Chapter 1.

I t d ti
Introduction

1
Background
Computers are no more separate devices
small, cheap, portable, replaceable
Technological Trends
more computing power in smaller devices
flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption
new user interfaces suitable for small dimensions
more bandwidths per unit area
multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless
WANs, wireless PANs (overlay networks)
new electronic computing devices: small, cheap, portable,
replaceable
l bl and d mostt iimportant
t t off allll usable
bl
computer are aware of their environment and adapt
l
location
ti awareness

2
Mobile networking
Allows users carrying portable devices have access to a
shared network infrastructure independent of their physical
location
Two Important Properties - Wireless & Mobile
Existing network systems are based on assumptions of
stationary computers
wired networks
Most of existing protocols don’t work or work poorly since
computers are mobile (not stationary)
networks are wireless (not wired)

Wireless vs. mobile Examples

  stationary computer
  notebook in a hotel
  wireless LANs in historic buildings
  P
Personal l Di
Digital
it l A i t t (PDA)
Assistant
3
 Mobile computing
Next step in the evolution of information systems
usage
source u
flexible res

freedom of location
4
Forecast of subscribers worldwide

Mobile devices are expected to be the primary connection

tool to the Internet in 2020.
5
Mobile networking - Ultimate Goal
“ People and their machines should be able to access
information and communicate with each other easily and
y, in anyy medium or combination of media ((voice,,
securely,
data, image, video, or multimedia) any time, anywhere, in a
timely, cost-effective way.”

G. Heilmeier (CEO Bellcore)

6
Applications
Vehicles
transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via
DAB/DVB-T
personal communication using GSM/UMTS
position via GPS
local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent
accidents, guidance system, redundancy
vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed
high speed trains) can be
transmitted in advance for maintenance
Emergencies
early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status,
first diagnosis
replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes
earthquakes,
hurricanes, fire etc.
crisis, war, ...

7
UMTS, WLAN,
DAB, DVB, GSM,
cdma2000, TETRA, ...

Personal Travel Assistant,

PDA, Laptop,
GSM, UMTS, WLAN,
Bluetooth ...
Bluetooth,

8
Traveling salesmen
direct access to customer files stored in a central location
consistent databases for all agents
mobile office
Replacement of fixed networks
remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities
flexibility for trade shows
LANs in historic buildings
Entertainment,
E t t i t education,
d ti E-mail,
E il news ...
outdoor Internet access : e-mail, messaging
personalized and localized content: news,
news stock quotes
quotes, weather
weather,
sports, etc.
intelligent travel guide with up-to-date location dependent
information
ad-hoc networks for multi user games

9
Gaming
Downloaded / on line / interactive
on-line
/ network games, for the youth market
Audio Content
Music on demand
Download and Streaming mode
Video Content
Video on demand (e.g. movie previews)
“How To” guides (change your oil, fix a flat tire, etc)
Internet TV (e.g., sports highlights)
Video conferencing

10
Mobile Commerce
m ticketing: flight booking
m-ticketing: booking, movies
movies, concerts
m-shopping: mainly for lifestyle shopping (flowers, gifts,
etc.))
mobile banking: check account balance, fund transfers
mobile financial trading: stocks, bonds, currencies
m-wallet: pre-registered credit payment with enhanced
security, prepaid m-commerce

11
Location dependent services
Location aware services
what services (e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc.) exist in the
local environment
Follow-on services
automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace
to the current location
Information services
“push”:
“ h” e.g., currentt special
i l offers
ff iin th
the supermarket
k t
“pull”: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cheese Cake?
Support services
caches intermediate results, state information etc. “follow” the
mobile device through the fixed network
Privacy
who should gain knowledge about the location

12
 Mobile devices

PDA Laptop/Notebook
Pager
• graphical displays • fully functional
• receive only
• character recognition • standard
t d d applications
li ti
• tiny displays
• simple text • simplified WWW
messages
Sensors,
embedded
controllers
co to es
Smartphone
Mobile phones • tiny keyboard
• voice, data • simple
i l versions
i
of standard applications
•www.scatterweb.net • simple graphical displays

•performance
No clear separation between device types possible
(e.g. smart phones, embedded PCs, …)
13
Why is Achieving Mobility Difficult? - 1) Wireless
Lower bandwidth
Useful spectrum is scarce (almost all occupied) and
expensive
i
Received power diminishes with distance
Lower transmission rate
Variable bandwidth
g of networks
variation due to change
Higher error rates (noise, fading, etc.)
Securityy risks
easy to snoop (anybody can receive)
easy to spoof (anybody can transmit)
Heterogeneous networks
switch from one network to another
availability of several networks (e
(e.g.
g IR & RF WLANs)

14
Whyy is Achieving
g Mobility
y Difficult? – 2)) Mobile
Frequent handoff - frequent disconnection
Address migration
g
dynamically changing network access point
how to find the current address ?
how to do rerouting ?
Location-dependent information
currentt location
l ti affects
ff t configuration
fi ti parameterst (e.g,
( local
l l
DNS, time zone, default printer, etc.)
current location affects answers to q queries ((e.g,
g, where is
the nearest printer ?)
more complex queries (e.g, where is the nearest taxi? -
function of user’s
user s and taxi
taxi’ss location)

15
Whyy is Achieving
g Mobility
y Difficult? – 3)) Portable
Low power (limited battery capacity)
Small user interface
small display
analog input (speech, hand writing) instead of buttons
(k b d )
(keyboards)
Small storage capacity

vs.

16
Early history of wireless communication
150 BC smoke signals for communication;
heliographs, flags (“semaphore”), ...

1794, optical telegraph, (Claude Chappe)

used semaphore (a flag based alphabet)
flag-based
1840’s
1840 s Electric telegraph Samuel Morse
used to send a series of dots and dashes
Electromagnetic waves are of special importance:
1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction
J. Maxwell ((1831-79):
) theoryy of electromagnetic
g Fields, wave
equations (1864)
H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates with an experiment the wave
character of electrical transmission through space
Recent history of wireless communication
1991 DECT
Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications))
1880-1900MHz, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data
transmission
1992 St
Startt off GSM
fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
roaming in Europe - worldwide in more than 200 countries
services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...
1996 HiperLAN
p ((High
g Performance Radio Local Area
Network)
European alternative for the IEEE 802.11 standards defined by
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
has four different versions
1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
IEEE standard
standard, 2 4 - 2.5GHz
2.4 2 5GHz and infrared,
infrared 2Mbit/s
1998 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
GSM successors
European proposals for IMT-2000
1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs
IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s
Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4GHz, <1Mbit/s
Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and ii-mode
mode
first step towards a unified Internet/mobile communication
system
access tot many services
i i th
via bil phone
the mobile h
2001 Start of 3G systems
Cdma2000,, UMTS,, Foma ((almost UMTS))
2005 WiMax starts as DSL alternative
2006 WLAN draft for 250 Mbit/s (802.11n) using MIMO
2008 “real”
real Internet widely available on mobile phones
Wireless systems: Generations
 Wireless systems – Characteristics

Mobility WAN
WLAN
V hi l
Vehicle

High performance WLAN

Walk
a
Outdoor
r

UMTS
Fixed Wideband

802.11n
80
O

Cellular

02.11a/g
8
802.11b
Wired LAN
Walk
or

b
Indoo

g
Fixed/
Bluetooth
Desktop
01
0.1 1 10 100 Mbps (Tx Rate)

23
 Simple reference model

Mobile Base Corresponding

C di
device station host

Application Application

Transport Transport

Network Network Network Network

Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical Physical Physical

Radio Medium
Layered Architecture

Diverse mobile applications

Application Layer

Congestion control
control, flow control
control,
Transport Layer QoS, etc.

Routing, location management

Routing management,
Network Layer
handoff, etc.

Data Link Layer Multiple

p access,, link error control,,
channel allocation, etc.

Radio, IR Modulation, interference, channel coding,

g etc.

25
Wireless Access Technologies
Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) - IEEE 802 15
802.15
Bluetooth, UWB, Zigbee, etc
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
IEEE 802.11, ETSI Hiperlan
Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN)
Broadband Wireless Access, IEEE 802.16, ETSI HiperAccess
Wibro
Cellular Phone Networks
2G, 2.5G, 3G Networks (3GPP, 3GPP2)

26
Wireless Classification

WWAN WMAN WLAN WPAN

GSM/ GPRS / IEEE802.16 IEEE802.11 Bluetooth
CDMA
WAN
WAN-MAN
PAN
MAN
MAN-LAN
LAN-PAN
Pico-Cell

Personal Operating Space

~50km ~2km 0km ~10m

27
Overlay Networks - the global goal

integration of heterogeneous fixed and

mobile networks with varying
y g
transmission characteristics

regional
g

vertical
handover
metropolitan area

campus-based horizontal
handover

in-house
Overview of this course

Support for Mobility

Mobile Transport Layer

Mobile Network Layer

Telecommunication Systems Wireless LANs

Medium Access Control

Wireless Transmission