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GSM & CDMA Technology

Comparison
K. Manoj
Wireless Networks

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL


Technology Comparison Topics
• Global Technology Coverage Footprint
• GSM Highlights
• CDMA Highlights
• Comparative Assessment
– Regulatory and Spectrum
– Target and Competitive Market
– Infrastructure and Terminal Capabilities and Cost
– Features and Supplementary Services Comparisons
– Data growth in Asia
– 3G Evolution
• GSM-CDMA Roaming
• Conclusions

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The Wireless Access Landscape
Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)
• Only Works On Licensed Wireless Spectrum
• Large Metro/Geographical Coverage Areas
• Ubiquitous Public Connectivity
Mobility • “Always On” Wireless Data Services
Type
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
Vehicle • Works On Non-Licensed Spectrum
Campus

cdma2000 1xRTT
Outside

• Only Provides Localized Coverage

1XEV-DO + UMTS
GSM GPRS

Walk • For Public or Private “Hotspots”


• Inexpensive Network Equipment
EDGE

Fixed

802.11a/g
802.11b
Campus

Walk
Within

Fixed/ Wired LAN


Desktop
Throughput 0.1 1 11 54 100+ Mbps

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Global Technology Coverage

GSM
GSM
197
197Countries
Countries/ /Areas
Areas
Over
Over863
863Million
MillionSubscribers
Subscribers
70%
70%ofofWorld
WorldWireless
WirelessMarket
Market
72%
72% of WorldDigital
of World DigitalMarket
Market

CDMA
CDMA2000 2000
56
56 Networks in 29Countries
Networks in 29 Countries
Over
Over51
51Million
MillionSubscribers
Subscribers
Subs
Subsgrowth
growth3.83.8million/month
million/month

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Technology Evolution Paths
114kbps 384kbps 2Mbps ~5 Mbps
GSM/GPRS
/EDGE
TDMA 1900
1900 UMTS HSDPA??

TDMA
850
OFDM??
CDMA
1xEV-DO
?
CDMA CDMA CDMA Evolved DV
IS-95 1xRTT 1xEV-DV ? ???

Global operators making 3G migration decisions today

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Technology Tension –
There is a answer!

Hi Mobility optimized The Future:


1xEV-DO / fully mobile hi bandwidth
GSM /GPRS cdma2000 UMTS True
CDPD

Th
Edge Mobile
Le

e
ad Multimedia
ing
Mobility

Edg
Mobility/bandwidth e
compromise 802.11a/
802.11b
HiperLAN2 Bandwidth
Bluetooth optimized
T-1 10Base-T 100Base-T
Dial-Up Broadband

Lo Bandwidth Hi

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GSM Highlights
• Global Roaming
– Mature, world-proven and open standard
– Top technology throughout the world; half a billion
customers worldwide
• Wide Terminal Selection
– Close to 70% of the wireless market worldwide

• End user services


– Well defined standards for core networking and services

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GSM / GPRS Architecture
HLR

GSM MSC

oice
uit V CCS7
rc
BSC Ci

SIG
Pac
ket
Data
Internet
PCU
Core Network
SGSN Intranet
Shasta 5000
GGSN

AAA, DNS, DHCP


Servers

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GSM Capacity Solutions
• These CAPEX minimizing solutions are available to GSM
operators today:
– frequency hopping,
– Reduced interference,
– power control and
– discontinuous transmission (DTX).
• In addition to providing standard GSM features Nortel
Networks offers unique features such as:
– Fractional Frequency Reuse,
– Uplink Interference Cancellation,
– Concentric Cells
– Automatic Cell Tiering
– AMR

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GSM Evolution Paths
High speed

ility data/Capacity
2Mbps

b Per service

Mo and user QOS


UMTS
Always on Packet data
Throughput

Validate business models


Data only
114 kbps
EDGE

GPRS 3G Data only


Digital voice, 473 kbps
CS data, Fax

GSM 2.5G
2G Time

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GSM evolution
• GSM players have a choice in evolution
technologies
– GPRS is a 2.5G solution, with peak speeds of 114kbps.
GPRS is a data-only system that will deliver lower capex
costs.
– EDGE is data-only system today,
– W-CDMA and EDGE have the same backbone protocols,
leaving air interface the main technical difference
between the two technologies.

Note: GPRS & EDGE do not increase voice


capacity

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GPRS data services
• All base applications are supported by GPRS, however it is
better suited for the following type of apps:
• Suitable for short but frequent traffic generated by e-mail, MMS
and UMS services.
– higher raw data rate & requires less set-up time than SMS
• Suitable for Downloads & Uploads
– GPRS can accommodate large file transfers efficiently by
theoretically concatenating up to eight radio time slots normally
shared among multiple users

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GPRS Data Rate Constraints
• Limited Cell Capacity for All Users
• Limited available bandwidth due to terminal constraints
• Sub optimal Modulation
• Transit Delays
• No Store and Forward
• Terminal constraints

GPRS Speeds Much Lower in Reality…Nortel


Networks provides Industry Best Throughputs at
42kbps with 4+1 mobiles

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EDGE Evolution
More Users with more Throughput
Ø Peak Throughput of 473kbps - Average Throughput 240 kbps
Ø 3 x GPRS Throughput or 6.5 x GPRS traffic, or bit of both

Ø Up to 3x data throughput Equal Traffic Model


Data GPRS for equal traffic Increase Revenue
Throughput EDGE
Or

Ø Up to 6.5x traffic for same


GPRS Equal QoS Model
User bandwidth (15 kbps/slot)
Reduce Capex
Capacity EDGE
HTTP traffic model UMTS 30.03, 4/12 TRX

Significantly improves GPRS Performance


leveraging existing spectrum and existing Network

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CDMA2000 1X Highlights
• Increase Voice Capacity and Spectral Efficiency
– Over 2x increase in spectral efficiency over GSM
– Offers 163.2 kbps data in Rel 0

• Introduce packet data


– No additional carrier / radio for data

• Evolution to 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV


– In the same carrier bandwidth offers upto 2.4 Mbps data
• Mobile IP

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cdma2000 Architecture HLR

DMS-MTX

CCS7

oice
V
BSC rcuit
Ci
Pac
ket
Dat
a
Internet
Core Network
Intranet
Shasta 5000
PDSN

AAA, DNS, DHCP


Servers

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CDMA2000 1X features
• IS-95/IS-2000 technical standard improvement
include:
– Fast forward-link power control and variable power control
step sizes
– Reverse link pilot
– Quick paging channel
– Dynamic threshold soft handoff
– Supplemental channels
– Enhanced Variable-rate Codec (EVRC) and Selectable
Mode Vocoder (SMV)

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CDMA2000 Data Rates
• CDMA2000 provides Efficient Packet Throughput
– Over 150 kbps ADT per sector per 1.25 MHz
– Over 600 kbps ADT per sector with EV-DO
• Radio Resource Management algorithm for optimal
sharing of capacity
– Between voice and data users and amongst data users
– Amongst IP applications

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CDMA Evolution Paths
High speed

ility data/Capacity
3 Mbps

b Per service

Mo and user QOS


EV-DV
Throughput

Always on Packet data


Validate business models
153 kbps
EV-DO
2.4 Mbps
1xRTT 3G
Digital voice,
CS data, Fax

IS-95 2.5G
2G Time

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1xRTT/1xEV Network Architecture
Nortel Networks 1xRTT Network
Circuit Voice
1xRTT BTS MSC & Data World
BSC PSTN
1xEV-DO AP
PDSN AAA
Server

1xRTT BTS Packet Data


Carrier IP World
1xEV-DO AP Internet
PDN
PDSN
1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO AN-AAA
1xRTT RNC EMS Optional
Backhaul

• Add 1xEV-DO Module (DOM) to Metro Cell


1xEV DO
Backhaul
– Multiple T1/E1 & Ethernet backhaul to support high speed data services
– Share GPS receiver & antenna, MFRM, radio antenna, duplexer with
Metrocell
1xEV-DO • Add 1xEV-DO Radio Network Controller (DO-RNC)
Module (DOM)
– Co-located with BSC
– Interface with PDSN via open R-P, share core network elements (I.e.
Metrocell BTS & PDSN AAA server) with 1xRTT network
1xEV-DO AP • Add 1xEV-DO OAMP (DO-EMS)
– Co-located with BSC
• AN-AAA – device level authentication

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Comparative Assessment
CDMA2000 1X & GSM

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL


Regulatory and Spectrum
• Operators have to follow country specific telecom policies
– Regulatory and license requirements may call for specific
technology deployments
– India under mobility license now allows CDMA and GSM for
Cellular services licenses
– Western Europe only allows GSM and UMTS for mobile services
evolution
– North America allows any technology under the banner of
cellular and PCS services.
• Spectrum availability may allow or restrict specific technology
choices
– GSM is available at 450, 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz bands
– CDMA is available at 450, 800 and 1900, 2100 MHz bands
– Availability of proper and clean unused spectrum varies country-
by-country

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Competitive Landscape
• Operator business case ultimately dictates technology choice
• Top line revenue growth dependent on number of players in the
market with a particular technology
– India has 2-5 GSM operators in every market
– India has 1-3 CDMA players in different markets
• Different technology may offer some feature and branding
differentiators to improve ARPU
– GSM may offer global roaming, high end services and a global and
regional coverage lead over CDMA
– CDMA may offer a better voice quality or service set for mass market
applications
• Bottom-line costs may vary based on subscriber and services growth
expected
– Number of vendors offering infrastructure, mobiles and OEM equipment
varies – GSM has larger number of vendors than CDMA
– Mobile costs depends upon type of mobiles and number of players –
CDMA slightly lags behind GSM/GPRS in pricing and offerings
• Vendor relationships help in meeting business requirements

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1x vs. GSM Link Budget
CDMA 2000 1x GSM
• Reverse Link limited • Reverse or Forward Link
limited
• MS Tx Power 23dBm • MS Tx Power 33dBm
• Depends on Traffic • Independent on Traffic
• Benefits from • No Benefit from
Asymmetrical Data Rate Asymmetrical Data Rate
• Benefits from Soft • No Soft Handover
Handover
• No Microcellular • Microcellular hotspot
deployment deployment

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Infrastructure Costs
• Core Network costs at par with similar voice and data switching
requirements on both technologies
• CDMA 1x Data exhibits a 2 dB advantage over GPRS and Voice
exhibits up to 8 dB advantage in critical uplink.
– In a voice and data mixed service deployment, CDMA still reduces the
cell site requirements
– Both technology face similar coverage issues due to urban terrain.
Difference in urban deployment is reduced.
• Spectral efficiency in GSM provides:
– Up to 40 Erlangs/sector with 5MHz spectrum with full rate vocoder
– Additional capacity can be gained by Microcellular underlay
deployments to cover hotspots.
– The use of AMR Half Rate codec modes allows for an increased Erlang
level per radio delaying the need for additional equipment on the
network.
• Spectral efficiency in CDMA2000 1X provides:
– Up to 104 Erlangs/sector with 5MHz spectrum and MCTA

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Mobile Capabilities
• Ease of subscriber provisioning
– Use of SIM cards in GSM is a huge advantage to service
provider for easy & fast provisioning of subscribers
– CDMA “R-UIM” is in testing/trial stages
• Limited number of mobiles are being introduced in the market
• No change to infrastructure to introduce R-UIM
• GSM provides for global roaming, a well defined
migration path and a wide availability of terminals
– GSM adopted IMSI and other standard procedures for
international roaming quite early
– CDMA networks started with same MIN/MDN, then MIN/
MDN separation features were adopted and slowly
migrating to IMSI based network for international roaming

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Terminal costs
900
H: High End Data-Centric device UMTS H
L: Low end Voice-Centric
800
PC: PC Card

700

600
UMTS L
GSM / 1X H
500
GPRS H

400 Edge L EVDO H Edge H

300 UMTS PC
1X L EVDO PC
200 GSM/ GPRS
L 1X PC

100 GPRS PC

0
End01 Mid02 End02 Mid03 End 03 Mid04 End04 Mid05 End05
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Feature Comparison
FEATURE GSM CDMA
Voicemail ü ü
Fax & Data ü ü
CSD – 9.6 & (CSD – 14.4
14.4 kbps kbps)
GPRS – 20-40 1xRTT – up to
kbps) 150 kbps
SMS MO & MT ü ü
SMS Receptionist (Pager) Service ü ü
SMS Information Services ü ü
WAP ü ü
Call Waiting ü ü
Conference Call ü ü
Calling Number Display ü ü
Operator Thru-Connect ü ü
International Roaming ü Under
discussions
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL GSM CDMA Assessment - 28
Voice Quality Considerations
• Channel Quality
– Target FER of cdma2000 networks is an input to the RF design process which
depends on both coverage and capacity
– GSM channel quality is an output of the design process mainly based on link
budget based coverage

• AMR in GSM
– Handover mechanisms between the 2 modes (AMR HR, AMR FR)
– Real-time Adaptation of (Source, Channel) to the radio channel quality (C/I)
– The AMR vocoder can be operated in eight different couple of speech coding and
channel modes
• SMV in CDMA2000
– Mode 0, which produces same average data rate as the current EVRC, but with
improved voice quality
– Mode 1, which produces the same voice quality as EVRC but at a significantly
reduced average data rate
– Modes 2-3, maximise system capacity through ultra-low data rates.
• SMV may offer better background noise surpression than AMR

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL GSM CDMA Assessment - 29


SMS features
• GSM has feature-rich SMS capabilities
– Support of 160 alphanumeric characters
– Well defined cell-broadcast for SMS broadcast
• CDMA has various types of SMS with use of traffic
and control channels
– SMS-MO using access channel supports 69 characters
and SMS-MT using paging channel supports 135
characters
– SMS MO/MT using TCH supports 225 characters
– SMS broadcast defined but no mobiles available to support
the same

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL GSM CDMA Assessment - 30


Other Services
• GSM leads in providing clear standards definition for providing
Value Added Services
• Multiparty calls
– GSM-MAP defines up to 6-party multi party calls
– IS-664 defines only 3-way call as a conferencing facility in IS-41/CDMA
networks
• CUG groups
– GSM networks have basic switch based CUG available
– IS-664 doesn’t define any inherent CUG feature for CDMA networks,
use of IN mandatory for service
• Charging Supplementary Service
– GSM supports Advice Of Charge (AoC) for instant billing functions
– IS-848 AoC was defined at a later stage and most of vendors still don’t
support it on CDMA systems

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Data and 3G In Asia
Service Provider Data In Service Today
Telstra (Australia) GSM CSD, GPRS, CDMA CSD, CDMA 1xRTT (Trial)

Hutchison (Australia) CDMA CSD, UMTS (Planned)

Optus (Australia) GSM CSD, GPRS, CDMA CSD (MVNO)

SK Tel, KT Freetel (Korea) CDMA 1XRTT

Hutchison (HK) CDMA 1xRTT (Trial)

Singtel, Starhub , MobileOne (Singapore) GSM CSD, GPRS

China Unicom GSM CSD, GPRS, CDMA 1XRTT (trial)

J-Phone (Japan) PDC

NTT DoCoMo (Japan) PDC (1500), UMTS

KDDI (Japan) CDMA 2000

BFKT (Thailand) CDMA2000

Reliance (India) CDMA2000

Bharti (India) GPRS


Saigon Postel (Viet Nam) GPRS

EBT (Taiwan) CDMA 2000 planned

Hutchison (Hong Kong) CDMA CSD, CDMA 2000 (Trial)


Sunday, SmarTone, Peoples, PCCW (Hong Kong) GSM CSD, GPRS, UMTS (Planned)

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL GSM CDMA Assessment - 32


Overall Comparison
CDMA 1x UMTS GSM

Standards Availability ++ ++ +++


Spectrum cost ++ -- +
Number of Infrastructure Vendors ++ + +++
Terminal Availability ++ + +++
Spectral Efficiency +++ ++ +
Voice Quality ++ + +
Evolution to Higher Data Rates +++ +++ ++
Roaming with Asia + - ++
Roaming with Europe - ++ ++
Roaming with America ++ - ++
Inter-working with AMPS + - +

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Application Demands Changing
Mobile Multimedia:
Wireless Data Service Maturity • Video Telephony
• Video Messaging / Streaming

s
cu
• Network Gaming

Fo
ns
• VoIP/Video Conferencing

tio
ca
pli
Personalized Services:
Ap
s •Infotainment: BREW and Java Downloads
•Instant Messaging/MMS/PTT
cu
Fo

•Location Based Services


re
ctu
tru

Mobile Messaging:
ras

•E-mail
Inf

•Intranet/Extranet

Simple
•Internet Browsing (WAP)
•Text Messaging (SMS))

GSM / GPRS /1X 1xEV-DO / UMTS

Enhanced Capability and End User Experience


NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL GSM CDMA Assessment - 34

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