Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
5 September 2016
OVERVIEW
Evolution to LTE
• LTE is the next step in mobile radio communications after HSPA
• Evolution driven by data rate and latency requirements
Main LTE Requirements
• Peak data rates of uplink/downlink 75/150 Mbps with 1 carrier of 20 MHz
• Reduced Latency:
- Enables round trip time <10 ms (compared with HSPA+ which is < 30ms with 2ms TTI)
• Ensure good level of mobility and security
- Optimized for low mobile speed but also support high mobile speed
• Frequency flexibility and bandwidth scalability:
- with 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz allocations
• Improved Spectrum Efficiency:
- Capacity 2-4 times higher than with Release 6 HSPA
• Efficient support of the various types of services, especially from the PS domain
- Packet switched optimized
• Operation in FDD and TDD modes
• Improved terminal power efficiency
• Support for inter-working with existing 3GPP system and non-3GPP specified systems
LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) in 3GPP Release 10
• DL Spectral efficiency 2.4 bps/Hz/cell (1.7 bps/Hz/cell in LTE) for a 2x2 antenna configuration
• Downlink data rates up to 1 Gbps (low mobility) and 100 Mbps (high mobility) and Uplink data rates up to 500Mbps
• Reduced Latency
• Uplink MIMO (up to 4Tx) and further DL MIMO (up to 8x8)
• Backwards compatibility and interworking with LTE and other 3GPP legacy systems
• Support for wider bandwidth (up to 100MHz) by carrier aggregation
• LTE-A terminals may Rx/Tx on multiple component carriers simultaneously to reach the higher bandwidths
Both
Bothcontiguous
contiguousandandnon-contiguous
non-contiguousCarrier
CA is
supported
Aggregation
offering
is supported
improvedoffering
spectrumimproved
flexibility
spectrum (e.g.
flexibility
for refarming).
(e.g. for refarming)
• Flat architecture: single network element in user plane in radio network and core network
Evolved Packet System (EPS) Architecture - Subsystems
PDN: Packet Data Network HSS: Home Subscriber Server (part of IMS)
PCRF: Policy and Charging Rule Function
Evolved Node B (eNB)
eNB Main Functions
• Only network element defined as part of e-UTRAN
Inter-cell RRM: HO, load balancing between cells • Replaces the old Node B / RNC combination from 3G.
• Provides all radio management functions
Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler) • To enable efficient inter-cell radio management for cells
not attached to the same eNB, there is a inter-eNB interface
Radio Admission Control X2 specified. It will allow to coordinate inter-eNB
handovers without direct involvement of EPC during this
User Data Routing to the S-GW/ P-GW process.
Transmission of Paging Msg coming from MME
• Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) allow to move between time and frequency
domain representation and it is a fundamental block in an OFDMA system
• CP consists in copying the last part of a symbol shape for a duration of guard-time and attaching it in front of the symbol
• CP needs to be longer than the channel multipath delay spread
• 2 CP options in LTE:
‒ Normal CP: for cells with short multipath delay spread
‒ Extended CP: designed for use with cells having long delay profiles
Subcarrier types
Data subcarriers: used for data transmission
– Reference Signals:
used for channel quality and signal strength estimates.
They don’t occupy a whole subcarrier but they are periodically embedded in the stream of data being carried on a
data subcarrier.
• Cons:
‒ Severe High PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio)
‒ Small subcarrier spacing makes it more sensitive to frequency offset (subcarriers may interfere each others)
• OFDMA Operation:
LTE Air Interface - Uplink
SC-FDMA in UL
• Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access: Transmission technique used for
Uplink
• Variant of OFDM that reduces the PAPR:
‒ Combines the PAR of single-carrier system with the multipath resistance and flexible
subcarrier frequency allocation offered by OFDM
• It can reduce the PAPR between 6…9dB compared to OFDMA
• Reduced PAPR means lower RF hardware requirements (power amplifier)
• SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison:
- OFDMA transmits data in parallel across multiple subcarriers
- SC-FDMA transmits data in series employing multiple subcarriers
• In the example:
- OFDMA: 6 modulation symbols (01,10,11,01,10 and 10) are transmitted per OFDMA
symbol, one on each subcarrier
- SC-FDMA: 6 modulation symbols are transmitted per SC-FDMA symbol using all
subcarriers per modulation symbol. The duration of each modulation symbol is
1/6th of the modulation symbol in OFDMA
• One user is always continuous in frequency
• Smallest uplink bandwidth, 12 subcarriers: 180 kHz
• Largest uplink bandwidth: 20 MHz
OFDMA and SC-FDMA vs. CDMA
• Larger bandwidths and frequency flexibility
‒ OFDM provides performance benefits over CDMA based system when the bandwidth increases beyond 5 MHz
‒ OFDM makes it simpler to provide different bandwidths
• Frequency Domain Scheduling
‒ OFDM can take benefit of frequency domain scheduling which increases capacity up to 50% compared to CDMA
• Reduced UE power consumption
‒ LTE uplink uses SC-FDMA which enables better power amplifier efficiency
• Simpler multi antenna operation
‒ MIMO is simpler to implement with OFDM than with CDMA
• Same multiple Access Techniques for FDD and TDD in LTE
‒ OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in UL. In WCDMA, TDD mode is different than FDD although some harmonization was
done e.g. chip rates and coding solutions
Physical Layer Structure and Channels
Introduction
• It provides the basic bit transmission functionality over air
• LTE physical layer based on OFDMA downlink and SC-FDMA in uplink direction
‒ This is the same for both FDD and TDD mode of operation
• There are no dedicated physical (neither transport) channels anymore, as all resource mapping is dynamically driven by the
scheduler
Frame Structure (FDD)
• FDD Frame structure (also called Type 1 Frame) is common to both uplink and downlink.
• Divided into 20 x 0.5ms slots
‒ Structure has been designed to facilitate short round trip time
• Frame duration =10 ms (same as UMTS)
• FDD: 10 ms radio frame for UL and 10 ms radio frame for DL
• Radio frame includes 10 sub frames
• 1 Sub frame represents a Transmission Time Interval (TTI)
• Each sub frames includes two slots
• 1 slot = 7 (normal CP) or 6 symbols (extended CP)
Resource
Element
Downlink Physical Signals and Channels
• Downlink Physical Signals
‒ Reference Signals
‒ Synchronisation Signals
‒ Transmitted during the 1st and 11th slots within a radio frame
‒ Occupy the central 62 Subcarriers (around the DC subcarrier) to facilitate the
cell search
‒ 5 Subcarriers above and 5 Subcarriers below the synch. Signals are reserved
and transmitted as DTx
‒ Synchronisation Signal can indicate 504 (168 x 3) CellID different values and
from those one can determine the location of cell specific reference symbols
Mapping of DL Physical Channels
• PBCH:
– To broadcast the MIB (Master Information Block), RACH parameters
– Occupies the central 72 subcarriers across 4 symbols
– Transmitted during second slot of each 10 ms radio frame on all antennas
• PCFICH: RB
– Carries details of PDCCH format (e.g.# of symbols)
– Can be transmitted during the first 3 symbols of each TTI
– Occupies up to 16 RE per TTI
• PHICH:
– Carries H-ARQ Ack/Nack messages from eNB to UE in response to UL transmission
– Normal CP: Tx during 1st symbol of each TTI
– Extended CP: Tx during first 3 symbols of each TTI
• PDCCH:
– Carries the DCI (DL control information): schedule uplink resources on the PUSCH or
downlink resources on the PDSCH. Alternatively, DCI transmits TPC commands for UL
– Occupies the RE left from PCFICH and PHICH within the first 3 symbols of each TTI
– Minimum number of symbols are occupied. If PDCCH data is small then it only
occupies the 1st symbol
• PDSCH:
– Carries user data, paging data, SIBs (cell status, cell IDs, allowed services…)
– Is allocated the RE not used by signals or other physical channels
Uplink Physical Signals and Channels
• Uplink Physical Signals
– Demodulation Signals:
Used for channel estimation in the eNodeB receiver to demodulate control and data channels
Located in the 4th symbol (normal CP) of each slot and spans the same bandwidth as the allocated uplink data
– Sounding Reference Signals:
Provides uplink channel quality estimation as basis for the UL scheduling decisions -> similar in use as the CQI in DL
Sent in different parts of the bandwidth where no uplink data transmission is available.
Not part of first NSNs implementations (UL channel aware scheduler in RL40)
• Layer 3: RRC
PDCP, RLC, MAC and PHY Layer are configured by the RRC protocol. Some functions:
– RRC Connection Management (creating, modifying and deleting Radio Bearers)
– Mobility Management (measurement control and reporting)
– System Information Broadcasting (SIBs), Paging
LTE Data Flow
• Fields of MAC PDU can have variable size but the MAC PDU itself needs to fit into Physical Layer Resource Blocks to which it
will be mapped
• MAC SDU can belong to different logical channels (multiplexing is possible)
• MAC header contains information for each of the SDUs, MAC Control Element or Padding in the MAC PDU regarding contents and
length
Note.
CRC: for block error detection
In LTE the sizes of the RLC frames change dynamically based on the radio conditions. For higher data rates a larger RLC PDU is used
(reducing the overhead) and for smaller data rates a smaller RLC PDU is used to avoid a lot of padding. Furthermore, because RLC
and scheduler are implemented in the eNodeB it is easier for the RLC to know the instantaneous radio conditions. This is not the case
in HSPA as the RLC is in the RNC and the scheduler in the NodeB so the instantaneous radio conditions are not know to the RNC.
LTE UE Connection Management Overview
Mobility and Connection States (1/2)
• 2 sets of states for the UE are defined based on the information held in the MME:
– EMM: EPS Mobility Management States
– ECM: EPS Connection Management States
• EMM:
– EMM- DEREGISTERED
MME holds no valid location information about the UE (location unknown)
• UE can not be paged
– EMM- REGISTERED
UE registers with an MME and establishes a default bearer for application data transfer via attach procedure or TAU
procedure after inter-system HO
UE responds to paging messages
Mobility and Connection States (2/2)
• ECM:
– UE and MME enter ECM-CONNECTED state when the signaling connection is established between UE and MME
– UE and E-UTRAN enter RRC-CONNECTED state when the signaling connection is established between UE and the E-
UTRAN
EMM & ECM States Transitions
C-RNTI: Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier. Uniquely identifies a UE within a cell. Only exists if UE is connected. Assigned by the eNodeB.
S-TMSI: SAE- Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identifier: uniquely identifies the UE within a tracking area. Assigned by the MME.
TA Update: Tracking Area Update
RRC States
• Lossless
– Packets are forwarded from the source to the target
• UE-assisted
– Measurements are made and reported by the UE to the network
• Network-controlled
– Target cell is selected by the network, not by the UE
– Handover control in E-UTRAN (not in packet core)
• Radio bearers provide connectivity across the air interface. Two types:
– Signalling Radio Bearers (SRB) carry C-plane data (RRC and NAS messages) or
– Data Radio Bearers (DRB) carry U-plane data (user data/traffic)
• S5 interface provides connectivity between a home S-GW and a home PDN-GW. S8 provides roaming
connectivity between a visited S-GW and a home PDN-GW.
Bearer Management
• There is always at least one EPS Bearer (default bearer) to provide always-on IP connectivity:
– Created during the attach procedure
– It does not mean that there is a Data Radio Bearer established all the time
• Any additional EPS Bearer is called a dedicated bearer
• All user plane data transferred with the same EPS bearer has the same QoS
• Support for multiple EPS bearers is a pre-requisite for voice support
• Conversational Voice cannot be carried with just with non GBR bearers Requires two bearers:
– QCI (QoS Class Identifier)=1 for user data
– QCI=5 for IMS signalling
• It is possible to support up to 4 EPS bearers per UE
• The EPS bearers can have different QoS requirements (QCI) so multiple services can be used at one UE
• Supported radio bearers combinations per UE and Flexi Multiradio BTS:
SRB1 + SRB2 + 2 x AM(*) DRB
SRB1 + SRB2 + 3 x AM DRB
SRB1 + SRB2 + 4 x AM DRB
Uplink:
• Uplink PC is a mix of Open Loop Power Control and Closed Loop Power Control:
• Closed Loop PC component f(i): Makes use of feedback from the eNB. Feedback are TPC (Transmit Power Control commands)
send via PDCCH to instruct the UE to increase or decrease its transmit power
• UL Power control is Slow power control: every 100ms
Radio Admission Control (RAC)
Objective: To admit or to reject the requests for establishment of Radio Bearers (RB) on a cell basis so eNodeB is stable and gives a
minimum service level per end user
• Based on number of RRC connections and number of active users per cell
– Both can be configured via parameters
RRC connection is established when the SRBs have been admitted and successfully configured
UE is considered as active when a Radio bearer is established
– Upper bound for maximum number of supported connections depends on the BB configuration of eNB (e.g. up to 840 active
UEs for 20MHz).
However, typical values for RL10/RL20 RAC are ~100…120 irrespective of the bandwidth as, as long as DRX is not
supported (RL30) the max. number of active UEs would consume too many resources for PUCCH (scheduling requests,
CQI, etc)
• HO RAC cases have higher priority than normal access to the cell
Transmission Mode - Transmit diversity with two antennas
Benefit: Diversity gain, enhanced cell coverage
• Each Tx antenna transmits the same stream of data with different coding and different subcarriers -> Receiver gets replicas of
the same signal which increases the SINR.
• Synchronization signals are transmitted only via the 1st antenna
• eNode B sends different cell-specific reference signals per antenna
• It can be enabled on cell basis by O&M configuration
• Processing is completed in 2 phases:
• Layer Mapping: distributing a stream of data into two streams
• Pre-coding: generation of signals for each antenna port
Transmission Mode - Spatial multiplexing (MIMO) with two antennas
• Benefit: Double the peak rate compared to a 1Tx antenna
• Closed loop: UE estimates the radio channel and selects the best
precoding matrix (the one that offers maximum capacity) and
sends this information to the eNB
• Open loop: no need for UEs feedback as it uses predefined
settings for SM and precoding
LTE Planning General Principles
Link Budget
• Estimating maximum allowable path loss for a single radio link
• Calculate the cell ranges for the different clutter types based on the maximum allowable path loss and on the propagation
environment
Transmitting and Receiving Modeling
• EIRP: Effective Isotropic Radiated Power • Receiver sensitivity
Single RB bandwidth
EIRP = PTx _ antenna + Gantenna − L feeder − LTMA
ins − Lbody + GMIMO
S Rx = −174dBm / Hz + 10 ⋅ log(15kHz ⋅12⋅# RB) + NF + SINR
Tx Power per antenna connector:
Receiver bandwidth
• eNodeB 8/20/40/60 W license based control
• UE 23± 2dBm Noise power
Outage
probability
improvement
due to
interference
reduction
LTE capacity depends on SINR
• Low other to own cell interference can be achieved by planning clear
dominance areas
• Avoid sites "seeing" the buildings in horizon especially over the water or
otherwise open area
PCI Planning
Introduction
• There are 504 unique Physical Cell IDs (PCI)
Physical Layer Cell Identity = (3 × NID1) + NID2
NID1: Physical Layer Cell Identity group. Range 0 to 167
– Defines SSS sequence
NID2: Identity within the group. Range 0 to 2
– Defines PSS sequence
• Frequency (prachFreqOff)
– Allocation of PRACH area should be next to PUCCH area either at upper or lower border of frequency band, however
should not overlap with PUCCH area
– Avoid separation of PUSCH in two areas by PRACH (scheduler can only handle one PUSCH area)
– For simplicity use same configuration for all cells
• Difference in formats is based in the different durations for the cyclic prefix, sequence and guard time which have an effect on
the maximum cell radius
• Only Formats 0 and 1 are supported in initial releases (up to RL30)
Recommendation:
Select Format0 for cell ranges
<14.53 km
Select Format1 for cell ranges
<77.34 km
PRACH Configuration Index
• The parameter defines the Allowed System Frame for
random access attempts, the Sub-frame numbers for random
access attempts and the Preamble format
• RACH Density indicates how many RACH resources are per
10ms frame.
• RACH density values E.g.
– RACH density=1 Only one random access attempt per
frame
– RACH density=2 Two random access attempts per
frame
Recommendation:
Configure the same PRACH configuration Indexes at cells
belonging to the same site. E.g.:
3 or 4 or 5 if RACH density=1 and 6 or 7or 8 if RACH
density=2 (Preamble Format 0)
• If PRACH area is placed at the upper border of the UL frequency band then:
Recommendation:
Select PrachCS based on the cell range E.g. if estimated cell
range is 15km then PrachCS: 12
If all cells in the network are assumed to have same cell range
them PrachCS is the same for the whole network
PrachCS and rootSeqIndex
• PrachCS defines the number of cyclic shifts (in terms of number of
samples) used to generate multiple preamble sequences from a
single root sequence
• Example based on PrachCS=12 -> number of cyclic shifts: 119
– Root sequence length is 839 so a cyclic shift of 119 samples
allows ROUNDDOWN (839/119)= 7 cyclic shifts before
making a complete rotation (signatures per root sequence)
• 64 preambles are transmitted in the PRACH frame. If one root is not
enough to generate all 64 preambles then more root sequences are
necessary
– To ensure having 64 preamble sequences within the cell it is
necessary to have ROUNDUP (64/7)= 10 root sequences per
cell
• RootSeqIndex points to the first root sequence to be used when
generating the set of 64 preamble sequences.
Recommendation:
Use different rootSeqIndex (value 0…837) across
neighbouring cells means to ensure neighbour cells will use
different preamble sequences
PRACH Planning – Wrap Up
Steps:
- Define the prachConfIndex
• Depends on preamble format (cell range)
• It should be the same for each cell of a site
- Define the prachFreqOff
• Depends on the PUCCH region
• It can be assumed to be the same for all cells of a network (simplification)
- Define the PrachCS
• Depends on the cell range
• If for simplicity same cell range is assumed for all network then prachCS is the same for all cells
- Define the rootSeqIndex
• It points to the first root sequence
• It needs to be different for neighbour cells
• rootSeqIndex separation between cells depends on how many are necessary per cell (depends on PrachCS)
Tracking Area Planning
Background
• Tracking areas are used for EPS Mobility Management (EMM)
• Each eNodeB can contain cells belonging to different tracking areas
• Paging messages are broadcast across the tracking areas within which the UE is registered
• A tracking area can be shared by multiple MME
• Tracking Area Identity (TAI)
• Constructed from the Mobile Country Code (MCC), Mobile Network Code (MNC) and TAC (Tracking Area Code). All
broadcast within SIB1
• IMPORTANT: tac=0 not supported
• The normal tracking area updating procedure is used when a UE moves into a tracking area within which it is not registered
• The periodic tracking area updating procedure is used to periodically notify the availability of the UE to the network (based
upon T3412)
• Tracking area updates are also used for
• registration during inter-system changes
• MME load balancing
• Large tracking areas result in
• Increased paging load
• Reduced requirement for tracking area updates resulting from mobility
Planning Guidelines
• Tracking areas should be planned to be relatively large (100 eNodeB) rather than relatively small
• Their size should be reduced subsequently if the paging load becomes high
• Existing 2G and 3G location area and routing area boundaries should be used as a basis for defining LTE tracking area
boundaries
• Tracking areas should not run close to and parallel to major roads nor railways. Likewise, boundaries should not traverse
dense subscriber areas
• Cells which are located at a tracking area boundary and which experience large numbers of updates should be monitored to
evaluate the impact of the update procedures
PDCCH and PUCCH Capacity
PDCCH Dimensioning
Scope: Optimize the resources reserved for PDCCH as they represent an overhead via maxNbrOfdmSymblPDCCH as RL10/RL20
don’t support dynamic PDCCH allocation (i.e. reserved PDCCH symbols per subframe are always the same)
• PDCCH resources are accounted in terms of CCEs that can also be aggregated in groups of 1, 2, 4 or 8 CCE
– 1 CCE = 9 Quadruplets = 36 RE
– The higher the aggregation the more robust PDCCH (e.g. good at cell edge)
• Max. number of CCE for PDCCH depends on the bandwidth and the parameter maxNbrOfdmSymblPDCCH
• maxNrSymblPDCCH (default value : 3) defines how many symbols per subframe (1ms) are dedicated to carry PDCCH
resources
• Considerations when planning the parameter value:
– Max. number of simultaneous UL and DL grants to be scheduled per TTI
– Desired aggregation level for users at cell edge:
▪ if not enough PDCCH capacity available scheduling will be blocked
– Additional DL overhead introduced by increasing the number of PDCCH symbols and its impact on the max achievable
user throughputs
Maximum number of
CCE for different BW
PUCCH Dimensioning
Scope: Dimensioning of the PUCCH region (how many RBs) to avoid excessive overheads
• PUCCH is used to transfer Uplink Control Information (UCI) when the PUSCH is not in use through different PUCCH formats:
ALARM
MONITOR
BTS Status & Alarms Check
Using BTS Site Manager
BTS Status and
Alarms can also
be checked by
logging into the
STATUS site using “BTS
Site Manager”.
ACTIVE
ALARMS
Common Alarms (1)
Overshooting.
Pilot Pollution.
Missing Neighbour.
Un-optimized Parameters.
Pilot Pollution
What is Pilot Pollution ?
Less than 3 - 5 dB different RSRP among PCIs are considered as potential interfering PCIs.
How to detect ?
Less than 3 - 5 dB different RSRP among PCIs are considered as potential interfering PCIs.
Possible problems :
• Reduction of SINR
• Increase of DL interference from other cells
• Frequent handover
Pollution RSRP
The number of Handover attempts has been reduced which is indicating more clear dominant areas after antenna
downtilting.
Pilot Pollution
After Antenna Tilting
How to detect ?
Monitor other KPIs (such as CSSR, Drop Rate, Early Handover, Late Handover, etc.).
Missing Neighbour
Measurement Reports without Handover Command
Serving Missing
PCI Neighbour PCI
A lot of Measurement 501 449
Reports but no
Handover Command
100*sum([SIGN_CONN_ESTAB_COMP]) / sum([SIGN_CONN_ESTAB_ATT_MO_S]+
[SIGN_CONN_ESTAB_ATT_MT]+ [SIGN_CONN_ESTAB_ATT_MO_D]+
RRC Setup Success Ratio LTE_5218c
[SIGN_CONN_ESTAB_ATT_OTHERS] +
[SIGN_CONN_ESTAB_ATT_EMG])
100*sum(ENB_EPS_BEARER_REL_REQ_RNL + ENB_EPS_BEARER_REL_REQ_TNL +
ENB_EPS_BEARER_REL_REQ_OTH) / sum(EPC_EPS_BEARER_REL_REQ_NORM +
EPC_EPS_BEARER_REL_REQ_DETACH + EPC_EPS_BEARER_REL_REQ_RNL +
E-RAB Drop Ratio LTE_5025b
EPC_EPS_BEARER_REL_REQ_OTH + ENB_EPSBEAR_REL_REQ_RNL_REDIR +
ENB_EPS_BEARER_REL_REQ_NORM + ENB_EPS_BEARER_REL_REQ_RNL +
ENB_EPS_BEARER_REL_REQ_TNL + ENB_EPS_BEARER_REL_REQ_OTH)
RSLTE005
HO Analysis Intra-eNB HO
Success Rate
RSLTE031
Neighbour HO Analysis
Inter-eNB HO
RSLTE024 Success Rate
RSSI for PUSCH
PCI Confusion
RSLTE025
SINR for PUSCH
Uplink Interference
RSLTE019
Power Radio Quality
OSS Statistics
RSLTE000-System
Program.XLS
PCI Planning Review Mod3 Violation
Site Info :
Site location & type
Antenna azimuth
PCI
Site Info :
Site location & type
Antenna azimuth
Root Sequence Index
Solution :
Change Root Sequence Index of
LNCEL 394 from 100 to 230.
External UL Interference
E-RAB Drop Rate [%] RRC Setup Success Rate [%]
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
100.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
90.00
95.00
06.06.2012
06.06.2012
06.07.2012
06.07.2012
06.09.2012
06.09.2012
06.10.2012
06.10.2012
06.11.2012
06.11.2012
06.12.2012
06.12.2012
06.14.2012 06.14.2012
06.15.2012 06.15.2012
06.16.2012 06.16.2012
06.17.2012 06.17.2012
06.18.2012 06.18.2012
0
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
-Low SINR.
06.18.2012 03:00:00
06.18.2012 06:00:00
06.18.2012 09:00:00
06.18.2012 12:00:00
06.18.2012 15:00:00
06.18.2012 18:00:00
06.18.2012 21:00:00
06.19.2012 00:00:00
06.19.2012 03:00:00
Avg. RSSI for PUSCH
06.19.2012 06:00:00
06.19.2012 09:00:00
06.19.2012 12:00:00
06.19.2012 15:00:00
06.19.2012 18:00:00
06.19.2012 21:00:00
06.20.2012 00:00:00
06.20.2012 03:00:00
06.20.2012 06:00:00
06.20.2012 09:00:00
Low SINR
06.20.2012 12:00:00
06.20.2012 15:00:00
06.20.2012 18:00:00
06.20.2012 21:00:00
Max. RSSI for PUSCH
06.21.2012 00:00:00
06.21.2012 03:00:00
06.21.2012 06:00:00
06.21.2012 09:00:00
06.21.2012 12:00:00
06.21.2012 15:00:00
06.21.2012 18:00:00
06.21.2012 21:00:00
06.22.2012 00:00:00
06.22.2012 03:00:00
06.22.2012 06:00:00
06.22.2012 09:00:00
06.22.2012 12:00:00
06.22.2012 15:00:00
06.22.2012 18:00:00
Avg. SINR for PUSCH
06.22.2012 21:00:00
High RSSI
06.23.2012 00:00:00
06.23.2012 03:00:00
06.23.2012 06:00:00
06.23.2012 09:00:00
06.23.2012 12:00:00
06.23.2012 15:00:00
06.23.2012 18:00:00
06.23.2012 21:00:00
06.24.2012 00:00:00
06.24.2012 03:00:00
06.24.2012 06:00:00
06.24.2012 09:00:00
06.24.2012 12:00:00
06.24.2012 15:00:00
06.24.2012 18:00:00
06.24.2012 21:00:00
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
30
External UL Interference
Source Target
HO Attempt HO Success Rate
LNBTS name LNCEL name LNBTS name LNCEL name
NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA0 61 NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA2 64652 9961 83.09
NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA0 62 NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA2 64652 9703 79.72
NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA0 63 NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA2 64652 2 100
NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA0 65 NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA2 64652 2 50
NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA1 384 NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA2 64652 7458 60.78
NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA1 385 NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA2 64652 544 95.59
NL_BSbujeonrotaryB4 5252 NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA2 64652 872 96.79
NL_BSbujeonrotaryB4 5254 NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA2 64652 11 100
NL_BSseomyontaehwaA0 70 NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA2 64652 22873 97.7
NL_BSseomyontaehwaA0 71 NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA2 64652 11014 91.39
NL_BSseomyontaehwaA0 72 NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA2 64652 3726 99.44
NL_BSseomyontaehwaA0 75 NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA2 64652 101 99.01
NL_BSseomyontaehwaA1 410 NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA2 64652 2 50
NL_BSseomyontaehwaA1 412 NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA2 64652 13 92.31
NL_BSseomyontaehwaA1 413 NL_BSbujeondoseokwanA2 64652 5 40
LNADJ Management
Correction :
LNADJ Deletion : 131618 132234
LNADJ Addition : 131618 131110
DL – UE does not hear the contention resolution or RRC Connection Setup message
53% of analysed
RRC setup
failures are due
to DL problems
Parameter Optimization
RRC Setup Failures
Check List Summary
INPUT PROBLEM ACTION EFFECT
Coverage Analysis/
Overshooting Antenna Downtilting
RRC Setup Success Rate
Drive Test
Pilot Pollution Parameter
Recommendation RACH Success Rate
Un-optimized
Parameter Adding Missing
E-RAB Drop Rate
Neighbour
Missing Neighbour
Consistency Check HO Success Rate
Parameter
Inconsistency
Parameter PCI Re-assignment S1 HO Trigger 0
Dump PCI Mod3 Violation
Root Sequence Index Throughput
Root Sequence Index Re-assignment
Collision
Unknown Problems
PCI Confusion
OSS External Noise
Statistics Clean-up
Uplink Interference
Appendix
LTE Throughput
• Maximum Peak Layer 1 Rates to one user according to 3GPP specifications and UE capability
Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)
3GPP TS 36.213 specifies tables to:
• link the MCS Index to a Modulation Order (modulation type) and TBS Index
• link the TBS Index to a Transport Block Size (TBS) for a specific number of Physical Resource Blocks (PRB)
Only a subset of the complete table (3GPP TS 36.213 specifies 110 columns)
Modulation Order
2 ≡ QPSK
4 ≡ 16QAM
6 ≡ 64QAM
High MCS
corresponds to
high throughput
RSRP and RSRQ
RSRP: 3GPP RSRP Definition:
• RSRP is the power of a single resource element. Reference signal received power (RSRP), is defined as the
• UE measures the power of multiple resource elements used to linear average over the power contributions (in [W]) of the
transfer the reference signal but then takes an average of them resource elements that carry cell-specific reference signals
rather than summing them.
within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth.
• Reporting range -44…-140 dBm
3GPP RSRQ Definition:
RSRQ: Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) is defined as the
• RSRQ = RSRP / (RSSI/N) ratio N×RSRP/(E-UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number
– N is the number of resource blocks over which the RSSI is of RBs of the E-UTRA carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth.
measured The measurements in the numerator and denominator shall
– RSSI is wide band power, including intracell power, be made over the same set of resource blocks.
interference and noise. E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI),
• Reporting range -3…-19.5dB comprises the linear average of the total received power (in
[W]) observed only in OFDM symbols containing reference
symbols for antenna port 0, in the measurement bandwidth,
over N number of resource blocks by the UE from all sources,
including co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent
channel interference, thermal noise etc.
LTE Network – Re use existing frequency band 1800
LTE Network – Re use existing frequency band 900
LTE – GSM RF Sharing