Basics of MPLS PDF

Basics of MPLS
Cisco Advanced Services EDCS-336890
MPLS Training - Basics © 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1
• Introduction
Name, Location and Current profile
Agenda
• Business Drivers for MPLS

• MPLS Capabilities
• MPLS Concepts
• Basic MPLS Forwarding
• Basic MPLS Applications
Hierarchical Routing
IP+ATM Integration
• Summary and Benefits of MPLS
Business Drivers for MPLS
© 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 4

Changing Telecom Landscape
Old World New World
Infrastructure Circuit-Switched Packet-Switched
Traffic Voice-Centric Data-Centric
Services Focus Transport IP Value-Added
Private Networks FR-Based VPNs IP-Based VPNs
Business Networks In-House Outsourced
OSS Network-Based Service-Based
Customer Requirements
Businesses are building on IP Businesses need private

IP services
IP Intranet IP Extranet
Remote
Offices Customers
Suppliers
Partners
Telecommuters
MPLS Training - Basics © 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Mobile Users 6
Service Provider Requirements
Private
Content Voice Networks
Problem:
How to Build a Network
that Can Deliver these Hosting
Services and SLAs
Value-Added
IP Services Managed
Intranets Multimedia
Service Portfolio
Revenue: Transport Growth: IP Connection Profit: IP VAS
Frame Relay, ATM, Internet, Intranet, Hosting, Voice,
Managed Services Extranet Video, ASP’s
The Barriers
• Frame Relay and ATM services • Carriers’ customers want IP

are available: services:
They provide connection- They need connectionless
oriented service IP services
They need more flexible IP
They have inflexible point-to- quality of service
point bandwidth guarantees guarantees
But they have good privacy They need more privacy
than the Internet provides
The Solution - MPLS
• MULTI-PROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING

• A mechanism that delivers the best of both worlds:
PRIVACY and QOS of ATM, Frame Relay
FLEXIBILITY and SCALABILITY of IP
• Foundation for IP business services

Flexible grouping of users and value-added services
• Low cost managed IP services

scales to large and small private networks
MPLS Basics
• Traditional routing
Each router holds entire routing table and forwards to next
hop (destination based routing)
• MPLS combines L3 routing with label swapping and
forwarding
• MPLS Forwarding
Label imposed once at ingress router
All forwarding decisions then made on label only – no
routing table lookups
MPLS Capabilities

Key Cisco MPLS Capabilities
RSVP
IP Multicast IP CoS
IP/ATM Integration Traffic Engineering
VPN’s
Traditional IP over ATM
• Put routers around the edge of an ATM network

• Connect routers using Permanent Virtual Circuits
• This does not provide optimal integration of IP and
ATM
IP+ATM Integration
• Internal routing scalability

Limited adjacencies
• External routing scalability

Full BGP4 support, with all the
extras
• VC merge for very large

networks
Traffic Engineering
• Why traffic engineer? Route specified by

Route chosen by traffic engineering
Optimise link utilisation IP routing protocol
Specific paths by customer or
class
Balance traffic load
• Traffic follows pre-specified
path
• Path differs from normally
routed path
• Controls packet flows across
a L2 or L3 network
MPLS VPNs
Connection-Oriented
VPN Topology
• Private, connectionless IP
VPNs
VPN A
VPN B
VPN C
• Outstanding scalability VPN C VPN B
• Customer IP VPN A
addressing freedom VPN A
• Multiple QoS classes VPN B

VPN C VPN C
• Secure support for intranets VPN A
VPN B
and extranets
VPN A
• Simplified VPN Provisioning Connectionless VPN B VPN C
VPN C VPN B
VPN Topology
• Support over any access or VPN A
backbone technology VPN A
VPN B
VPN C VPN C
VPN B
VPN A
MPLS VPNs
Separately engineered Single carrier network

customer private IP vs. supporting multiple
networks customer IP VPNs
Build once, Build

BGP+once,
MPLS
Network
Sell once Sell many
MPLS end to end class of service
• Provider Edge LSR

Provider
CAR (packet classification Edge
Edge
and rate limiting)
LSR Core
MPLS enabled
Edge
Precedence Mapping LSR
• Core LSR
WRED (sets drop
policy for congestion CPE
management) Technologies
WFQ/MDRR (queuing
policies)
Fast MPLS switching
MPLS Training - Basics

0905_04F9_c1 © 2003
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Inc. www.cisco.com 18
MPLS Concepts

MPLS concepts
• MPLS: Multi Protocol Label Switching

• Packet forwarding is done based on labels
• Labels are assigned when the packet enters into
the network
• Labels allocated from a LOCAL POOL in the router
• Labels are on top of the packet
• MPLS nodes forward packets/cells based on the
label value (not on the IP information)
MPLS concepts
• MPLS allows:
Packet classification only where the packet enters the
network
The packet classification is encoded as a label
In the core, packets are forwarded without having to re-
classify them
No further packet analysis
Label swapping
MPLS Components
• Edge Label Switching Routers (ELSR)

label previously unlabeled packets - at the beginning of a
Label Switched Path (LSP)
strip labels from labeled packets - at the end of a Label
Switched Path
• Label Switching Routers (LSR)

forward labeled packets based on the information carried
by labels
MPLS Components
CE PE P PE CE
LSR LSR
ELSR ELSR
ELSR ELSR
LSR LSR
C Network P Network C Network

(Customer Control) (Provider Control) (Customer Control)
Functional Components
• Forwarding component:
uses label information carried in a packet and label binding
information maintained by a Label Switching Router to
forward the packet
• Control component:
responsible for maintaining correct label binding
information among Label Switching Routers
Forwarding Component
• Label Forwarding Information Base (LFIB)

each entry consists of:
incoming label
outgoing label
outgoing interface
outgoing MAC address
LFIB is indexed by incoming label
LFIB could be either per Label Switching Router, or per
interface
• IOS Label Forwarding Code is based on Cisco

Express Forwarding (CEF)
Maintenance of label rewrite structures in LFIB
Recursive route resolution
IP to label switching (label imposition) path
• Forwarding algorithm:
Extract label from a packet
Find an entry in the LFIB with the INCOMING LABEL equal
to the label in the packet
Replace the label in the packet with the OUTGOING LABEL
(from the found entry)
Send the packet on the outgoing interface (from the found
entry)
• Carrying label information:

as part of the MAC header:
- VCI/VPI in ATM
via a “shim” between the MAC and the Network Layer
header
• Label information can be carried over any Link

Layer
Label Header (Shim)
Bit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Label
EXP S 1
TTL 2
Byte
3
Label Label Value (20 bits)
EXP Class of Service (3 bits) 4
S Bottom of Stack (1 bit)
TTL Time to Live
•Can be used over Ethernet, 802.3, or PPP links
•Require 2 new Ethertypes/PPP PIDs
•One for unicast, one for multicast
•Four octets per label in stack
Label Encapsulation
Packet over SONET/SDH PPP Label IP header Data

F
Ethernet Ethernet Label IP Header Data R
A
Frame Relay PVC
Frame Relay Label IP Header Data M
E
ATM PVC’s
ATM Header Label IP Header Data
Subsequent cells
ATM Header Data
Label
C
GFC VPI VCI PTI CLP HEC IP Header Data E
ATM label switching
L
Subsequent cells GFC VPI VCI PTI CLP HEC Data L
Label
Control Component
• Labels can be distributed by several protocols

TDP/LDP – from IGP routes
RSVP – for traffic engineering paths
BGP – for VPN routes
• Responsible for binding between labels and routes:
Create label binding (local)
Distributing label binding information among
Label Switching Routers
MPLS Forwarding Decisions
• Packets are forwarded based on the label value

• IP header and forwarding decision have been de-
coupled for better flexibility
• Other paradigms may be used to forward traffic
• No need to strictly follow unicast destination based
routing
• Allows to have distinct forwarding decision based
on different control component
Destination unicast routing, Traffic Engineering
Multicast, VPN, QoS
Basic MPLS Forwarding

MPLS: Forwarding
MPLS: Forwarding
Existing routing protocols (e.g. OSPF, IGRP) establish routes
MPLS: Forwarding
Label Distribution Protocol (e.g., LDP) establishes label to
routes mappings
MPLS: Forwarding
Label Distribution Protocol (e.g., LDP) creates LFIB entries on
LSRs
IN OUT I/F MAC
16 32 S0/0 aa-00-bb IN OUT I/F MAC
18 27 S0/1 aa-00-cc POP 32 E0/0 aa-00-bb
POP 27 E0/1 aa-00-cc
IN OUT I/F MAC

16 32 S0/0 aa-00-bb
18 27 S0/1 aa-00-cc IN OUT I/F MAC
16 POP S0/0 aa-00-bb
18 POP S0/1 aa-00-cc
MPLS: Forwarding
Ingress edge LSR receives packet, performs Layer 3 value-added
services, and “label” packets
IN OUT I/F MAC
18 27 S0/1 aa-00-cc POP 32 E0/0 aa-00-bb
IN OUT I/F MAC

16 32 S0/0 aa-00-bb
MPLS: Forwarding
LSRs forward labelled packets using label swapping
IN OUT I/F MAC

18 27 S0/1 aa-00-cc POP 32 E0/0 aa-00-bb
IN OUT I/F MAC

16 32 S0/0 aa-00-bb
MPLS: Forwarding
Edge LSR at egress removes remaining label* and delivers
packet
IN OUT I/F MAC
18 27 S0/1 aa-00-cc POP 32 E0/0 aa-00-bb
IN OUT I/F MAC

16 32 S0/0 aa-00-bb
* Pentulimate hop popping actually occurs. There may may not necessarily be a label in the
packet at the ultimate or egress LSR.
Traditional Routing
Route Distribution
Address Out Address Out Address Out

Prefix I/F Prefix I/F Prefix I/F
128.89 1 128.89 0 128.89 0
171.69 1 171.69 2
… … … … … …
1 0
128.89
0
1
You Can Reach 128.89 thru Me

You Can Reach 128.89 2
and 171.69 thru me
171.69
Routing Updates
You Can Reach 171.69 thru Me
(OSPF, EIGRP…)
Traditional Routing
Packet Routing
Address Out Address Out Address Out

Prefix I/F Prefix I/F Prefix I/F
128.89 1 128.89 0 128.89 0
171.69 1 171.69 2
… … … … … …
1 0
128.89
0
1
Data | 128.89.25.4 Data | 128.89.25.4

Data | 128.89.25.4
2
Data | 128.89.25.4
171.69
Packets Forwarded
Based on IP Address
MPLS Forwarding
In/Out Label Fields
In Address Out Out In Address Out Out In Address Out Out

Label Prefix I/F Label Label Prefix I/F Label Label Prefix I/F Label
128.89 1 128.89 0 128.89 0
171.69 1 171.69 2
… … … … … …
1 0
128.89
0
1
171.69
Frame Based MPLS
Assigning Labels

31 128.89 1 27 27 128.89 0 Pop Pop 128.89 0 -
36 171.69 1 29 29 171.69 2 22
… … … … … …
1 0
128.89
0
1
Pop Label for 128.89
Use Label 27 for 128.89 2
Use Label 29 for 171.69
171.69
Unsolicited
Use Label 22 for 171.69
Downstream
Label Allocation
Frame Based MPLS
Packet Forwarding

31 128.89 1 27 27 128.89 0 Pop Pop 128.89 0 -
36 171.69 1 29 29 171.69 2 22
… … … … … …
1 0
128.89
0
1
Data 128.89.25.4
Data 128.89.25.4
Data 128.89.25.4 27
2 Penultimate Hop
Data 171.69.21.7 29
(Pop the label)
Data 128.89.25.4 171.69
Data 171.69.21.7 Data 171.69.21.7 22
Basic Application – Hierarchical
Routing

Hierarchical Routing
Conventional Approach
Border Routers Run BGP

with External Peers
Interior
Routers
All Routers Run IBGP

to Learn Exterior Routing
Information, and IGP
for Interior Topology
Hierarchy of Routing Knowledge
• Isolate inter-domain and intra-domain routing

Improved stability
• Reduce interior router table size

Only IGP routes stored at interior nodes
• Improve BGP scaling

Only border nodes need run BGP
Internet Scalability
- 150.10.1.1 1 16 16 150.10.1.1 0 Pop Pop 150.10.1.1 - -
150.10.1.2 1 17 17 150.10.1.2 2 22
… … … … … …
1
0 128.89
0
1 136.50
156.50
Loopback 150.10.1.1 EBGP 119.10
I can reach… 2
128.89,136.50 EBGP
156.50,119.10 171.69
via the BGP next hop 127.18
150.10.1.1 using only 204.162
label 16! Loopback 150.10.1.2
Basic Application – IP+ATM

MPLS and ATM
• Label Switching Steps:

Make forwarding decision using fixed-length Label
Rewrite label with new value
Similar to ATM cell switching
• Key differences:
Label set up: LDP vs ATM Forum Signaling
Label granularity: Per-prefix
MPLS and ATM
• Common forwarding paradigm

label swapping = ATM switching
• Use ATM user plane

use VPI/VCI for labels
Label is applied to each cell, not whole packet
• Replace ATM Forum control plane with the MPLS

control component:
Network Layer routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, BGP, PIM) +
Label Distribution Protocol (e.g., LDP)
Label Distribution for ATM
• Uses LDP in “Downstream on Demand” mode

• Referred to as Cell Based MPLS (rather than Frame Based
MPLS)
• Label Virtual Circuit (LVC) labels are requested when
topology changes
• Precedence can be associated with Label Virtual Circuit
(LVC)
• Some LDP extensions for negotiation of ATM specific
parameters
Cell Based MPLS
Assigning Labels

- 128.89 1 27 27 128.89 0 18 18 128.89 0 -
- 171.69 1 30 29 128.89 0 19 19 128.89 0 -
… … 30 171.69 2 16 … …
1 0
128.89
0
1
2 Need a Label for 128.89

Need a Label for 128.89
Downstream 171.69
On demand Need a Label for 128.89
Label Allocation
Cell Based ATM MPLS
Forwarding Cells
Labels act as the VC

In In Address Out Out
identifier for ATM Label I/F Prefix I/F Label
Switches 5 1 128.89 0 3
(Label VC or LVC) … … … … …
Labels change between
switches - LVCs are
Cells not end-to-end.
5 5 5 5 1
0
Packet 128.89
1 3 3 3 3
ELSR LSR
GFC VPI VCI PTI CLP HEC Data
Label
Cell Based ATM MPLS
Multiple Labels (1)
I/F Label Prefix I/F Label
1 5 128.89 0 3
2 8 128.89 0 3
Cells … … … … …
5
Packet 5 Help!
5
5 1
0
128.89
Packet 8 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
8
8 8
• If multiple labels were not allocated

Cells of different packets would have same label (VPI/VCI)
Egress router can’t reassemble packets
Cell Based ATM MPLS
Multiple Labels (2)
1 5 128.89 0 3
2 8 128.89 0 7
Cells … … … … …
5
Packet 5 Cool!
5
5 1
0
128.89
Packet 8 2 7 3 7 3 7 3
8
8 8
• Multiple labels enable edge router to reassemble packets

correctly
VC Merge
1 5 128.89 0 3
2 8 128.89 0 3
Cells … … … … …
5
Packet 5
5
5 1
0
128.89
Packet 8 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
8
8 8
• With ATM switch that can merge VCs

Can reuse outgoing label
Hardware prevents cell interleave
Fewer labels required
For very large networks
VC Merge
Without VC Merge With VC Merge

• VC Merge is used to merge Label VCs (LVCs) going to
the same destination
• VC Merge greatly improves IP-over-ATM scalability
MPLS: Another View
IP Routing
MPLS Signalling
Labels on Layer 2
MPLS Stack
• The MPLS protocol stack consists of IP Routing

and MPLS signalling, together setting up
connectivity at layer 2
• Much of the complexity in the MPLS stack is in IP
Routing
MPLS and ATM Services
Co-Existing on Same Platform

• ATM services for IP
IP
real-time services ATM
P-NNI / UNI Signaling
Voice trunking
Circuit Emulation (CES)
ATM
• MPLS for data traffic FR
Offloads signaling- IP
intensive traffic FR
Reduces call set-up

dependencies
MPLS is an ATM Control Stack
MPLS ATM Forum

Stack Stack
IP Routing PNNI Routing
MPLS Signalling UNI/NNI Signalling
L2 VCs
• MPLS and ATM Forum protocols can co-exist on same the

same links and switches
• ATM MPLS sets up Label VCs (LVCs) according to IP Routing
information
• Label VCs (LVCs) are not PVCs or SVCs
• LVCs, SVCs and PVCs can coexist on same links in different
VPIs
Summary and Benefits

Summary
• MPLS allows flexible packet classification and

network resources optimisation
• Labels are distributed by different protocols
LDP, RSVP, BGP
• Different distribution protocols may co-exist in the

same LSR
• Labels have local (LSR) significance
No need for global (domain) wide label
allocation/numbering
Advanced MPLS
• Basic MPLS: destination-based unicast

• Many additional options for assigning Labels
• The Key: separation of routing and forwarding
Resource Multicast Explicit and Virtual

Destination-Based IP Class
Reservation Routing Static Private
Unicast Routing of Service
(Eg. RSVP) (PIM v2) Routes Networks
Label Information Base (LIB)

Per-Label Forwarding, Queuing,
and Multicast Mechanisms
Benefits of MPLS
• De-couples IP packet forwarding from the

information carried in the IP header of the packet
• Provides multiple routing paradigms (e.g.,
destination-based, explicit routing, VPN, multicast,
CoS, etc…) over a common forwarding algorithm
(label swapping)
• Facilitates integration of ATM and IP - from control
plane point of view an MPLS-capable ATM switch
looks like a router
67

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Basics of MPLS

Cisco Advanced Services EDCS-336890

• Business Drivers for MPLS

• Summary and Benefits of MPLS

© 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 4

Old World New World

Infrastructure Circuit-Switched Packet-Switched

Traffic Voice-Centric Data-Centric

Services Focus Transport IP Value-Added

Private Networks FR-Based VPNs IP-Based VPNs

Business Networks In-House Outsourced

OSS Network-Based Service-Based

Businesses are building on IP Businesses need private

• Frame Relay and ATM services • Carriers’ customers want IP

• MULTI-PROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING

• Foundation for IP business services

• Low cost managed IP services

© 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 11

• Put routers around the edge of an ATM network

• Internal routing scalability

• External routing scalability

• VC merge for very large

• Why traffic engineer? Route specified by

• Multiple QoS classes VPN B

Separately engineered Single carrier network

Build once, Build

• Provider Edge LSR

MPLS Training - Basics

© 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 19

• MPLS: Multi Protocol Label Switching

• Edge Label Switching Routers (ELSR)

• Label Switching Routers (LSR)

C Network P Network C Network

• Label Forwarding Information Base (LFIB)

• IOS Label Forwarding Code is based on Cisco

• Carrying label information:

• Label information can be carried over any Link

Packet over SONET/SDH PPP Label IP header Data

• Labels can be distributed by several protocols

• Packets are forwarded based on the label value

© 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 33

IN OUT I/F MAC

IN OUT I/F MAC

IN OUT I/F MAC

IN OUT I/F MAC

IN OUT I/F MAC

Address Out Address Out Address Out

128.89 1 128.89 0 128.89 0

You Can Reach 128.89 thru Me

Address Out Address Out Address Out

128.89 1 128.89 0 128.89 0

Data | 128.89.25.4 Data | 128.89.25.4

In Address Out Out In Address Out Out In Address Out Out

128.89 1 128.89 0 128.89 0

In Address Out Out In Address Out Out In Address Out Out

31 128.89 1 27 27 128.89 0 Pop Pop 128.89 0 -

In Address Out Out In Address Out Out In Address Out Out

31 128.89 1 27 27 128.89 0 Pop Pop 128.89 0 -

© 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 46

Border Routers Run BGP

All Routers Run IBGP

• Isolate inter-domain and intra-domain routing

• Reduce interior router table size