = 1974 mm2
As = 530.929 mm2 Mu = 1227.46 kNm

Control capacity after cracking:

φMn > Mr
3146.97 > 2607.62 kN …………. OK

Reinforcement design:
Main reinforcement 22mm diameter.
𝐴𝑠 3695
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = = 9.7
𝐴𝑛 380.133
Then the number of reinforcement design is 10 pieces.
B. Check Shear Capacity
Shear obtained from SAP2000 software:
VDL = 179.749 kN VSDL = 179.749 kN
VLL = 159.48 kN Vu = 880.24 kN
Shear capacity Control:
φVn > Vu
1098 > 880.24 …….. OK
Shear reinforcement D16-150

64
4.5.3 Pylon Design
In the flexural reinforcement design in the column using the
intersection diagram P Vs M. The value of the resultant structure response
from SAP2000 ie axial force, moment 1 and moment 2 must enter in the
interaction curve ØMn Vs ØPn. That indicates the bending capacity of the
column can carry the axial force and moment.
Pylon on this bridge is designed in the form of A. Pylon is
divided into 2, upper pylon and lower pylon. There is a beam for the
stiffener between the pylons. The pylon structure of this bridge uses
reinforced concrete.
1. Upper Pylon
a. Column Design
fc’= 50 Mpa fy = 400 Mpa
k=2 l = 41 m
Inner force is obtainned from SAP 2000
PD = 13066 kN PL = 6917 kN
PU = 35420 kN M1 = 0 (Ujung bebas)
M2 = 14470 kNm
Column Dimention :
b = 2500 mm h = 3000 mm
d' = 200 mm d = 2800 mm
Checks the slimness of the columns:
The upper pylon is a column without stiffener, so :
k.lu
≤ 22
r
2.41000
≤ 22
0,3 x 3000

65
 91.11 ≥ 22
The upper pylon includes a slim column, then it must be
calculated the magnification value of buckling moment. :
Mc = δns x M2
= 1.46 x 14470
= 21120 kNm
b. Interaction Diagram
b = 2500 mm h = 3000 mm
Ø = 50 mm d' = 200 mm
d = 2800 mm ntul = 100 buah
y = 1500 mm fc’ = 50 Mpa
fy= 400 Mpa
Maximum capacity of column (Po)
Po = 0,9 x fc’ (Ag – Ast) + Ast x fy
= 335807.8664 kN
Maximum strength of column cross section
Pn max = 0,8 x Po
= 268646.29 kN
Strength of the column press Design
ΦPn max = Φ x Pn max
= 174620.09 kN
Column capacity on balanced condition (balance)
600
Pnb = 0,85 x fc’ x ab x xdxb
600+fy

= 153257.5758 kN
Mnb = 0,9 x fc’ x ab x b(y-ab/2) + Ast/2 x fs’(y-d’)+ Ast/2 x
fy(d-y)

66
 = 144561,5146 kNm
Φ Pnb = 0,65 x 153257.5758
= 99617.42 kN
Φ Mnb = 0,8 x 144561,5146
= 115649.21 kNm
Column capacity at pure moments (P=0)
0,59 x fy x Ast/2
Mn = Ast/2 x fy ( d - )
fc′x b

= 26369.24 kNm
Φ Mn = 0,8 x 301959,9107
= 21095.397 kNm
The reinforcement is 100D50 mm.
Figure 4.17 shows the pylon interaction diagram P vs M. the
diagram show that the pylon capacity can bear the working load.

Figure 4.17 Interaction diagram of the upper pylon column

c. Shear Capacity
Vu = 2192.64 kN
Shear Reinforcement isD20-300 mm

67
 Nominal shear capacity of the column (Vn)
Vn = Vc + Vs
= 10536.66 kN
Column shear capacity (Vr)
Vr = φ x Vn
= 6848.83 kN
Shear capacity control of columns
Vr ≥ Vu
6848.83 kN ≥ 2192.64 kN ……OK

2. Bottom Pylon
a. Column Design
fc’ = 50 Mpa fy = 400 Mpa
l = 15.6 m
Inner force is obtained from SAP 2000
PD = 12444 kN PL = 3995 kN
PU = 26446 kN M1 = 2152 kNm
M2 = 3711 kNm
Column Dimention :
b = 3000 mm h = 3000 mm
A = 9.000.000 mm2 ≥ 1.312.000 mm2 …..OK
d' = 200 mm d = 2800 mm
12 4
Ig = 6.75 x 10 mm
Checks the slimness of the columns:
The lower pylon is the column with the stiffener, so:
k.lu
≤ 22
r

68
 0.5.15600
≤ 22
0,3 x 3000

8.667 ≥ 22
The lower pylon does not include a slim column. Then the
magnification of the moment is not calculated.
b. Interaction Diagram
Figure 4.18 shows the pylon interaction diagram P vs M. the
diagram show that the pylon capacity can bear the working load

Figure 4.18 Lower Pylon interaction diagram

c. Shear Capacity
Vu = 712.97 kN
Shear Reinforcement is D20-300 mm
Nominal shear capacity of the column (Vr)
Vr ≥ Vu
7921.27 kN ≥ 712.97 kN ……OK
3. Stiffener Beam
a.Beam Dimention

69
 B = 30000 mm H = 30000 mm
fc' = 50 Mpa fy = 400 Mpa
b.Bending Beam Reinforcement
Mu = 5037.59 kNm
From the ABC formula obtained ρ value:
ρ1 = 0,839
ρ2 = 0,00061
Taken the smallest ρ = 0,00061
Reinforcement :
Stress : 12D25
Press : 6D25
c. Shear capacity
Vu = 1857.2 kN (dari analisa SAP 2000)
Shear Reinforcement D20-300 mm
Control shear capacity:
Vr ≥ Vu
8385.79 kN ≥ 1857.2 kN ……OK\

70
4.5.4 Cable iteration
The width of the cable cross-section is obtained from the
preliminary design. the structure modeling of SAP2000 produces the
inner force of the cable. So it is necessary to re-check the cable area by
using iteration to be able to withstand the inner forces that occur in the
cable.
The P value is the axial force obtained from the SAP2000
software. The value of Pn must be greater than the value of P. So the final
cable Areas obtained on this bridge are as shown in Table 4.23:

Table 4.23 Cable Iteration

n asc Pn P
No
(Cable) (mm2) kN kN
u1 11 1540 2229.9 2078.782
u2 9 1260 1824.48 1257.568
u3 11 1540 2229.92 998.954
u4 16 2240 3243.52 1099.515
u5 22 3080 4459.84 1052.376
u6 26 3640 5270.72 835.604
u7 31 4340 6284.32 786.382
u8 34 4760 6892.48 720.916
u9 42 5880 8514.24 496.076
u10 54 7560 10946.88 257.697
s1 7 980 1419.04 5.347
s2 7 980 1419.04 1171.101
s3 9 1260 1824.48 1785.164
s4 12 1680 2432.64 2452.797

71
4.5.5 Anchor Design
Anchor is designed based on the number of strand of each cable.
From the number of strand the dimensions of the anchor will be fabricated
directly by the factory.

4.6 Bottom Structure Design

4.6.1 Abutment

Abutment is a reinforced concrete construction by continuing the

pairs of stones from the foundation to reach a certain height that has been
planned.
Abutment is planned to have a height of 9 meters from the top
of the foundation and the thickness of the body is 1 meters and for the
width is 9 meters. This abutment dimension is derived from iterated
results can be seen in Figure 4.19 and the section in Figure 4.20.

Figure 4.19 Abutment section

72
Active force rankine :
Ka = tan2( 45 – Ф/2) = 0.307
Pa = ½.Ka.γ1.H2 = 225.046 kN/m
Ph = Pa

3
2

Figure 4.20 Element abutment

The completion of gravity wall stability according to Rankine
The number of moments of forces causing bolsters at point C
Mo = Ph(H/3)
= 675.139 kNm
The retaining moment on the abutment section is calculated using excel
shown in Table 4.24 :
Table 4.24 Calculation of Moments on abutment
Section Area Wall d Moment On C
1 0.8 19.2 2.8 53.76
2 6.4 153.6 2.5 384
3 24 576 4.8 2764.8
4 6 144 3 432
892.8 3634.56

The safety factor against Bolsters is:

Fsblosters = Mr/Mo

73
 = 5.383 > 2 ……. OK
Safety factor against Shear
Passive ground press force is:
Pp = ½ x γ2 x D2 x Kp + 2C2 x D x Kp0.5
Pp = ½ x (20)(3)2 (3) + 2(40)(1.5)(2.20.5)
= 955.692 Kn/m
Shear Safety Factor :
Fsshear = (V tan Ф2 + Pp)/ Pa
V = The total vertical force of the upper structure load
and the weight of its own abutment
Fsshear = (1758 tan (2/3 x 22) +955.692 ) / 225.046
= 6.675 > 2 …… OK
Safety Factor on carrying capacity
The eccentricity value (e) of the resultant force (R):
e = B/2 – (Mr – Mo)/V
= 0.567 < B/6 ….. Ok
qheel = V/B ( 1 + 6e/B)
= 458.97
qtoe = V/B (1-6e/B)
= 126.91
From the calculation obtained qmax = 458.97 kN/m2
Determine the carrying capacity of the ultimate limit of the soil:
qu = C2 Nc Fcd Fci + qNq Fqd Fqi + ½ γ2 B’ Nγ Fγd Fγi
= 2728 kN/m2
The safety factor to the collapse of soil bearing capacity is:
Fsdayadukung = qu/qmaks

74
 = 2728 / 458.97
= 5.42 > 3 …… Kondisi Ok

4.6.2 Foundation
The foundation is a construction at the base of the structure /
building that serves to pass the load from the top of the structure to the
bottom layer of soil without causing the shear collapse and excessive soil
degradation. The foundation of the cable stayed bidgeGunung Nago is
designed to use a pile foundation with a width of 0.356 m.
The soil data used are those representing the soil conditions in
the Gunung Nago using correlation data according to Bowles, 1977 as
shown in Figure 4.22-4.24.
4.6.2.1 Abutment Foundation
The foundation pile group is planned to have a width of 0.356
meters and a height of 11 meters. Group of poles planned amounted to 20
pieces as shown in Figure 4.21.

Figure 4.21 The composition of the abutment pile group

75
 Depth Cu
(m) (kPa)
Silt
2m
? : 14.9 ?' :5.1

3.5 m
Sand
6m ? : 17.6 ?' :7.8 5m

6.5 m

8m 91

Silt Clay 9.5 m 96

? : 19.6 ?' :9.8
11 m 94
8m
12.5 m 96

14 m 95

15.5 m 96

Clay 17 m 158
? : 20.3 ?' :10.5 18.5 m 163

20 m 168

Figure 4.22 Depth of abutment foundation

The bridge abutment foundation takes care of the load from the
bridge upper structure and the weight of the abutment itself is 5714.4 kN.
The safety factor used is 3 to determine the permit load of the plan.
For the above soil profile, the calculation of the axial capacity
of the pile using SPT Meyerhof method where the pile length is 11 meters
with cross sectional size 356 mm x 356 mm.
Along the length of the embedded pole, the soil profile is
depicted into 2 layers. Layer 1 has a thickness of 6 meters of medium solid
sand (non cohesive), Layer 2 has a thickness of 5 meters clay (cohesive).
Single ultimate pile capacity (Qu)
Qu = Rs + Rt = 861.949 kN
Ultimit capacity of the pole group

76
 Qu1 = RsGrup + Rtgrup = 52920 kN
Qu2 = Qu single pile x n = 17240 kN
Efisiency:
ꬼ = Qugroup/Qusingle x 20= 3.07 > 1
Then use Qu2 = 17240
Carrying Capacity (SF 3) :
Qa = Qu/3 = 5746 kN
Control capacity with working load
Qa > Q ultimate
5746 kN > 5714.4 kN ……OK
Used 20 piles of size 0.356 meters on the abutment.

4.6.2.2 Pylon Foundation

Designed foundation pile group with a width of 0.356 meters and
a depth of 15 meters. The Designed stake group amounted to 48 pieces as
shown in Figure 4.23.

Figure 4.23 Group composition of pylon pile

77
 Depth Cu
(m) (kPa)
Silt
2m
? : 14.9 ?' :5.1

3.5 m
Sand
6m ? : 17.6 ?' :7.8 5m

6.5 m

8m 91

Silt Clay 9.5 m 96

? : 19.6 ?' :9.8
11 m 94
8m
12.5 m 96

14 m 95

15.5 m 96

17 m 158
Clay
? : 20.3 ?' :10.5 18.5 m 163

20 m 168

Figure 4.24 The depth of the Pylon foundation

The bridge Pylon foundation bears the burden of the bridge
upper structure and the weight of the abutment itself is 31504 kN
(obtained from SAP200 results). The safety factor used is 3 to determine
the permission load.
Single ultimate pile capacity (Qu)
Qu = Rs + Rt = 1415 kN
Ultimit capacity of the pIle group
Qu1 = RsGroup + Rtgroup = 126500 kN
Qu2 = Qusingle x n = 67930 kN
Pile group capacity efficiency:
ꬼ = Qugroup/Qusingle x 20 = 1.862 > 1
Then Used Qu2 = 67930
The capacity of the pole group plan (SF 2) :

78
 Qa = Qu/2 = 33960 kN
Control capacity with working load
Qa > Q ultimate
33960 kN > 31504 kN …… OK

4.7 Cost Estimation

Table 4.25 shows the total volume of cable stayed bridge
Gunung Nago and cost per unit .
Table 4.25 Total Volume of Cable Stayed Bridge Gunung Nago

TOTAL VOLUME AND COST PER UNIT

NO ITEM UNIT TOTAL COST/UNIT

A. PYLON
- TOP PYLON 2.5 m x 3 m m³ 513.750 Rp 5,306,575
- BOTTOM PYLON 3 m x 3 m m³ 140.400 Rp 6,986,600

B. BEAM 1.25 m x 2 m m³ 131.400 Rp 3,221,836

C. PELAT LANTAI KENDARAAN m³ 378.000 Rp 4,414,519

2 CABLE Ton 6814.299 Rp 8,840,000

3 GIRDER
- GIRDER m 140.000 Rp 7,907,737
- CROSS GIRDER m 252.000 Rp 7,907,737

4 FOUNDATION m³
-ABUTMENT FOUNDATION Piece 40.000 Rp 3,800,000
-PYLON FOUNDATION Piece 96.000 Rp 5,500,000

79
Table 4.26 Bill of quantity

TOTAL BILL OF QU AN TITY

NO ITEM COST (RP )

I. DECK Rp 1,668,687,998
II. GIRDER Rp 3,099,832,741
III. CABLE Rp 60,238,405,458
IV. PYLON Rp 3,580,304,282
V FOUNDATION Rp 680,000,000
Total Rp 69,267,230,479
PPn 10% Rp 6,926,723,047.91
Total Rp 76,193,953,527

So the total cost required for the construction of this bridge is

Rp.76.193.953.527,- as shown in Table 4.26.

80