CH 07 Photosynthesis PDF

CO 7
Chapter 7
Photosynthesis
Name a plant you have

seen recently.
Nutrition Patterns
Autotrophs (producers)
Photosynthesis: plants, algae and some
prokaryotes
Chemosynthesis - rare - some bacteria
obtains organic food without
eating other organisms
Heterotrophs (consumers/
decomposers)
-obtains organic food by eating other organisms or their
by-products
Oxidation: partial or
complete loss of electrons
-exergonic (release
energy)
Reduction: partial or
complete gain of
electrons -endergonic
(absorb energy)
A. Photosynthetic Reaction
1. In 1930 C. B. van Niel showed that O2 given off by
photosynthesis comes from water and not from CO2.
2. The net equation reads:
light
6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon
Water + dioxide Glucose + oxygen
in the chloroplast
How are they connected?
Heterotrophs
making energy & organic molecules from ingesting organic molecules
glucose + oxygen → carbon + water + energy

dioxide
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
oxidation = exergonic
Autotrophs Where’s
making energy & organic molecules from light energy the ATP?
carbon + water + energy → glucose + oxygen

dioxide
6CO2 + 6H2O +light → C6H12O6 + 6O2

energy
reduction = endergonic
Photosynthetic Organisms
2. Photosynthesis
transforms solar energy
into chemical energy
Organic molecules
(carbs!) built by
photosynthesis provide
both the building blocks
and energy for cells.
Figure 7.1b
3. Plants use the raw materials:

carbon dioxide and water
4. Chloroplasts carry out
photosynthesis
-  Stoma: opening in
the leaf to exchange
gas
aka: stomata
Figure 7.1c
Chlorophylls
and other
pigments
involved in
absorption of
solar energy
reside within
thylakoid
membranes
of
chloroplasts
4. The chloroplast
§ Stomata: opening in leaf for gas exchange
§ Pigment: chlorophyll
§ Mesophyll: Plant cell photosynthe>c layer:
Sites of photosynthesis (Double membrane)
granum (stack)
Thylakoids (pancake) contains:
•  chlorophyll molecules
•  electron transport chain
•  ATP synthase
-‐ Loca>on of light reac>on
Stroma-‐fluid-‐filled interior
(syrup)
-‐ Loca>on of dark reac>on
Quick Check - FIVE OR FEWER
1. Chloroplast
2. Thylakoid
3. Photosynthesis Two words that sound

alike but are not at all
similar:
Stroma: liquid in
chloroplast
4. Organic Molecules involved
Stoma: pore in
leaves
7.2 Plants as Solar Energy Converters
Solar Radiation - Only 42% of solar radiation that hits the

earth’s atmosphere reaches surface; most is visible light.
Sunlight has all
the colors
Objects only
reflect some
colors
A. Photosynthetic Pigments - Pigments found in
chlorophyll absorb various portions of visible light;
absorption spectrum.
1. Two major photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll a and
chlorophyll b.
2. Both chlorophylls absorb violet, blue, and red wavelengths best.
- Most green is reflected back; this is why leaves appear green.
3. Carotenoids are
yellow-orange
pigments which
absorb light in violet,
blue, and green
regions.
4. When chlorophyll
breaks down in fall,
the yellow-orange
pigments in leaves
show through.
Chromatography
- Separation of
pigments based on
their size and
solubility
B. Absorption and
action spectrum - A
spectrophotometer
measures the amount
of light that passes
through a sample of
pigments.
1) As different
wavelengths are
passed through, some
are absorbed.
2) Graph of percent of
light absorbed at each
wavelength is
absorption spectrum
.
Absorption spectrum
3) Photosynthesis produces
oxygen; production of oxygen is
used to measure the rate of
photosynthesis.
4) Oxygen production and,
therefore, photosynthetic activity
is measured for plants under
each specific wavelength;
plotted on a graph, this action spectrum
produces an action spectrum.
5) Since the action spectrum
resembles absorption spectrum,
this indicates that chlorophylls
contribute to photosynthesis.
Checkpoint:
http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/science/virtual_labs/
LS12/LS12.html
1.  What is the relationship between the absorption spectrum and the
action spectrum?
2. How can we measure the rate of photosynthesis?
3. How is the wavelength of light related to the rate of

photosynthesis?
4. A radish plant is grown

using lights of different
colors. Explain the chart.
light
6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon
Water + dioxide Glucose + oxygen
in the chloroplast
Inside a Chloroplast
H 2O CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP + P
Light- Calvin
Calvin Cycle
dependent
Copyright Pearson Prentice

cycle
reactions
Chloroplast
Hall
O2 Sugars
C6H12O6
1. Light reactions cannot take place unless light is present.
They are the energy-capturing reactions.
b. Chlorophyll within thylakoid membranes absorbs solar
energy and energizes electrons.
c. Energized electrons move down the electron transport
system; energy is captured and used for ATP production.
d. Energized electrons are also taken up by NADP+, becoming
NADPH.
2. Calvin Cycle
Reactions
a. These reactions take
place in the stroma; can
occur in either the light
or the dark.
b. These are synthesis
reactions that use
NADPH and ATP to
reduce CO2.
-- and make a
carbohydrate, sugar
What you should know by now..
1. The equation for photosynthesis. Write it!
2. The structure of a chloroplast. Sketch it!
3. The two reactions of photosynthesis.
**Things are about to get much more difficult**

The Light Reactions
1. PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION = ATP production
also called CHEMIOSMOSIS,
- occurs on thylakoid membrane
2. Two paths operate within the thylakoid membrane
noncyclic and cyclic
*straight line *in a circle
3. Both paths use ATP, but the noncyclic also produces

NADPH
1. Light hits photosystem II and excites an electron, H20
2. The primary electron acceptor passes the electron down the ETC and
generates ATP
3. Light is required for PSI, but not water, it generates NADPH
Light-‐Dependent Reac>ons

Inside
thyloakoid
Thylakoid
membrane
Stroma
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Photosystems: Light harves>ng units of the
thylakoid membrane

§ Composed mainly of protein

and pigment antenna
complexes
§ Antenna pigment molecules
are struck by photons
§ Energy is passed to reac>on
centers (redox loca>on)
§ Excited e-‐ from chlorophyll
is trapped by a primary e-‐
acceptor
Something trivial....
Photosystem I and Photosystem II are

named based on when they were
discovered, PSI was established first.
Light-Dependent Reactions
1. Photosynthesis begins when pigments in photosystem II
absorb light, increasing their energy level.
Photosystem II

These high-energy electrons are passed on to the electron transport
chain.
Photosystem II
Electron
High-energy
carriers
electron
2. Enzymes on the thylakoid membrane break water
molecules into:
Photosystem II
2H2O
Electron
High-energy
carriers
electron
-hydrogen ions
-oxygen atoms
-energized electrons
Photosystem II
+ O2
2H2O
Electron
High-energy
carriers
electron
(2)The energized electrons from water replace the

high-energy electrons that chlorophyll lost to the
electron transport chain.
Photosystem II
+ O2
2H2O
High-energy
electron
(2) As plants remove electrons from water, oxygen

is left behind and is released into the air.
Photosystem II
+ O2
2H2O
High-energy
electron
(2)The hydrogen ions left behind when water is

broken apart are released inside the thylakoid
membrane.
Photosystem II
+ O2
2H2O
Pc
Pq
Cytochrome
High-energy complex
electron
3. Energy from the electrons is used to transport H

+ ions from the stroma into the inner thylakoid
space.
Photosystem II
+ O2
2H2O
Pc
Pq
Cytochrome complex:
catalyzing the transfer of
Cytochrome electrons from
complex
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall plastoquinol to
plastocyanin
3. High-energy electrons move through the

electron transport chain from photosystem II to
photosystem I.
Photosystem II
+ O2
2H2O
Pc
Pq Cytochrome
complex
Photosystem I
4. Pigments in photosystem I use energy from

light to re-energize the electrons.
+ O2
2H2O
Cytochrome
complex
Photosystem I
5. NADP+ then picks up these high-energy

electrons, along with H+ ions, and reduces to
NADPH.
+ O2
2H2O
2 NADP+
2
2 NADPH
5. As electrons are passed from chlorophyll to

NADP+, more H+ ions are pumped across the
membrane.
+ O2
2H2O
2 NADP+
2
2 NADPH
(5) Soon, the inside of the membrane fills up with

positively charged hydrogen ions, which makes
the outside of the membrane negatively charged.
+ O2
2H2O
2 NADP+
2
2 NADPH
6. The difference in charges across the membrane

provides the energy to make ATP
+ O2
2H2O
2 NADP+
2
2 NADPH
(6) H+ ions cannot cross the membrane directly.
ATP synthase
+ O2
2H2O
2 NADP+
2
2 NADPH
(6) The cell membrane contains a protein called

ATP synthase that allows H+ ions to pass through
it
ATP synthase
+ O2
2H2O
2 NADP+
2
2 NADPH
(6) As H+ ions pass through ATP synthase, the

protein rotates.
ATP synthase
+ O2
2H2O
2 NADP+
2
2 NADPH
(6) As it rotates, ATP synthase binds ADP and a

phosphate group together to produce ATP.
ATP synthase
+ O2
2H2O
ADP
2 NADP+
2
2 NADPH
Because of this system, light-dependent electron

transport produces not only high-energy electrons
but ATP as well.
ATP synthase
+ O2
2H2O
ADP
2 NADP+
2
2 NADPH
Photosystems of photosynthesis
2 photosystems in thylakoid membrane

collec>ons of chlorophyll molecules
Photosystem II: contains chlorophyll a
P680 = absorbs 680nm
wavelength red light
Photosystem I: contains reaction
chlorophyll b center
P700 = absorbs 700nm
wavelength red light
antenna
pigments
1. Light hits photosystem II and excites an electron, H20
2. The primary electron acceptor passes the electron down the ETC and
generates ATP
3. Light is required for PSI, but not water, it generates NADPH
Figure 7.5
Indicate which system (PS1 or PS2 or BOTH)
____1.
PS2 Splits water
____2.
PS1 Produces NADPH
____3.
Both Has an electron transport chain
Both
____4. Requires light
Both
____5. Utilizes a primary electron acceptor
Both
____6. Occurs in the thylakoid
____7. Requires the input of H20
PS2
Both
____8. The cyclic path
Both
____9. Uses chlorophyll
PS2
____10. Releases oxygen
____11. chlorophyll a
PS2
PS1
____12. chlorophyll b
ETC of Photosynthesis
chlorophyll a
Photosystem II
chlorophyll b
Photosystem I
sun sun
H+ H+ H+
O H+ H+ H+
H+ + + H+ to Calvin Cycle
H+ H H
split H2O
ATP
sun sun
H+ H+ H+
O H+ H+ H+
H+ + + H+ to Calvin Cycle
H+ H H
split H2O
ATP
Two Pathways of Light Reactions
1. Noncyclic
2. Cyclic
ATP Production --> CHEMIOSMOSIS
When H20 is split, two H+ remain

These H+ are pumped from the stroma into the thylakoid
This creates a gradient used to produce ATP from ADP
ATP is the whole point of Photosystem II and will be

used to power the Light Independent Reactions (Calvin
Cycle)
Noncyclic Photophosphoryla>on
•  Light reac>ons elevate
electrons in
2 steps (PS II & PS I)
–  PS II generates
energy as ATP
–  PS I generates
reducing power as NADPH
ATP
Cyclic photophosphoryla>on
•  If PS I can’t pass electron to
NADP…it cycles back to PS II
& makes more ATP, but no
NADPH ✗
–  coordinates light reac>ons to
Calvin cycle
–  Calvin cycle uses more ATP
than NADPH ATP
18 ATP +
12 NADPH → 1 C6H12O6
Photophosphoryla>on
cyclic
photophosphorylation
NADP
NONcyclic
ATP
Are you still confused? This is pretty
hard to visualize, but through the magic
of technology, we can watch these
processes as animations
McGraw Hill Animation:
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072437316/
student_view0/chapter10/animations.html#
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g78utcLQrJ4
Figure 7.7
https://www.youtube.com/v/mYbMPwmwx88
Chemiosmosis is difficult to visualize.
So... you get to color it! Yay!

coloring!
Schedule:
Thurs Photosynthesis Lab

Tues : Photosynthesis Quiz
Start Cellular respiration
Thurs: Finish Cellular Respiration
Thurs Cellular Respiration lab

Relate a plants anatomy
to it’s function of
photosynthesis.
(how do roots, stem,

leaves, stoma all help
with photosynthesis)
- Stoma:
opening in
the leave to
exchange
gas
The Calvin Cycle
1950s | 1961
Whoops! Wrong Calvin…
The Calvin Cycle
Also called
*The Light Independent Reactions

*The Dark Reactions
1. Named after Melvin Calvin, who

used a radioactive isotope of
carbon to trace the reactions.
2. Joseph Priestley
Experiment:
a.
a.  He put a dome over a candle, the
candle went out.
b.  He added a plant for a few days to
the dome, the candle stayed lit for a.
a while
Conclusion: The plant produced a
substance required for burning. b.
3.  Jan Ingenhousz: showed the effect

observed by Priestly occurred only b.
when the plant was exposed to
light
Conclusion: Light is necessary to
b
produce oxygen
The Calvin Cycle
is a series of reactions producing carbohydrates.
carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and

regeneration of RuBP.
Convert solar energy to chemical energy

ATP → energy
NADPH → reducing power
Fixation of Carbon Dioxide
1. CO2 fixation is the attachment of CO2 to an
organic compound called RuBP.
2. RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) is a five-
carbon molecule that combines with carbon
dioxide.
3. The enzyme RuBP carboxylase (RuBisCo) speeds this
reaction; this enzyme comprises 20–50% of the protein
content of chloroplasts
Mainly this is a reshuffling of

Calvin Cycle Animation carbons using ATP and NADPH
as energy
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures/calvin.htm
Fortunately....
AP Biology no longer requires the
memorization of every step of the Calvin
Cycle, but you should understand the
beginning and the end and what it's
purpose is.
Summary Statements:
What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle?
Where does the cell get its energy to perform these reactions?
What are the main molecules involved in carbon fixation?
What is the final product?

Calvin cycle
C C
C
C C C C C
1C CO2
C C C C C 1. Carbon fixation
3. Regeneration
of RuBP C C C C C C C C C C C
RuBP 5C RuBisCo C C C C C C
ribulose bisphosphate
starch,
sucrose, 3 ATP ribulose
6C C C C C C C
cellulose bisphosphate
& more 3 ADP carboxylase
used
5C C C C
C C C
to make glyceraldehyde-3-P C C C
glucose PGA 3C C C C
G3P phosphoglycerate
C C C C C C C C C
C= C= C C C C 3C C C C
C C C
C C C 2. Reduction 6 ATP
H H H
| | | C C C 6 NADPH 6 ADP
|
H
C– C– C
|
H
|
H C C C 3C
6 NADP
Molecules of Calvin Cycle
•  RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) is a five-

carbon molecule that combines with
carbon dioxide= carbon fixation
•  RuBisCo: the enzyme that fixes carbon
from the air
(most important enzyme in the world?)
•  G3P: Glyceraldehyde-‐3-‐P: end product of
Calvin cycle, energy rich 3 carbon sugar
-‐ 2 G3P combine to form 1 glucose
G3P: Glyceraldehyde-‐3-‐P: end product of
Calvin cycle, energy rich 3 carbon sugar

This is called “C3 photosynthesis” (normal)
G3P is an important intermediate
G3P → → glucose → → carbohydrates
→ → lipids → → phospholipids, fats, waxes
→ → amino acids → → proteins
→ → nucleic acids → → DNA, RNA
G3P can be
converted into
other things
From CO2 → C6H12O6
•  CO2 has very li_le chemical energy
–  fully oxidized
•  C6H12O6 contains a lot of chemical energy
–  highly reduced (contains energy in form of e-‐)
•  Synthesis = endergonic process
–  put in a lot of energy
•  Reduc>on of CO2 → C6H12O6 proceeds in
many small uphill steps
–  each catalyzed by a specific enzyme
–  using energy stored in ATP & NADPH
Photosynthesis summary
Light reac>ons
produced ATP
produced NADPH
consumed H2O
produced O2 as byproduct

Calvin cycle
consumed CO2
produced G3P (sugar)
regenerated ADP
regenerated NADP ADP NADP
Types of phosphorylation
Alternative Pathways
C3 PLANTS: use the normal Calvin Cycle exclusively to fix
carbon, the MOST Common Pathway
Adaptations: Plants in hot dry environments have a problem

with water loss, so they keep their stomata partly closed... this
results in:
CO2 deficit (Used in Calvin Cycle), and the level of O2
RISES (as Light reactions Split Water Molecules).
Some Plant Taxonomy
In order for photosynthesis to occur, plants must open tiny

pores on their leaves called STOMATA.
Opening these pores can lead to loss of water.

The problem: Calvin cycle when O2 is high
to
mitochondria
–––––––
lost as CO2
O2 without
making ATP
RuBP
5C RuBisCo
Hey Dude,
2C
are you high
on oxygen! 3C
It’s so Photorespiration: RuBisCo

sad to see a
good enzyme,
go BAD!
fixation of O2, lose carbon to
CO2 without making ATP,
makes photosynthesis less
efficient
Figure 7.10
C4 plants and
CAM plants use
an alternate
pathway to FIX
carbon dioxide
from the air.
Reducing photorespira>on
Alterna>ve pathways: Separate carbon

fixa>on from Calvin cycle
C4 plants: PHYSICALLY separate carbon fixa>on from
Calvin cycle (corn, sugar cane)
•  different cells to fix carbon vs. where
Calvin cycle occurs
•  store carbon in 4C compounds
different enzyme to capture CO2 (fix carbon)
called PEP carboxylase
different leaf structure
CAM plants: separate carbon fixa>on from Calvin cycle
by TIME OF DAY (cactus, pineapple)
fix carbon during night
store carbon in 4C compounds
perform Calvin cycle during day
C4 vs CAM Summary
solves CO2 / O2 gas exchange vs. H2O loss challenge
Ex:
Ex:
•  Pineapple
•  Sugarcane
•  Cactus
•  Corn
•  Crabgrass
C4 plants CAM plants

separate 2 steps separate 2 steps
of C fixation of C fixation
anatomically in 2 temporally =
different cells 2 different times
night vs. day
Photophosphoryla>on
cyclic
NADP
NONcyclic
ATP
First, finish the ETC coloring and questions
Then:
QOD: Ch 7 “Test Yourself”
•  Answer mul>ple choice ques>ons “1-‐22 on
pg131-‐132
•  Finish for HW (check answers in back of book)
Leave space for QOD: Ch 7 “Test Yourself” if needed
QOD: photosynthesis overview
copy and fill out this table as best you can.
Process Light? Location Reactant Product
(photosynt
hesis)
1. ETC
2. Calvin
Cycle
3. Relate a plants anatomy to it’s function of

photosynthesis.
(how do roots, stem, leaves, stoma all help with photosynthesis)
Process Light? Location Reactant Product
(photosynt Light Thylakoid Light ATP
hesis) dependent membrane H2O NADPH
1. ETC rxn O2
2. Calvin Light stroma ATP Glucose
Cycle Independent NADPH
rxn CO2
Quick Practice
Relate a plants anatomy
to it’s function of
photosynthesis.
Roots: collect water for

light rxn
Stem: transport water,
minerals,
Leaves: collect sun light,
stoma: collect CO2)
- Stoma:
opening in
the leave to
exchange
gas
Quick Practice
grana
thylakoid
stroma
O2
Summarize what is happening at 1, 2 ,and 3
C C
C
C C C C C
1C CO2
C C C C C 1. Carbon fixation
3. Regeneration
of RuBP C C C C C C C C C C C
RuBP 5C RuBisCo C C C C C C
ribulose bisphosphate
starch,
sucrose, 3 ATP ribulose
6C C C C C C C
cellulose bisphosphate
& more 3 ADP carboxylase
used
5C C C C
C C C
to make glyceraldehyde-3-P C C C
glucose PGA 3C C C C
G3P phosphoglycerate
C C C C C C C C C
C= C= C C C C 3C C C C
C C C
C C C 2. Reduction 6 ATP
H H H
| | | C C C 6 NADPH 6 ADP
|
H
C– C– C
|
H
|
H C C C 3C
6 NADP
What Factors the Affect Photosynthesis?
1. Light Quality (color/wavelength)

2. Light intensity Photosynthesis
Simulation
3. Carbon Dioxide Availability
4. Water Availability Waterweed
Simulator
*Using the photosynthesis simulation, design and test an

experiment to test light intensity and wavelength
Pg 129b
Light & H2O CO2
ADP
NADP
ATP
NADPH
O2 glucose
A = photosystem II AB = ATP
B = photosystem I AC = phospholipids
C = H20 AD = light (energy)
D = Electron Transport Chain
E = ATP Synthase
Photosynthesis Activities
Chromatography of a spinach leaf

Light intensity and color simulation:
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/biolink/j_explorations/
ch09expl.htm
Rate of photosynthesis LAB:
http://biologycorner.com/worksheets/
AP_Lab5_photosynthesis.html
Elodiea observation:
http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/
photosynthesis_virtual_lab.html
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 6
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is a reactant in the Calvin

cycle?
A. O2
B. CO2
C. H2O
D. C6H12O6
Chapter 6
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which of the following is a reactant in the Calvin

cycle?
A. O2
B. CO2
C. H2O
D. C6H12O6
Chapter 6
2. Which of the following statements is correct about

the carotenoid pigments?
F. Accessory pigments are not involved in
photosynthesis.
G. Accessory pigments add color to plants but do not
absorb light energy.
H. Accessory pigments absorb colors of light that
chlorophyll a cannot absorb.
J. Accessory pigments receive electrons from the
electron transport chain of photosystem I.
Chapter 6
2. Which of the following statements is correct about

the carotenoid pigments?
F. Accessory pigments are not involved in
photosynthesis.
G. Accessory pigments add color to plants but do not
absorb light energy.
H. Accessory pigments absorb colors of light that
chlorophyll a cannot absorb.
J. Accessory pigments receive electrons from the
electron transport chain of photosystem I.
Chapter 6
3. Oxygen is produced at what point during

photosynthesis?
A. when CO2 is fixed
B. when water is split
C. when ATP is converted into ADP
D. when 3-PGA is converted into G3P
Chapter 6
3. Oxygen is produced at what point during

photosynthesis?
A. when CO2 is fixed
B. when water is split
C. when ATP is converted into ADP
D. when 3-PGA is converted into G3P
Chapter 6

The diagram below shows 4. Which of the following
a portion of a chloroplast. correctly identifies the
Use the diagram to answer
structure marked X and the
the question that follows.

activities that take place

there?
F. stroma—Calvin cycle
G. stroma—light reactions
H. thylakoid—Calvin cycle
J. thylakoid—light
reactions
Chapter 6

The diagram below shows 4. Which of the following
a portion of a chloroplast. correctly identifies the
Use the diagram to answer
structure marked X and the
the question that follows.

activities that take place

there?
F. stroma—Calvin cycle
G. stroma—light reactions
H. thylakoid—Calvin cycle
J. thylakoid—light
reactions
Chapter 6
5. light reactions : ATP :: Calvin cycle :

A. H+
B. O2
C. G3P
D. H2O
Chapter 6
5. light reactions : ATP :: Calvin cycle :

A. H+
B. O2
C. G3P
D. H2O
Chapter 6

The diagram below shows a 6. What is the substance
step in the process of identified as Y in the
chemiosmosis. Use the
diagram to answer the question image?
that follows.
F. H+

G. NAD+
H. NADPH
J. ADP synthase
Chapter 6

The diagram below shows a 6. What is the substance
step in the process of identified as Y in the
chemiosmosis. Use the
diagram to answer the question image?
that follows.
F. H+

G. NAD+
H. NADPH
J. ADP synthase
Chapter 6
Short Response
Chloroplasts are organelles with areas that conduct

different specialized activities.
Where in the chloroplast do the light reactions and
the Calvin cycle occur?
Chapter 6
Short Response, continued
Chloroplasts are organelles with areas that conduct

different specialized activities.
Where in the chloroplast do the light reactions and
the Calvin cycle occur?
Answer:
The light reactions of photosynthesis occur along the
thylakoid membrane. The Calvin cycle occurs in the
stroma, surrounding the thylakoids.
Chapter 6
Extended Response
The reactions of photosynthesis make up a

biochemical pathway.
Part A What are the reactants and products for both
the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?
Part B Explain how the biochemical pathway of
photosynthesis recycles many of its own
reactants, and identify the recycled reactants.
Chapter 6
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A The reactants for the light reactions of
photosynthesis are sunlight, water, NADP+, and
ADP. The products are oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.
The reactants for the Calvin cycle are ATP, NADPH,
CO2, and RuBP. The products are NADP+, ADP, and
organic compounds.
Part B ADP/ATP, NADP+/NADPH, and electrons are
recycled during photosynthesis. RuBP, which reacts
with CO2 in the Calvin cycle, is regenerated at each
turn of the cycle.
Review of ETC of Photosynthesis
sun
e
e
Photosystem II
P680
chlorophyll a
Inhale, baby!
chloroplast thylakoid
+H+ H+ H+
H+ H+H
H+H H H H
+ + + +
+H+ H+ H+
H+ H+H
H+H H H H
+ + + +
ATP
Plants SPLIT water!

H H
1 O
2
e
e
O H
O H
+H
e- H+
e-
e e
fill the e– vacancy
Photosystem II
P680
chlorophyll a
chloroplast thylakoid
H +H+ H+ H+
H H + + H+H+ H+
+ +
H H
+H+ H+ H+
H+ H+H
H+H H H H
+ + + +
ATP
3
1
2
e H+
e
4 ATP
H+
H+
to Calvin Cycle
H+ H+ H+
H H
+
H+ + H+
energy to build
carbohydrates
Photosystem II
P680 ADP + Pi
chlorophyll a ATP
H+
e
e
sun
e e
Photosystem I
P700
Photosystem II
chlorophyll b
P680
chlorophyll a
electron carrier
e
e
5
sun
Photosystem I
P700
Photosystem II
chlorophyll b
P680 $$ in the bank…
chlorophyll a reducing power!

CH 07 Photosynthesis PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CH 07 Photosynthesis PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CO 7

Name a plant you have

glucose + oxygen → carbon + water + energy

carbon + water + energy → glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O +light → C6H12O6 + 6O2

3. Plants use the raw materials:

3. Photosynthesis Two words that sound

Solar Radiation - Only 42% of solar radiation that hits the

2. How can we measure the rate of photosynthesis?

3. How is the wavelength of light related to the rate of

4. A radish plant is grown

Copyright Pearson Prentice

2. The structure of a chloroplast. Sketch it!

3. The two reactions of photosynthesis.

**Things are about to get much more difficult**

noncyclic and cyclic

*straight line *in a circle

3. Both paths use ATP, but the noncyclic also produces

§ Composed mainly of protein

Photosystem I and Photosystem II are

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

(2)The energized electrons from water replace the

(2) As plants remove electrons from water, oxygen

(2)The hydrogen ions left behind when water is

3. Energy from the electrons is used to transport H

3. High-energy electrons move through the

4. Pigments in photosystem I use energy from

5. NADP+ then picks up these high-energy

5. As electrons are passed from chlorophyll to

(5) Soon, the inside of the membrane fills up with

6. The difference in charges across the membrane

(6) H+ ions cannot cross the membrane directly.

(6) The cell membrane contains a protein called

(6) As H+ ions pass through ATP synthase, the

(6) As it rotates, ATP synthase binds ADP and a

Because of this system, light-dependent electron

2 photosystems in thylakoid membrane

ATP Production --> CHEMIOSMOSIS

When H20 is split, two H+ remain

ATP is the whole point of Photosystem II and will be

So... you get to color it! Yay!

Thurs Photosynthesis Lab

Thurs: Finish Cellular Respiration

Thurs Cellular Respiration lab

(how do roots, stem,

*The Light Independent Reactions

1. Named after Melvin Calvin, who

3. Jan Ingenhousz: showed the effect

carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and

Convert solar energy to chemical energy

Mainly this is a reshuffling of

What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle?

What are the main molecules involved in carbon fixation?

What is the final product?

• RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) is a five-

Adaptations: Plants in hot dry environments have a problem

In order for photosynthesis to occur, plants must open tiny

Opening these pores can lead to loss of water.

It’s so Photorespiration: RuBisCo

Alterna>ve pathways: Separate carbon

C4 plants CAM plants

3. Relate a plants anatomy to it’s function of

Roots: collect water for

Things are about to get much more difficult

straight line in a circle

§ Composed mainly of protein

3.  Jan Ingenhousz: showed the effect

•  RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) is a five-