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Planning
Passenger
Characteristics
and Flows
Terminal Planning
Passenger Characteristics
Terminal Planning Principles
Terminal Layout Concepts
Terminal Sub-Systems
Check-in
Government Controls (Inspection Services)
Wayfinding and Information Services
Ancillary Services
Security and IT
Baggage
TRB Terminal Design Web Library
https://crp.trb.org/acrp0715/
Reminder about Passenger Characteristics
• Origin-Destination Passengers (O/D)
• Use all the terminal facilities (parking, check-in, security, bag claim, customs,...)
• Transfer Passengers (E/D-O/D)
• Use very limited terminal facilities (holdroom and baggage transfer facilities)
• Transiting Passengers (A/D-E/D)
• Use no terminal facilities as they do not exit the aircraft
Passenger Characteristics
• Sector Split
Domestic
vs. International
vs. Trans-border
• Activity
Departure
vs. Arrival
vs. Transfer
vs. In-transit
• Physical Traits
• General Social Traits
Sterility Requirements
Cdn Primary Inspection Line (P.I.L.)
Trans-Border
Inbound (T.B.)
T.B The
Outbound World
International Outbound
U.S.
P.I.L.
Domestic Domestic &
International
Holdrooms
Security Line
Transferring
passengers -----
New Sterility Requirements
Cdn Primary Inspection Line (P.I.L.)
International
Inbound
Trans-Border
Inbound (T.B.)
U.S.
P.I.L. The
T.B
Outbound USA
Domestic
Security Line
In-Transit
Cdn Primary Inspection Line (P.I.L.)
Transferring
passengers ------ International
Inbound/Outbound
Document
Check In-transit
Lounge
International Outbound
Domestic &
International Aircraft
Outbound
Holdrooms
Security Line The
World
International Arrivals Arriving International Aircraft
Passenger Flows Deplaning International Passenger X
Buffer Zone
P.I.L. Counter
Buffer Zone
Departure
Bag Drop Security
Post Bag Examination Waiting
Room
New Trans-border (F.I.S.) Departing Trans-border Passenger
Passenger Flows
Duty Free Shopping
Check-in and
P.I.L. Bag Drop
Queuing P.I.L. Buffer
Zone
P.I.L. Counter
Security
Post P.I.L. Circulation
Immigration Buffer Zone
Secondary International Customs
Health
Customer Counters Agriculture
Buffer Zone
Departure
Waiting
Post Bag Examination Room
Passenger Physical Characteristics
Ref:
John Fruin “Pedestrian Planning and Design”
“http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/11877/Chapter_8.html”
Source:
Highway
Capacity
Manual
Temporal Aspects of Behaviour
PASSENGER ARRIVAL
PATTERNS
Hours of the
100 Day
Per Centage of
80
Passengers
6-10
60
10-18
40
18-24
20
0
90
0
10 0
-7
-5
-3
-1
11
0-
80
60
40
20
0-
12
• Business Traveler
• getting older
• male dominated
• experienced, frequent flyer
• getting heavier, needs glasses
• want’s the 70’s, seeks quality space
• avoids conflict
• bored
• they know you…...
US Business Traveler Profile
• Gender: 57% Male
• Avg. Age: 47 years
• Education: College degree 49%
• Career Choice: Professional 27%, Exec/Mgm’t 21%
• Techno savvy: PC’s 92%, Cell Phones 85%
• Avg. Number of Trips: 7 / year (17% are frequent flyers 10+ trips/year)
• Leisure Add-on: 62% combined business and Pleasure trip
• Rewards Program: Frequent Flyer Program 74%, Hotel Program 36%
• Alternate Transport: Drive 61% for trips < 300 miles
• Telecommunication: 71% believe online technology (teleconferencing) more
efficient
• Avg. Spending: $493 per business trip (excluding transportation) vs. $398 / avg.
trip
• Preferred services: Internet 45%, Fitness Centers 43%
• Growing Concerns: Travel Conditions ( security lineups, flight delays, in-flight
service), time spent away from family
Passenger Characteristics
Leisure Traveler
getting younger
female dominated, traveling with
children
unreal expectations, complains
more
nervous, blames airport, gives no
praise
price conscious, wants value
novice traveler, arrives early
associated with lots of meeters
and greeters
Aging Population - Boom, Bust and Echo
65+ 5% 5% 6%
Social Trends
8% 12% 14%
40%
13 28%
9% 12% 11%
9
7 6
4
Terminal Planning Principles
Sources of Help
Departures Arrivals
Domestic Domestic
International International
Trans-border Trans-border
Cdn. Primary Inspection Line (P.I.L.)
• Advantages
• Centralization of airline & gov’t staff
• Centralization of facilities & amenities
• Simple Flight Information Systems (F.I.S.) Parking
• Simplifies passenger control
• Nodes provide focal point for clustering of
concessions
Terminal
• Disadvantages
• Long walking distances
• curbside congestion
• Limited expansion capability
• Separation of in/out passengers must be by level
• Earlier check-in / close-out times due to walking distance
• High cost of baggage and passenger moving systems
• Potential for lost baggage increased
Linear Concept e.g. Munich
• Advantages
• Minimum walking distances (if decentralized)
• Easier passenger orientation
• Simple construction and expansion Parking
• Lots of curb length
• Reasonable check-in & close-out times Terminal
• Reduced cost of baggage conveying/sorting
• Disadvantages
• Requires duplication of facilities/amenities
• Longer walking distance for transferring passengers (or if
centralized)
• Special logistics required for handling transferring bags
• More extensive FIS
• Reduced flexibility to handle new large aircraft
• Aircraft parking on one side only so more costly
Transporter Concept
Advantages
Minimum walking distances e.g. Mirabel
Constant compatibility of terminal with aircraft
Ease of aircraft maneuvering Parking
Ease of expansion
Simplified passenger movement/orientation Terminal
Simplified and smaller central terminal
Easy separation of arriving/departing passengers
Disadvantages
Increased load/unload times
Very early close-out times
High cost of operating transporters
Apron congestion/safety
Curbside congestion
Cost of ground vehicles for baggage and crew
Increased connection time for transferring passengers
Creates demand surges at government controls
e.g. Atlanta
Satellite Concept
• Advantages
• Easy centralization of airlines/gov’t controls
• Allows amenities near gates Parking
• Simple Flight Information Systems
• Facilitates control of passengers Terminal
• Compatibility can be built in to new satellites
• Disadvantages
• High cost of APM between terminal and satellite
• High cost baggage handling with potential for error
• Curbside congestion
• Early check-in / close-out times Satellite
• Limited expansion capability other than new satellites
• Separation of A/D passengers difficult with extra levels
• Increased connection times in different satellites
Modular Concept e.g. Dallas
• Advantages
• Minimum walking distances
T1 P
• Late close-out times
• Long curb length
• Match of capital and demand (flexible)
• Limited baggage movement
• Simple FIS within terminal T2 P
• Disadvantages
• Airline and government staff increase
• Hard to serve by transit
• Requires comprehensive terminal info to sort
passengers.
• System required to transfer passengers between
terminals
Terminal Layout
Cross-section
Single Level Terminal
Passengers
Baggage
1 1/2 Level Terminal
Passengers
Baggage
2 Level Terminal
Passengers
Baggage
2 Level Terminal (Variation 1)
Passengers
Baggage
2 Level Terminal (Variation 2)
Passengers
Baggage
Summary