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Terminal

Planning
Passenger
Characteristics
and Flows
Terminal Planning

Passenger Characteristics
Terminal Planning Principles
Terminal Layout Concepts
Terminal Sub-Systems
Check-in
Government Controls (Inspection Services)
Wayfinding and Information Services
Ancillary Services
Security and IT
Baggage
TRB Terminal Design Web Library
https://crp.trb.org/acrp0715/
Reminder about Passenger Characteristics
• Origin-Destination Passengers (O/D)
• Use all the terminal facilities (parking, check-in, security, bag claim, customs,...)
• Transfer Passengers (E/D-O/D)
• Use very limited terminal facilities (holdroom and baggage transfer facilities)
• Transiting Passengers (A/D-E/D)
• Use no terminal facilities as they do not exit the aircraft
Passenger Characteristics

• Sector Split
Domestic
vs. International
vs. Trans-border
• Activity
Departure
vs. Arrival
vs. Transfer
vs. In-transit
• Physical Traits
• General Social Traits
Sterility Requirements
Cdn Primary Inspection Line (P.I.L.)

Bag Drop International


Inbound

Trans-Border
Inbound (T.B.)

T.B The
Outbound World
International Outbound
U.S.
P.I.L.
Domestic Domestic &
International
Holdrooms

Security Line
Transferring
passengers -----
New Sterility Requirements
Cdn Primary Inspection Line (P.I.L.)
International
Inbound

Trans-Border
Inbound (T.B.)
U.S.
P.I.L. The
T.B
Outbound USA

International Outbound Document Check


Domestic &
Domestic Int・l

Domestic

Security Line
In-Transit
Cdn Primary Inspection Line (P.I.L.)
Transferring
passengers ------ International
Inbound/Outbound

Document
Check In-transit
Lounge

International Outbound
Domestic &
International Aircraft
Outbound
Holdrooms
Security Line The
World
International Arrivals Arriving International Aircraft
Passenger Flows Deplaning International Passenger X

P.I.L. P.I.L. Buffer Sterile Bypass (or Doc


Queuing Zone Check)
International
P.I.L. Counter
Enplaning A/C
Area (In-Transit
(Immigration Secondary) Post PI..L. Circulation
Lounge)

Bag Claim International Customs


Document Check Health
Agriculture
Customs Control Customs Control
(Bag Inspection) (No Inspection)

Buffer Zone

Connecting Exit Lobby Meeters &


Post Bag Examination
Bag Drop X
(Customs Secondary) Greeters Hall
Trans-border (F.I.S.)
Passenger Flows Departing Trans-border Passenger

P.I.L. P.I.L. Buffer Duty Free Shopping


Queuing Zone

P.I.L. Counter

Post P.I.L. Circulation


Immigration Buffer Zone
Secondary International Customs
Customer Counters Health
Agriculture

Customs Control Customs Control


(Bag Inspection) (No Inspection)

Buffer Zone
Departure
Bag Drop Security
Post Bag Examination Waiting
Room
New Trans-border (F.I.S.) Departing Trans-border Passenger
Passenger Flows
Duty Free Shopping
Check-in and
P.I.L. Bag Drop
Queuing P.I.L. Buffer
Zone
P.I.L. Counter
Security
Post P.I.L. Circulation
Immigration Buffer Zone
Secondary International Customs
Health
Customer Counters Agriculture

Customs Control Customs Control


(Bag Inspection) (No Inspection)

Buffer Zone
Departure
Waiting
Post Bag Examination Room
Passenger Physical Characteristics

Ref:
John Fruin “Pedestrian Planning and Design”
“http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/11877/Chapter_8.html”
Source:
Highway
Capacity
Manual
Temporal Aspects of Behaviour

PASSENGER ARRIVAL
PATTERNS
Hours of the
100 Day
Per Centage of

80
Passengers

6-10
60
10-18
40
18-24
20
0
90

0
10 0

-7

-5

-3

-1
11

0-
80

60

40

20
0-
12

Time Before Flight (mins.)


Passenger Social Characteristics
Passenger Social Profile

• Business Traveler
• getting older
• male dominated
• experienced, frequent flyer
• getting heavier, needs glasses
• want’s the 70’s, seeks quality space
• avoids conflict
• bored
• they know you…...
US Business Traveler Profile
• Gender: 57% Male
• Avg. Age: 47 years
• Education: College degree 49%
• Career Choice: Professional 27%, Exec/Mgm’t 21%
• Techno savvy: PC’s 92%, Cell Phones 85%
• Avg. Number of Trips: 7 / year (17% are frequent flyers 10+ trips/year)
• Leisure Add-on: 62% combined business and Pleasure trip
• Rewards Program: Frequent Flyer Program 74%, Hotel Program 36%
• Alternate Transport: Drive 61% for trips < 300 miles
• Telecommunication: 71% believe online technology (teleconferencing) more
efficient
• Avg. Spending: $493 per business trip (excluding transportation) vs. $398 / avg.
trip
• Preferred services: Internet 45%, Fitness Centers 43%
• Growing Concerns: Travel Conditions ( security lineups, flight delays, in-flight
service), time spent away from family
Passenger Characteristics

Leisure Traveler
getting younger
female dominated, traveling with
children
unreal expectations, complains
more
nervous, blames airport, gives no
praise
price conscious, wants value
novice traveler, arrives early
associated with lots of meeters
and greeters
Aging Population - Boom, Bust and Echo

Age / Year 1997 2006 2016

<25 13% 14% 14%

25 - 44 54% 49% 45%

45 - 65 28% 32% 35%

65+ 5% 5% 6%
Social Trends

• Autonomy – control over one’s life


• Control – escape from domination of society
• Adaptation – ready adaptation to uncertainty
• De-consumption – consumption less dominant
• Emotional – less reason, more intuition, feel
• Aesthetics – attractiveness over utility
Consequences (so what?)
Decline in respect for authority Greater desire for information
Expect treatment as individual Social rather than institutional
Unwilling to accept direction experience
Higher expectation of service From tradition, status & respect
to autonomy, individuality & self-
direction
Importance of Market Research

Suit on the Fly Experience Seekers


TPIA Segment Overview
Open- Gate Suits Experience
Minded Potatoes Sufferers On-the-fly Seekers
Chillers 25% 25%
10% 25% 15% 31% 35%

8% 12% 14%
40%
13 28%
9% 12% 11%
9
7 6
4
Terminal Planning Principles
Sources of Help

• Airport staff ( e.g. maintenance teams)


• Design manuals (ICAO, IATA)
• Best practices of other airports (Schipol, Changi)
• Airline management (AOC / IATA)
• Tenant committees (concessions)
• Equipment suppliers and utility companies
• Expert consultant architects and engineers
• Common sense
• ACRP Research Report #25 and the IATA Airport
Design Manual
Basic Principles
• Easy orientation
• Shortest walking distances (< 300 m)
• Minimum level changes
• Avoidance of passenger cross-flows
• Shortest distance between terminal and aircraft
• Compatibility with existing aircraft and flexibility to
accommodate technological change
• Design should be modular if possible (flexibility)
• Ensure separation of arriving passengers and
passengers who have already cleared security
control (sterility)
Principles (con’t)
• simplicity through separation of functions
• avoid need to rely on guidance from staff and seek
a “trickle” flow rather than batch processing (e.g.
HK)
• allow baggage check as early as possible
• if possible use “one-way” traffic patterns in
separate corridors
• avoid interruptions of flow if at all possible
• provide visual unambiguous continuity from one
stage of the process to the next
• balance the flow between processors to avoid
excessive queues, delay and frustration
Terminal Layouts & Airport Role
Function of Airport (role)
origin/destination airport (Boston, Orlando)
>70% O&D
A/C ground times 45-90 minutes
high requirement for ticket counters, curbs, etc
movements per gate 0.9-1.1 a/c per hour
through stations (Charlotte N.C.)
high originating passengers on low originating flts
very short a/c ground times
1.5-2.0 a/c movements per gate
transfer/transit station (Atlanta, Denver)
>30% transferring from arriving to departing flts
a/c service times 30-60 mins.
a/c movements per gate 1.3-1.5 a/c per hour
Special Characteristics of Hub Terminal

less ground transportation activity


less need for airline check-in counters
less requirement for baggage check-in but more
baggage transfer facilities
increased need for concessions, particularly in the
sterile areas (downstream of security)
taxiway rather than road oriented layout to
maximize airside efficiency
Special Characteristics of Charter Terminals

frequency/volume and low cost emphasis may


mean more modest accommodations
group processing may allow batch processing, tour
bus loads
processing times - operators may require
passengers to be at the airport 2 hrs early due to
staff limitations, means more queues
operational reliability - more flexibility to tolerate
delays, may pose problems for inspection and
other services
Separation Requirements

• Separation of all departing passengers from friends and well-


wishers at the point where the security check is carried out
• Separation of international (including trans-border) arriving
passengers from domestic arriving passengers and all
departing passengers on the air-side (secure side) of the
terminal
• Separation of departing trans-border passengers from all
other passengers including arriving trans-border passengers
once they have passed the U.S. pre-clearance primary
inspection line
• Separation of arriving and departing trans-border
passengers from each other even though the departing
passengers have been pre-cleared
• Sterility requirements demand careful consideration to
preserve flexibility and efficiency
Sterile Areas – No
Sterility mixing with other
traffic allowed

Departures Arrivals

Domestic Domestic

International International

Trans-border Trans-border
Cdn. Primary Inspection Line (P.I.L.)

U.S.Primary Inspection Line (P.I.L.)


Terminal Layouts
Plan Views
Centralization vs Decentralization

“In the process of developing a terminal concept, planners must


decide on the desired degree of centralization of the processing
activities. In the centralized concept all the major physical
elements , ie. car parking, passenger activities, baggage
processing and aircraft stands are grouped together,
independent of any particular flight. As the degree of
centralization decreases, the functions are spread over a number
of centers. In a completely decentralized concept, all of the
processing facilities are developed on an individual gate basis “

IATA Airport Development Reference Manual


Pier/Finger Concept e.g. Schipol

• Advantages
• Centralization of airline & gov’t staff
• Centralization of facilities & amenities
• Simple Flight Information Systems (F.I.S.) Parking
• Simplifies passenger control
• Nodes provide focal point for clustering of
concessions
Terminal

• Disadvantages
• Long walking distances
• curbside congestion
• Limited expansion capability
• Separation of in/out passengers must be by level
• Earlier check-in / close-out times due to walking distance
• High cost of baggage and passenger moving systems
• Potential for lost baggage increased
Linear Concept e.g. Munich
• Advantages
• Minimum walking distances (if decentralized)
• Easier passenger orientation
• Simple construction and expansion Parking
• Lots of curb length
• Reasonable check-in & close-out times Terminal
• Reduced cost of baggage conveying/sorting
• Disadvantages
• Requires duplication of facilities/amenities
• Longer walking distance for transferring passengers (or if
centralized)
• Special logistics required for handling transferring bags
• More extensive FIS
• Reduced flexibility to handle new large aircraft
• Aircraft parking on one side only so more costly
Transporter Concept
 Advantages
 Minimum walking distances e.g. Mirabel
 Constant compatibility of terminal with aircraft
 Ease of aircraft maneuvering Parking
 Ease of expansion
 Simplified passenger movement/orientation Terminal
 Simplified and smaller central terminal
 Easy separation of arriving/departing passengers
 Disadvantages
 Increased load/unload times
 Very early close-out times
 High cost of operating transporters
 Apron congestion/safety
 Curbside congestion
 Cost of ground vehicles for baggage and crew
 Increased connection time for transferring passengers
 Creates demand surges at government controls
e.g. Atlanta
Satellite Concept

• Advantages
• Easy centralization of airlines/gov’t controls
• Allows amenities near gates Parking
• Simple Flight Information Systems
• Facilitates control of passengers Terminal
• Compatibility can be built in to new satellites

• Disadvantages
• High cost of APM between terminal and satellite
• High cost baggage handling with potential for error
• Curbside congestion
• Early check-in / close-out times Satellite
• Limited expansion capability other than new satellites
• Separation of A/D passengers difficult with extra levels
• Increased connection times in different satellites
Modular Concept e.g. Dallas

• Advantages
• Minimum walking distances
T1 P
• Late close-out times
• Long curb length
• Match of capital and demand (flexible)
• Limited baggage movement
• Simple FIS within terminal T2 P
• Disadvantages
• Airline and government staff increase
• Hard to serve by transit
• Requires comprehensive terminal info to sort
passengers.
• System required to transfer passengers between
terminals
Terminal Layout

Cross-section
Single Level Terminal

Passengers
Baggage
1 1/2 Level Terminal

Passengers
Baggage
2 Level Terminal

Passengers
Baggage
2 Level Terminal (Variation 1)

Passengers
Baggage
2 Level Terminal (Variation 2)

Passengers
Baggage
Summary

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