To Create a Shear Wall

1. Shear walls created by the Building Planner are analytically columns with the dimensions of the wall they represent.
2. Select Frame > Shear Wall.
3. Click the columns or slab corners to define the start and end of the shear wall in plan.
4. The points are highlighted with gray-filled, red circles in the view window. The Define dialog opens.
5. Specify the shear wall parameters: as necessary
6. Type a Mark to label the wall.
7. If a shear wall is not continuous from base to roof, clear the check mark in the Create column for that level.
8. Type an X Offset and Y Offset value to move the wall with respect to the selected start point.
9. Type B and D dimensions to specify a wall size.
10. Click OK.
11. The shear wall is drawn in dark red in the plan.
12. Repeat Steps 2 through 4 as necessary to continue adding shear walls.
13. Press <Esc> to quit using this tool.
Shear Wall Design

Design of shear walls in accordance with ACI 318-02 has been implemented. Shear walls have to be modelled using the Surface
element. The program implements provisions of chapters 10, 11 and 14 of ACI 318-02.

The attributes associated with the surface element, and the sections of this manual where the information may be obtained, are listed below:

Attributes Related Sections

Surfaces incidences 5.13.3 Surface Entities Specification

Openings in surfaces 5.13.3 Surface Entities Specification

Local coordinates system for surfaces 1.6.3 Surface Element

Specifying sections for stress/force output 5.13.3 Surface Entities Specification

Property for surfaces 5.21.2 Surface Property Specification

Material constants 5.26.3 Surface Constants Specification

Surface loading 5.32.3.4 Surface Loads Specification

Stress/Force output printing 5.42 Print Specifications

Shear wall design 3.8.2 Shear Wall Design, 5.55 Shear Wall Design

Description

The program implements the provisions of ACI 318-02, except Chapter 21, for the design of shear walls. It performs in-plane shear, compression, as well as in-
plane and out-of-plane bending design of reinforcing. The shear wall is modeled by a single or a combination of Surface elements. The use of the Surface
element enables the designer to treat the entire wall as one entity. It greatly simplifies the modeling of the wall and adds clarity to the analysis and design
output. The results are presented in the context of the entire wall rather than individual finite elements thereby allowing users to quickly locate required
information.

The definition of the shear wall starts with specification of the Surface element(s). The boundary of the wall should include all corner joints as well as any
additional joints required for connections with other elements of the building, such as beams. All geometry and material properties must be specified for surface
elements separately from specifications for other element types.

The wall may be loaded indirectly through members/elements attached to it, or directly by application of nodal or uniformly distributed loads. All wall elements
must be of constant thickness.

The program reports shear wall design results for each load case/combination for a user specified number of sections given by the SURFACE DIVISION (default
value is 10) command. The wall is designed at these horizontal sections. The output includes the required horizontal and vertical distributed reinforcing, the
concentrated (in-plane bending) reinforcing, and the links required to resist out-of-plane shear.

General Format
START SHEARWALL DESIGN
CODE ACI
FYMAIN f1
FC f2
HMIN f3
HMAX f4
VMIN f5
VMAX f6
EMIN f7
EMAX f8
LMIN f9
LMAX f10
CLEAR f11
TWOLAYERED f12
KSLENDER f13
DESIGN SHEARWALL LIST shearwall-list
END

The following table explains parameters used in the shear wall design command block above. All reinforcing bar sizes are English designation (#).

Table 1. Shear Wall Design Parameters

Parameter Name Default Value Description

FYMAIN 60.0 ksi Yield strength of steel, in current units.

FC 4.0 ksi Compressive strength of concrete, in current units.

HMIN 3 Minimum size of horizontal reinforcing bars (range 3 -18).

HMAX 18 Maximum size of horizontal reinforcing bars (size 3 - 18).

VMIN 3 Minimum size of vertical reinforcing bars (range 3 - 18).

VMAX 18 Maximum size of vertical reinforcing bars (range 3 - 18).

EMIN 3 Minimum size of vertical reinforcing bars located in edge zones (range 3 - 18).

EMAX 18 Maximum size of vertical reinforcing bars located in edge zones (range 3 - 18).

LMIN 3 Minimum size of links (range 3 - 18).

LMAX 18 Maximum size of links (range 3 - 18).

CLEAR 3.0 in. Clear concrete cover, in current units.

TWOLAYERED 0 Reinforcement placement mode:

KSLENDER 1.5 Slenderness factor for finding effective height.

Example
…
SET DIVISION 12
SURFACE INCIDENCES
2 5 37 34 SUR 1
19 16 65 68 SUR 2
11 15 186 165 SUR 3
10 6 138 159 SUR 4
…
SURFACE PROPERTY
1 TO 4 THI 18
SUPPORTS
1 7 14 20 PINNED
2 TO 5 GEN PIN
6 TO 10 GEN PIN
11 TO 15 GEN PIN
19 TO 16 GEN PIN
…
SURFACE CONSTANTS
E 3150
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 8.68e-005
ALPHA 5.5e-006
…
START SHEARWALL DES
CODE ACI
FC 4
FYMAIN 60
TWO 1
VMIN 5
HMIN 5
EMIN 8
DESIGN SHEA LIST 1 TO 4
END

Notes regarding the above example:

1. Command SET DIVISION 12 indicates that the surface boundary node-to-node segments will be subdivided into 12 fragments prior to finite element
mesh generation.
2. Four surfaces are defined by the SURFACE INCIDENCES command.
3. The SUPPORTS command includes the support generation routine. For instance, the line 2 TO 5 GEN PIN assigns pinned supports to all nodes
between nodes 2 and 5. As the node-to-node distances were previously subdivided by the SET DIVISION 12 command, there will be an additional 11
nodes between nodes 2 and 5. As a result, all 13 nodes will be assigned pinned supports. Please note that the additional 11 nodes are not individually
accessible to the user. They are created by the program to enable the finite element mesh generation and to allow application of boundary
constraints.
4. Surface thickness and material constants are specified by the SURFACE PROPERTY and SURFACE CONSTANTS, respectively.
5. The shear wall design commands are listed between lines START SHEARWALL DES and END. The CODE command selects the design code that will be
the basis for the design. The DESIGN SHEARWALL LIST command is followed by a list of previously defined Surface elements intended as shear walls
and/or shear wall components. Refer to the beginning of this section for references to all related commands.

Technical Overview

The program implements provisions of Chapter 14 of ACI-318-02 and relevant provisions from Chapters 10 and 11, as referenced therein, for all active load
cases. The wall is designed as an unbraced reinforced wall. The following steps are performed for each of the horizontal sections of the wall set using the
SURFACE DIVISION command whose default value is 10.

Design for in-plane shear (denoted using Fxy in the shear wall force output) per Section 11.10 of ACI 318

 Extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension (concentrated) reinforcement distance, d, is taken as 0.8 horizontal length of the wall (ACI -
11.10.4),
 Limit on the nominal shear strength, Vn, is calculated (ACI - 11.10.3),
 Nominal shear strength of concrete is computed (11.10.6),
 If the factored shear force does not exceed ½ of the design strength of concrete, the minimum ratios of shear (distributed) reinforcing are reported,
in accordance with 14.3.2 and 14.3.3. Otherwise, the reinforcing ratios are established in accordance with 11.10.9.
 If the factored shear force is greater than ½ but does not exceed the design strength of concrete, the ratios reported are the minima calculated in
accordance with 11.10.9.2 and 11.10.9.4.
 If the factored shear force exceeds the design strength of concrete, the distributed reinforcing is calculated based on 11.1.1 and 11.10.9.
 Number of distributed reinforcing layers and reinforcing allocation between layers reflect requirements of 14.3.4.
 Rebar spacing is given c/c and meets the requirements of 14.3.5, 11.10.9.3, and 11.10.9.5 of ACI 318, as applicable.

Design for in-plane bending (denoted by Mz in the shear wall force output) per Section 14.4 of ACI 318

 Walls are assumed to be cantilever beams fixed at their base and carrying loads to the foundation.
 Strength reduction factor is established in accordance with Section 9.3.2.
 Minimum reinforcing is calculated in accordance with 10.5.1 or 10.5.3, whichever produces a smaller ratio.
 Extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement distance, d, is taken as 0.8 horizontal length of the wall (11.10.4 of ACI 318).
 Flexural design of the wall is carried out in accordance with provisions of Chapter 10.
 The flexural (concentrated) reinforcing is located at both ends (edges) of the length of the wall. Rebar layout conforms to the spacing requirements of
Section 7.6.

Design for compression and out-of-plane bending (Section 14.8)

 The design is based on the Alternative Design of Slender Walls procedure.

  The procedure requires that the wall panel be designed as simply supported (at top and bottom), axially loaded with out-of-plane uniform lateral
load, with maximum moments and deflections occurring at mid-height.
 Minimum distributed reinforcing ratio is controlled by the in-plane shear design calculations.
 The reinforcing amount required by 14.8 is over and above any reinforcing required due to in-plane shear.

2A.7.4 Shear Wall Design With Opening

The Surface element has been enhanced to allow design of shear walls with rectangular openings. The automatic meshing algorithm has been improved to allow
variable divisions along wall and opening(s) edges. Design and output are available for user selected locations.

Shear walls modeled in STAAD.Pro may include an unlimited number of openings. Due to the presence of openings, the wall may comprise up with different wall
panels.

2A.7.4.1 Shear wall set-up

Definition of a shear wall starts with a specification of the surface element perimeter nodes, meshing divisions along node-to-node segments, opening(s) corner
coordinates, and meshing divisions of four edges of the opening(s).

SURFACE INCIDENCE n1,

..., ni SURFACE s DIVISION sd1, ..., sdj -

RECOPENING x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 x3 y3 z3 x4 y4 z4 DIVISION od1, ..., odk

Where:

n1, ..., ni - node numbers on the perimeter of the shear wall,

s - surface ordinal number,

sd1, ..., sdj - number of divisions for each of the node-to-node distance on the surface perimeter,

x1 y1 z1 (...) - coordinates of the corners of the opening,

od1, ..., odk - divisions along edges of the opening.

If the sd1, ..., sdj or the od1, ..., odk list does not include all node-to-node segments, or if any of the numbers listed equals zero, then the corresponding division
number is set to the default value (=10, or as previously input by the SET DIVISION command).

Default locations for stress/force output, design, and design output are set as follows:

SURFACE DIVISION X xd

SURFACE DIVISION Y yd

Where:

xd - number of divisions along X axis,

yd - number of divisions along Y axis.

Note: xd and yd represent default numbers of divisions for each edge of the surface where output is requested. The output is provided for sections located
between division segments. For example, if the number of divisions = 2, then the output will be produced for only one section (at the center of the edge).

2A.7.4.2 Stress/force output printing

Values of internal forces may be printed out for any user-defined section of the wall. The general format of the command is as follows:

PRINT SURFACE FORCE (ALONG ξ) (AT a) (BETWEEN d1, d2) LIST s1, ...,si

Where:

ξ - local axis of the surface element (X or Y),

a - distance along the ξ??axis from start of the member to the full cross-section of the wall,

d1, d2 - coordinates in the direction orthogonal to ξ, delineating a fragment of the full cross-section for which the output is desired.**

s1, ...,si - list of surfaces for output generation

** The range currently is taken in terms of local axis. If the local axis is directed away from the surface, the negative range is to be entered.

Note: If command ALONG is omitted, direction Y (default) is assumed. If command AT is omitted, output is provided for all sections along the specified (or
default) edge. Number of sections will be determined from the SURFACE DIVISION X or SURFACE DIVISION Y input values. If the BETWEEN command is omitted,
the output is generated based on full cross-section width.

2A.7.4.3 Definition of wall panels

Input syntax for panel definition is as follows:

START PANEL DEFINITION

SURFACE i PANEL j ptype x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 x3 y3 z3 x4 y4 z4

END PANEL DEFINITION

where:

i - ordinal surface number,

j - ordinal panel number,

ptype - WALL

x1 y1 z1 (...) - coordinates of the corners of the panel

Note: Design of COLUMN and BEAM panels is currently not available.

2A.7.4.4 Shear wall design

The program implements different provisions of design of walls as per code BS 8110. General syntax of the design command is as follows:

START SHEARWALL DESIGN

(...)

DESIGN SHEARWALL (AT c ) LIST s

TRACK tr

END SHEARWALL DESIGN

Parameter TRACK specifies how detailed the design output should be:

0 - indicates a basic set of results data (default),

1 - full design output will be generated.

If the command AT is omitted, the design proceeds for all cross sections of the wall or panels, as applicable, defined by the SURFACE DIVISION X or SURFACE
DIVISION Y input values.

No panel definition.

Design is performed for the specified horizontal full cross-section, located at a distance c from the origin of the local coordinates system. If opening is found then
reinforcement is provided along sides of openings. The area of horizontal and vertical bars provided along edges of openings is equal to that of the respective
interrupted bars.

Panels have been defined.

Design is performed for all panels, for the cross-section located at a distance c from the start of the panel.