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Combustion
Normal
Combustion
Normal Combustion
Normal Combustion Processes Section
Combustion Program
Section Objectives
• Describe how fuel is turned into
energy
• Define how different air fuel ratios
effect an engines operation
• Define Btu, HHV, LHV, WKI™ and
how they affect an engine’s operation
Direction Of
Flame Travel
Cylinder Wall
Normal Combustion
Combustion
Rapid oxidation (O2) of fuel where
the temperature of the elements rises.
Rich
Stoichiometric
Lean
Stoichiometric (Ideal)
Combustion
Correct proportion of oxygen and
fuel so that they completely
react in the combustion
Results:
Exhaust without excess oxygen or fuel
Highest combustion temperature
H H N
O O C H N
H
H H
C O
N O
H H O O O
N O
Stoichiometric Combustion
OH N
O O H H
H N
C O
N C
H N O O
O
H OH
H
Stoichiometric Exhaust
Rich Combustion
More fuel for approximately the
same amount of oxygen
Results:
Higher fuel consumption
Additional power (if slightly rich)
Excess fuel remaining in the exhaust
Lower combustion temperature
H H
O H H N
H
C H
O H
C H N
O O
H H
N O C
N O H H
Rich Combustion
OH N
O H
H
O N
C H C
N O
H H
H
H N OH C
O H
H H
Cooler Flame
Rich Exhaust
Lean Combustion
Less fuel for approximately the same
amount of oxygen
Results:
Excess oxygen remaining in the exhaust
Lower fuel consumption
Lower combustion temperature
Loss of power
O N
O O O N
H H
C O
N O
H H O O O
N O
Lean Combustion
O N OH N
O H
N
C O
O N
H O O O
H O
O
Cooler Flame
Lean Exhaust
NOx Production
C° F° Temperature vs. Oxygen
807 1300 5
670 1250
4
EXHAUST TEMP
EXHAUST O2
642 1200
3 O2 %
615 1150
2
587 1100
1
559 1050
Max NOx
532 1000 0
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
CO
NOX
HC
CO
NOX
NMHC
CO HC
NOX
- High
Combustion Rich Lean - Power Loss
Temperature - Misfire
- Detonation
Timing Retard
- Poor
BSFC
Low Heat Value (LHV):
Useful energy of fuel
(Btu’s per cubic foot)
Propane 2316
Field Gas 1000 - 1200
Natural Gas 900 - 950
Digester Gas 500 - 550
Landfill Gas 450 - 550
Abnormal Combustion
Detonation and
Preignition
Section Objectives
• List the causes of pre-ignition and
detonation
• Realize the importance of catching
detonation and pre-ignition early
• List several types of damage that
occur due to detonation and pre-
ignition
• Describe how detonation differs from
“Normal Combustion”
Ka Knock Knock
Ka Ping
Knock
WAUKESHA
Knock
Ka Knock
Knock
Bang Bang
No Insignificant
Detonation or Pre-ignition
Pitting and galling
Exposed puller hole Hollowed out area
Aluminum deposits
on the cylinder wall
Damage in the ring groove area
Severe piston crown damage
Aluminum deposits
from the piston
Detonation
Auto Ignition of the End
Gas
The End Gas is the air fuel mixture inside the
combustion chamber that is ahead
of the normal flame front.
Detonation
Detonation
Normal
Detonations pinging
sound is caused by
pressure waves forcing
the cylinder walls to
vibrate
OCTANE NUMBER
A FUEL STABILITY RATING
NO LONGER USED BY
WAUKESHA
WAUKESHA
KNOCK INDEX™
• Pure Methane 100
• Digester 125
• Landfill 140
• Processed Natural Gas 91
• Propane 34
Btu
WKI™ Number
9:1
8.7:1
8.2:1
Pressure Higher combustion
chamber pressures
tend to increase
detonation tendencies
Deposits Anything that raises the
HEAT
temperature of the
combustion chamber
can increase detonation
tendencies
140
130
Waukesha
Knock Index™ 120
Number (WKI™)
Requirement
110
100
90
80
Low Engine Speed High
Effect of Back Pressure
on Detonation
Combustion Compression
Temperature Temperature
Water
Vapor
Exhaust
Temp
Engine Heat
Load Pressure
LOW HIGH