CONTROL AND PREVENTION

NAME:NORSHAHIDAH BT ZAINAL

STUDENT ID:SD012017-01-002565

NAME:HASBULLAH B ROSLI

STUDENT ID:SD012017-01-002560

SUBJECT:COMMUNITY HEALTH 3
DEFINITION LEPROSY

Leprosy, also called Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the
skin, the peripheral nerves, the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes. Leprosy can
lead to progressive permanent damage of these structures, and the resulting devastating
disfigurement and disability has led to the historical social stigma and isolation (leper colonies)
of those affected by the disease.

Causes

 It is caused by the acid-fast, rod-shaped bacteria Mycobacterium leprae, which was

discovered in 1873 by G.A. Hansen.

 Though humans are the major reservoir and host for infection with M. leprae, other animals
such as armadillos, chimpanzees, and mangabey monkeys, and macaques also serve as
reservoirs of infection.

Symptoms and Signs

 Flat or raised skin lesions or nodules, often less pigmented than the surrounding skin,
though they may appear reddish or copper colored
 Single or multiple skin lesions that are often found on cooler parts of the body such as the
face, buttocks, and extremities
 Thickening of the skin and peripheral nerves
 Ulcerations of the skin
 Peripheral nerve involvement leading to loss of sensation

Treatment

Leprosy is a curable disease using the highly effective MDT (multidrug therapy).

 In 1981, a World Health Organization Study Group recommended multidrug treatment

with three medications: dapsone, rifampicin (Rifadin), and clofazimine (Lamprene).
Prevention

 Public education and community awareness are crucial to encourage individuals with
leprosy and their families to undergo evaluation and treatment with MDT.
 Household contacts of patients with leprosy should be monitored closely for the
development of leprosy signs and symptoms.
 A study demonstrated that prophylaxis with a single dose of rifampicin was 57% effective
in preventing leprosy for the first two years in individuals who have close contact with
newly diagnosed patients with leprosy.
 There is currently no widely used standard for using medications for the prevention of
leprosy.
 Currently, there is no single commercial vaccine that confers complete immunity against
leprosy in all individuals.
 Several vaccines, including the BCG vaccine, provide variable levels of protection
against leprosy in certain populations.

Definition Tetanus

Tetanus is a serious bacterial disease that affects your nervous system, leading to painful muscle
contractions, particularly of your jaw and neck muscles. Tetanus can interfere with your ability to
breathe and can threaten your life. Tetanus is commonly known as "lockjaw."

sign and Symptoms

 Spasms and stiffness in your jaw muscles (trismus)

 Stiffness of your neck muscles
 Difficulty swallowing
 Stiffness of your abdominal muscles
 Painful body spasms lasting for several minutes, typically triggered by minor
occurrences, such as a draft, loud noise, physical touch or light
 Fever
 Sweating

Causes

Spores of the bacteria that cause tetanus, Clostridium tetani, are found in soil, dust and animal
feces. When they enter a deep flesh wound, spores grow into bacteria that can produce a
powerful toxin, tetanospasmin, which impairs the nerves that control your muscles (motor
neurons). The toxin can cause muscle stiffness and spasms Nearly all cases of tetanus occur in
people who have never been vaccinated or adults who haven't kept up with their 10-year booster
shots. You can't catch tetanus from a person who has it.

Complications

 Broken bones. The severity of spasms may cause the spine and other bones to break.
 Blockage of a lung artery (pulmonary embolism). A blood clot that has traveled from
elsewhere in your body can block the main artery of the lung or one of its branches.
 Death. Severe tetanus-induced (tetanic) muscle spasms can interfere with or stop your
breathing. Respiratory failure is the most common cause of death. Lack of oxygen may
also induce cardiac arrest and death. Pneumonia is another cause of death.

Treatment

1)Wound care

Cleaning the wound is essential to preventing growth of tetanus spores. This involves removing
dirt, foreign objects and dead tissue from the wound.

2)Medications

 Antitoxin.
 Antibiotics.
 Vaccine.
 Sedatives..

3)Supportive therapies

Severe tetanus infection often requires a long stay in an intensive care setting. Since sedatives
can inhibit breathing, you might temporarily need a ventilator.

Definition Gangrene

Gangrene refers to the death of body tissue due to either a lack of blood flow or a serious
bacterial infection. Gangrene commonly affects the extremities, including your toes, fingers and
limbs, but it can also occur in your muscles and internal organs.
Symptoms

 Skin discoloration — ranging from pale to blue, purple, black, bronze or red, depending
on the type of gangrene you have
 Swelling or the formation of blisters filled with fluid on the skin
 A clear line between healthy and damaged skin
 Sudden, severe pain followed by a feeling of numbness
 A foul-smelling discharge leaking from a sore

Causes

 Lack of blood supply. Your blood provides oxygen, nutrients to feed your cells, and
immune system components, such as antibodies, to ward off infections. Without a proper
blood supply, cells can't survive, and your tissue decays.
 Infection. If bacteria thrive unchecked for long, infection can take over and cause your
tissue to die, causing gangrene.
 Trauma. Wounds that are traumatic, such as gunshot wounds or crushing injuries from car
crashes, can cause bacteria to invade tissues deep within the body. When such tissues are
infected, gangrene can occur.

Types of gangrene

1. Dry gangrene.
2. Wet gangrene.
Gas gangrene
3. Internal gangrene. I
4. Fournier's gangrene.
5. Progressive bacterial synergistic gangrene (Meleney's gangrene).

Complications

 Gangrene can lead to scarring or the need for reconstructive surgery. Sometimes, the
amount of tissue death is so extensive that a body part, such as your foot, may need to be
removed (amputated).
Diagnosis
 Tests used to help make a diagnosis of gangrene include:
 Blood tests.
 Imaging tests.
  An arteriogram is an imaging test used to visualize your arteries.
 Surgery.
 Fluid or tissue culture

Treatment

1)Surgery

a surgical procedure to remove dead tissue, which helps stop gangrene from spreading and
allows healthy tissue to heal.

2)Antibiotics

Antibiotics that are given through a vein (intravenous), or those that are taken orally, may be
used to treat gangrene that has become infected.

Definition Genital herpes

Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus
(HSV). Sexual contact is the primary way that the virus spreads. After the initial infection, the
virus lies dormant in your body and can reactivate several times a year.

Symptoms

 Pain or itching. You may experience pain and tenderness in your genital area until the
infection clears.
 Small red bumps or tiny white blisters. These may appear a few days to a few weeks after
infection.
 Ulcers. These may form when blisters rupture and ooze or bleed. Ulcers may make it
painful to urinate.
 Scabs. Skin will crust over and form scabs as ulcers heal.

Causes

 causes cold sores or fever blisters around your mouth.

 causes genital herpes. T

Diagnosis
 Viral culture.

 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test.

 Blood test.

Treatment

Antiviral medications used for genital herpes include:

 Acyclovir (Zovirax)
 Famciclovir (Famvir)
 Valacyclovir (Valtrex)

Definiton Plantar warts

Plantar warts are small growths that usually appear on the heels or other weight-bearing areas of
your feet. This pressure may also cause plantar warts to grow inward beneath a hard, thick layer
of skin (callus).

Symptoms

 A small, fleshy, rough, grainy growth (lesion) on the bottom of your foot, usually the base
of the toes and forefoot or the heel
 Hard, thickened skin (callus) over a well-defined "spot" on the skin, where a wart has
grown inward
 Black pinpoints, which are commonly called wart seeds but are actually small, clotted
blood vessels
 A lesion that interrupts the normal lines and ridges in the skin of your foot
 Pain or tenderness when walking or standing

Diagnosis

 Examining the lesion

  Paring the lesion with a scalpel and checking for signs of dark, pinpoint dots — tiny
clotted blood vessels
 Removing a small section of the lesion (shave biopsy) and sending it to a laboratory for
analysis

Treatment

 Stronger peeling medicine (salicylic acid). Prescription-strength wart medications with

salicylic acid work by removing layers of a wart a little bit at a time. They may also
stimulate your immune system's ability to fight the wart.

 Freezing medicine (cryotherapy). Cryotherapy done at a doctor's office involves applying

liquid nitrogen to the wart, either with a spray or a cotton swab. This method can be painful,
so your doctor may numb the area first.

Scabies

Scabies is an itchy skin condition caused by a tiny burrowing mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. The
presence of the mite leads to intense itching in the area of its burrows. The urge to scratch may
be especially strong at night.

Sign And symptoms

 Itching, often severe and usually worse at night

 Thin, irregular burrow tracks made up of tiny blisters or bumps on your skin
 Between fingers
 In armpits
 Around your waist
 Along the insides of wrists

Treatments and drugs

  Permethrin cream, 5 percent (Elimite).
 Lindane lotion.
 Crotamiton (Eurax).
 Ivermectin (Stromectol).

Definition Pediculosis

Lice are tiny, wingless, parasitic insects that feed on your blood. Lice are easily spread —
especially by schoolchildren — through close personal contact and by sharing belongings.

Several types of lice exist:

 Head lice. These lice develop on your scalp.

 Body lice. These lice live in clothing and on bedding and move onto your skin to feed.
 Pubic lice. Commonly called crabs, these lice occur on the skin and hair of your pubic
area and, less frequently, on coarse body hair, such as chest hair, eyebrows or eyelashes.

Treatment

 Head lice-Prescription medications. Malathion (Ovide) is a prescription medication that you

apply to your hair and then rub into your hair and scalp. .

 Body lice-If you have body lice, you don't need treatment. .

 Pubic lice- can be treated with many of the same nonprescription and prescription treatments
used for head lice.

Definition Candidiasis Yeast

A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection that causes irritation, discharge and intense
itchiness of the vagina and the vulva the tissues at the vaginal opening. It's a type of vaginitis, or
inflammation of the vagina.

Symptoms

 Itching and irritation in the vagina and the tissues at the vaginal opening (vulva)
 A burning sensation, especially during intercourse or while urinating
  Redness and swelling of the vulva
 Vaginal pain and soreness
 Vaginal rash
 Watery vaginal discharge

Causes

 Antibiotic use, which decreases lactobacillus bacteria in your vagina and changes the pH
of your vagina
 Pregnancy
 Uncontrolled diabetes
 Impaired immune system
 Taking oral contraceptives or hormone therapy, which increases estrogen levels

Diagnosis

 Perform a pelvic exam. Your doctor examines your external genitals for signs of
infection. Next, your doctor places an instrument (speculum) into your vagina to hold the
vaginal walls open to examine the vagina and cervix.
 Test a sample of vaginal secretions. Your doctor may send a sample of vaginal fluid for
testing to determine the type of fungus causing the yeast infection. Your doctor may be
able to prescribe more effective treatment for recurrent yeast infections by identifying the
type of fungus causing the infections.

Definition Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite. In women,

trichomoniasis can cause a foul-smelling vaginal discharge, genital itching and painful urination.
Men who have trichomoniasis typically have no symptoms. Pregnant women who have
trichomoniasis may be at higher risk of delivering their babies prematurely.

Sign and Symptoms

 A profuse and often foul-smelling vaginal discharge — which may be white, gray, yellow
or green
  Genital redness, burning and itching
 Pain with urination or sexual intercourse

Causes

Trichomoniasis is caused by a one-celled protozoan, a type of tiny parasite that travels between
people during sexual intercourse. The incubation period between exposure and infection is
unknown, but it's thought to range

Complications

 Deliver prematurely
 Have a baby with a low birth weight

References

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/leprosy-health/article_em.htm

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetanus/home/ovc-20200456

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gangrene/home/ovc-20336984