1-051 A4 Civil Engineering Bridge Structures

Transport for London
London Underground
Category 1 Standard
1-051 Civil Engineering -

Bridge Structures
Issue: A4 Issue date: July 2010
MAYOR OF LONDON
Title: Civil Engineering - Bridge Structures
Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
Issue date: July 2010
Contents
1 Purpose _______________________________________________________________________ 3
2 Scope _________________________________________________________________________ 4
3 Requirements ___________________________________________________________________ 5
3.1 Inception and design ________________________________________________________ 5
3.2 Construction, installation, testing and commissioning______________________________ 16
3.3 Inspection _______________________________________________________________ 17
3.4 Analytical assessment ______________________________________________________ 25
3.5 Condition assessment and certification _________________________________________ 37
3.6 Maintenance _____________________________________________________________ 39
3.7 Strengthening and renewal __________________________________________________ 39
3.8 Decommissioning _________________________________________________________ 39
3.9 Evidence of compliance ____________________________________________________ 40
4 Responsibilities _________________________________________________________________ 40
5 Supporting information ___________________________________________________________ 41
5.1 Background ______________________________________________________________ 41
5.2 Safety considerations ______________________________________________________ 41
5.3 Environmental considerations ________________________________________________ 41
5.4 Customer considerations____________________________________________________ 42
6 References ____________________________________________________________________ 42
6.1 References ______________________________________________________________ 42
6.2 Abbreviations_____________________________________________________________ 45
6.3 Definitions _______________________________________________________________ 45
6.4 Technical content manager __________________________________________________ 49
6.5 Document history _________________________________________________________ 49
7 Attachments ___________________________________________________________________ 51
7.1 Standard severity photographs _______________________________________________ 51
7.2 Partial factors ____________________________________________________________ 55
7.3 Unit weights of materials ____________________________________________________ 59
7.4 Sub-surface loading category ________________________________________________ 60
7.5 Surcharge loadings for the assessment of Earth Retaining Walls ____________________61
7.6 Main girders restrained by U-frames ___________________________________________ 62
7.7 Loadings specified for LU owned footbridges, cable bridges and gantries ______________ 65
7.8 Accidental loading – railways ________________________________________________ 66
7.9 Permissible stresses in cast iron ______________________________________________ 67
7.10 Fatigue assessment of railway bridges _________________________________________ 68
7.11 Pipe crossings under track __________________________________________________ 69
7.12 Parapet walls _____________________________________________________________ 70
7.13 RL and RU loading ________________________________________________________ 71
7.14 Condition assessment and certification diagram for bridges and structures _____________72
File Ref: 1-051 A4.DOC Page 2 of 72

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1 Purpose
1.1 The purpose of this Standard is to define the whole life cycle requirements for Bridge
Structure assets. These assets comprise:
a) Rail bridges;
This category of structure covers structures owned by LU carrying LU tracks,
including:
I) Underbridge;
II) Overbridge;
III) Viaduct;
IV) Girdering;
V) Way beam.
b) Highway bridges
This category of structure covers structures owned by LU carrying public or private
road traffic, including:
I) Overbridge;
II) Viaduct.
c) Footbridges;
d) Underground structures;
This category of structure covers:
I) Covered Ways;
II) Subsurface tunnels (i.e. cut and cover brick arch tunnel);
II) Subways;
IV) Culverts.
e) Earth retaining walls, including gabions;
f) Ancillary structures and components;
This category of structure covers:
I) Cable bridges;
II) Pipe bridges;
III) Pipe crossings over / under track;
IV) Signal gantries, these are metal framed structures carrying a signal or
signals. Signal posts and signal access ladders and hoops do not form
part of the civil asset responsibility;
V) Gantries over railway;
VI) Crash barriers;
VII) Longitudinal Timbers.
1.2 In defining requirements specifically applicable to assets, this Standard complements
Standard 1-050 (Civil Engineering - Common Requirements) that defines mandatory
requirements generally applicable to all Civil Engineering assets including the Bridge
Structure assets.
File ref.: 1-051 A4.DOC Page 3 of 72

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1.3 A supporting Manual of Good Practice G-051 gives guidance and explanation on
Bridge Structure assets.
Note: Structural elements of stations within tunnels are included in LU Standard 1-055 (Civil
Engineering - Deep Tube Tunnels and Shafts)
Drainage to Bridge Structures is included within LU Standards 1-052 (Civil

Engineering – Gravity Drainage Systems) and 1-056 (Civil Engineering – Pumping
Systems)
Station Planning requirements including spatial requirements are included in LU

Standard 1-371 (Station Planning)
Station platform finishes, tolerances tactile warning strips and safety markings are
included in LU Standard 1-131 (Premises – Station Platforms)
Stairways and ramp requirements are included in LU Standard 1-133 (Premises –

Stairways and Ramps)
Ladders and Step Iron requirements for drainage installations are included within LU
Standard 1-052 (Civil Engineering – Gravity Drainage Systems)
Guidance on the requirements for barriers is given within LU standard 1-132

(Premises - Barriers)
2 Scope
2.1 This Standard applies to Bridge Structure assets owned by LU.
2.2 This Standard defines the requirements for assets through the following lifecycle
stages:
a) Inception and design

b) Construction, installation, testing and commissioning
c) Inspection
d) Analytical assessment
e) Condition assessment and certification
f) Maintenance
g) Strengthening and Renewal
h) Decommissioning
i) Evidence of compliance
2.3 This issue of the standard replaces 1-051 A2.

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3 Requirements
3.1 Inception and design

3.1.1 General
3.1.1.1 The inception and design of new works, including works of Strengthening and
Renewal, shall ensure that Bridge Structure assets will satisfy their Required Duty.
Note: The Required Duty for Bridge Structure assets as defined in the Foundation
Document (Bridges and Structures) is as follows:
1 Meet railway operating requirements (within the performance specification at

system installation or at the most recent system upgrade).
1.1 Maintain inherent structural integrity (support itself so as not to suffer complete or
partial collapse).
1.2 Maintain the ability to carry without restriction any permitted applied static and
dynamic design loads.
1.3 Maintain the planned design envelope and adequate clearance to permit the safe
passage of rail vehicles.
1.4 Provide appropriate access and egress for all planned uses (including Maintenance),
and for reasonably anticipated emergency uses.
1.5 Sustain a Condition and state so as not to cause unplanned interruption to, or
restriction of, any aspect of the operating railway; this includes externally sourced
wear or damage which is greater than that currently accepted for the asset.
1.6 Sustain a Condition and state so as to maintain all interfacing non-railway services
and facilities at full design capability.
2 Ensure support at asset interfaces without undue wear and tear.
2.1 Minimise the degradation of all interfacing assets (e.g. as evidenced through
Maintenance cycles). This includes interfaces with the railway and adjacent
infrastructure (e.g. track, structures, stations and premises).
2.2 Minimise the degradation of all interfacing assets which support non-railway services
or facilities (e.g. as evidenced through Maintenance cycles). This includes interfaces
with dynamic & static assets (e.g. roads, buildings, walkways, etc).
3 Match LU policy in respect of realistic user perceptions.
Ensure the asset does not cause undue degradation of interfacing assets, disruption
to railway operations or unacceptable environmental nuisance.
4 Provide resistance against external interference and events.
4.1 Asset minimises the likelihood and consequence of asset abuse. Asset abuse
encompasses, vandalism, planned/unplanned work, damage due to external event,
etc.
4.2 Asset minimises the likelihood of occurrence of, and enhances the ability to respond
to, personal attack on passengers or staff.
5 Present acceptable environmental impact.

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Present an acceptable societal environmental impact (noise, vibrations, vegetation

cover, adverse weather management, etc).
6 Minimise environmental impact throughout lifecycle.
Minimise environmental impact and demands at all stages in the lifecycle; this
includes effects now and into the future, including successive refurbishment, final
decommissioning, and disposal routes.
7 Function within the legal and standards framework.
Ensure the asset functions within the framework defined by legislation (including
environmental); regulatory guidance; LU, Infraco and applicable national and
international standards; and LU and Infraco policies.
8 Ensure safe operation as defined by LU.
8.1 Ensure safe operation and Condition as specified by LU requirements; this includes
passengers, employees and members of the general public.
8.2 Ensure safe ingress/egress by passengers, general public, employees, and

emergency services in planned & reasonably anticipated emergency scenarios. This
includes the means of transfer from the bridges and structures asset to the principal
interfacing assets and transfer mediums (e.g. public footpaths).
8.3 Safeguard the health and safety of passengers, employees and members of the
general public.
9 Provide above within reliability and availability targets.
Provide all aspects of the Required Duty within the defined LU requirements.
10 Ensure Required Duty is performed without incurring excessive or prohibitive

costs.
3.1.1.2 Bridge Structure assets shall be designed to the principles of asset management
planning.
3.1.2 Inception
All proposals for new works, including Strengthening and Renewal, made by Suppliers
to LU shall be initiated and controlled in accordance with LU Standard 1-538 and 1-
050.
3.1.3 Design process

The design shall proceed in a staged manner in accordance with LU Standard 1-538.
3.1.4 Structure gauge and clearance

3.1.4.1 Assets shall conform to LU Standard 1-156, under any loading combination.
3.1.4.2 The maximum practicable lateral clearances shall be provided from structural
supports to the railway track.
3.1.4.3 Unless the physical constraints of the location make it impractical, a clearance of 4.5
m shall be provided from structural supports to the nearest running rail.
3.1.4.4 Where a support is provided at a distance less than 4.5m from the nearest running
rail, the following shall apply:

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a) piers shall be of continuous construction rather than composed of individual

columns, or a solid plinth shall be provided up to a height of not less than 915
mm above the rail level;
b) the ends of the pier or plinth shall have suitably shaped ends to deflect derailed
vehicles away from the support;
3.1.4.5 Places of safety shall be provided in accordance with LU Standard 1-156.
3.1.5 Ground investigation information

Ground Investigations and desk top studies for Ground Investigations shall be carried
out in accordance with LU Standard 1-050.
3.1.6 Groundwater
The design shall take account of the following:
a) Changes in long-term Groundwater levels as defined by LU

b) Seasonal variations in Groundwater levels.
3.1.7 Design life
3.1.7.1 The Design Life for Bridge Structure assets shall be 120 years.
3.1.7.2 The Design Life of Way Beams shall be twice the estimated time of service of the Way
Beam.
3.1.8 Fire resistance

3.1.8.1 The design shall meet the requirements for fire performance in LU Standard 1-085.
3.1.8.2 The design shall meet the requirements for passive fire resistance to support the fire
safety strategy for the asset in LU Standard 1-083.
3.1.8.3 Main structural elements in sub-surface locations shall have a fire resistance of at
least 60 minutes.
3.1.8.4 Structural elements supporting buildings or which are part of evacuation routes shall
have a fire resistance as given in LU Standard 1-053.
3.1.9 Constructability
The structural effects of the intended methods of construction shall be taken into
account in the design.
3.1.10 Impact on operational railway and adjacent structures

The design shall comply with the requirements of LU Standard 1-050.
3.1.11 Co-ordination with Outside Parties

3.1.11.1 Where assets are required to carry or cross highways, other railways, waterways, or
Outside Party property the Supplier shall identify and comply with the requirements of
the relevant authorities.
3.1.11.2 Any conflicts between LU requirements and those requirements of the other
authorities shall be referred to LU.
3.1.12 Services
3.1.12.1 Provisions shall be made for:
a) The relocation of existing services within the asset;

b) Accommodating services within service voids in the asset;
c) Draining service voids; and

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d) Allowing for the movement of the structure without detrimental effect on the
services or utilities.
3.1.12.2 Cable locations and fixings requirements shall comply with LU Standard 1-120.
3.1.13 Drainage
Assets shall be designed to shed water and avoid the accumulation of water.
a) Arrangements to direct water to a specified outlet shall be incorporated for the

collection and discharge of water clear of the asset.
b) Maintainable drainage features shall be incorporated into abutments and Earth
Retaining Walls to ensure that ground water is controlled in accordance with the
design intent.
3.1.14 Parapets and handrails
3.1.14.1 Rail bridges
Pedestrian handrails on Rail Bridges shall comply with the requirements given in
Attachment 7.7.
3.1.14.2 Highway Bridges

Parapets to LU owned Highway Bridges shall be designed to the requirements of the
Highways Agency documents IAN 44/05 ‘Interim Requirements for Road Restraint
Systems (IRRRS)’, High containment type H4a.They shall have a minimum height of
1850mm, present no footholds on the inner face and have “steeple” copings along the
top.
3.1.14.3 Footbridges
Pedestrian handrails on Footbridges shall comply with the loading requirements given
in Attachment 7.7. Where footbridges cross a railway with existing or proposed
overhead lines they must be a minimum of 1.5m above the surface of the bridge deck
with no footholds or projections on the inside face . Where the railway is electrified by
means other than overhead lines, the parapet must be a minimum of 1.25m above the
surface of the bridge deck with no footholds or projections on the inside face. Where
handrails are provided on the inside face, either the parapet must be raised 1.5m or
1.25m above the parapet as appropriate or the footbridge must be completely caged.
The parapet must be solid up to the height of the handrail.
3.1.14.4 Underground Structures, earth retaining walls and ancillary structures

Where the structure forms a vertical or near vertical face 1.5m or more in height and it
would be possible for a person to gain access to the upper edge of the structure, a
pedestrian restraint system such as a protective fence or guardrail shall be installed
close to, or on top of the structure. Where protective fences or guardrails are required
they shall comply with the loading requirements given in Attachment 7.7.
3.1.15 Structural design

3.1.15.1 General
a) Structural design shall be to Limit State principles in accordance with the
relevant British Standard or equivalent European Standard.
b) The validation status of computer programs used for structural analysis shall be
confirmed in the design process.
c) For bridges owned by others the Supplier shall refer to the relevant authority for
details of design standards to be adopted.
3.1.15.2 Concrete, steel and composite structures
a) The design of LU Rail Bridges shall be in accordance with the requirements of
BS 5400: Parts 1 to 5 and 10 except as supplemented or amended by this
Standard.

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b) The design of LU owned Highway Bridges shall be in accordance with the

requirements of the relevant highway authority.
c) The design of Footbridges shall be in accordance with BS 5400 Parts 1 to 5
except as supplemented or amended by this Standard.
3.1.15.3 Underground structures and earth retaining walls
a) Underground structures and Earth Retaining Walls shall comply with the
following:
I) DD ENV 1997-1 - Eurocode 7; or
II) BS 8002.
Note. The partial factor analysis method of DD ENV 1997-1 - Eurocode 7 should to be used
in preference to the ‘mobilisation’ factor on soil strength used in BS 8002.
b) Underground structures and Earth Retaining Walls shall, in addition to a),

comply with the requirements of:
I) BS 5400 for structures subject to dynamic loading, including rail, highway
and pedestrian traffic; and
II) BS 8110, BS 5950 and BS 5628, as appropriate, for structures not
subject to dynamic loading.
c) The design process shall demonstrate that full consideration has been given to
forming new foundations structurally independent of existing foundations and
Earth Retaining Walls.
d) Existing Earth Retaining Walls and other structures that are to remain shall be
checked for stability and deformation in all Conditions during the phases of
demolition, construction and loading.
e) Deformation of the structure under the design loading shall not cause loss of
serviceability in structures, track or services sited on or near the retaining
structure.
f) Design earth pressures shall take account of the mode and deformation or
strain that is acceptable at the Limit State under consideration.
g) The design shall consider the Limit States of the structure and of adjacent
structures under long term equilibrium conditions associated with construction
of the structure.
h) The design shall consider the effects of the most adverse water pressures that
are considered to be reasonably possible and where the structure is subject to
tidal action, the most adverse drawdown condition shall be assumed.
j) If the safety and serviceability of the design depends on the successful
performance of drainage, the consequences of failure of the drainage system
shall be considered in the design.
k) Underground structure assets shall be designed to achieve a level of water
resistance as follows:
I) soffits to roofs in Underground Structures containing track shall be free
from all leakage seepage and damp patches in accordance with Grade 3,
Table 1 of BS 8102.
II) for stations refer to LU Standard 1-053.
III) all other exposed surfaces of Underground Structures containing track
shall be limited to damp patches or minor weeping at joints with less than
one litre/day/m² ingress.

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l) Earth Retaining Walls constructed predominantly below ground e.g. in sub-

surface railways, shall be provided with waterproofing to attain a performance
level of Grade B as defined by CIRIA Report 81 ‘leakage to be restricted to
minor patches with no visible flow of water with the exception of purposely
constructed weep holes’.
m) Drainage systems to control water pressure behind or beneath a retaining
structure shall be designed for ease of Maintenance.
n) Gabion Walls
I) The design for gabion walls shall demonstrate that the specified materials
for the gabion retaining boxes, infill stone and backfill have been
assessed for the railway environment, including considerations of
construction access, fire, vandalism, and short and long-term exposure to
chemical, biological and ultra-violet degradation.
II) The design shall include criteria for the acceptance of materials for the
gabion baskets to ensure these meet the Design Life requirements
defined in Clause 3.1.7 above by reference to Agrement certificates or
other verified testing.
Note 1: Gabion retaining walls possess several technical and practical advantages over other
retaining wall systems. In particular, gabions are relatively simple to construct, even
on sites with difficult access. The permeability and flexibility of gabions make them
suitable where the retained material is likely to be saturated and where the bearing
capacity of the soil is poor. Fire and vandalism considerations preclude the use of
plastics and similar non-metallic materials for the gabion boxes.
Note 2: The Manual of Good Practice G-054 provides guidance on the use of gabion walls,
including design references and considerations of their use in the railway
environment.
Note 3: The Manual of Good Practice G-051 provides guidance on the specification clauses
relating to gabions.
3.1.15.4 Longitudinal Timbers

Longitudinal timbers shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of
LU Standard 1-160.
3.1.15.5 Ancillary structures and components
Ancillary Structures shall be designed in accordance with relevant British and
European Standards
3.1.15.6 Foundations
a) The design process shall demonstrate that full consideration has been given to
forming new foundations structurally independent of existing foundations and
Earth Retaining Walls.
b) The design and proposed methods of construction shall minimise effects of
construction-related ground movements on adjacent buildings, structures and
utilities.
c) Settlement and damage predictions shall be undertaken in accordance with LU
Standard 1-050.
d) The design and proposed methods of construction shall control construction-
related ground movements to ensure that damage to adjacent buildings,
structures, and utilities does not exceed Category of Damage 2 (Slight) as
defined by Burland et al (1977).

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Note: Burland et al defined ‘Slight’ as “Cracks easily filled. Redecorating probably required.
Several slight fractures showing inside of building. Cracks are visible externally and
some repainting may be required externally to ensure weather tightness. Doors and
windows may stick slightly.”
The approximate crack width (in masonry construction) was suggested at 5mm. The
limiting tensile strain 0.075% to 0.15%.
e) The owners of adjacent buildings, structures and utilities shall be consulted on

the assessment of the effects of settlement on movement and serviceability.
f) Suitable provision shall be made to allow for movement of foundations without
detrimental effect to services and utilities.
g) The foundation system shall be designed such that the net downward load is
always positive, in the construction, operation and accident conditions,
h) Existing foundations and other structures that are to remain shall be checked
for stability and deformation in all conditions during the phases of demolition,
construction and loading.
j) The design of temporary or permanent Underground Structures and of
dewatering systems shall, as far as is practical, avoid lowering of the external
water table and shall minimise the reduction of piezometric head in the adjacent
soils.
3.1.15.7 Bearings and expansion joints
Designs for bearing and expansion joints for assets shall be in accordance with the
requirements of BS5400: Parts 9.1 and 9.2.
3.1.16 Loading
3.1.16.1 General
a) Loadings to be adopted in the design of assets shall be determined and applied
in accordance with the principles of Limit State design described in the relevant
British or European Standard except where an alternative approach is
described within this Standard.
b) Notwithstanding the loading conditions defined in this Standard, the Supplier
shall ensure that all loadings that may reasonably be identified as potentially
acting on the asset during its Design Life are addressed during the design
process so as to ensure that the Required Duty is achieved.
3.1.16.2 Permanent loading
a) Permanent loading, comprising structural Dead Loads and Superimposed Dead
Loads shall be calculated in accordance with relevant British or European
Standards, as appropriate using unit weights given in BS 648, or from the actual
known weights of the materials.
b) Cable loading requirements shall comply with LU Standard 1-120.
3.1.16.3 Live loading
a) Rail bridges
I) Assets supporting LU railway tracks shall be designed for RL loading, in
accordance with BS 5400: Part 2, except where a Train Operating
Company (TOC) has rights to operate over the LU railway tracks (see
Attachment 7.13).
II) Assets supporting LU railway tracks, where a TOC has rights to operate,
shall be designed for RU loading in accordance with BS 5400 Part 2 (see
Attachment 7.13).

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III) Any support or other element of the structure types listed below that risks
either destruction or loss of carrying capacity when struck by an errant
rail vehicle shall be designed for collision loads and shall be capable of
surviving the Incident without partial collapse or significant permanent
damage or distortion.
i) railway Overbridges (crossing over the LU railway);
ii) road Overbridges (crossing over the LU railway);
iii) footbridges (crossing over the LU railway);
iv) any major structure spanning two or more LU railway tracks, but
not cable bridges or Ancillary Structures.
IV) Structural supports described in the previous sub-clause shall be
designed at the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) for the collision loads defined
in Attachment 7.8, using a partial load factor (γfl) of 1.0.
V) Collision loads shall be considered in conjunction with the associated
loads from the supported structure factored for the ULS.
b) Highway bridges
I) Highway Live Loadings shall be determined and applied in accordance
with the HA DMRB, BD 37/01.
II) The level of HB loading shall be agreed with the appropriate highway
authority.
III) Any support or other element of a structure which risks either destruction
or loss of carrying capacity when struck by a highway vehicle shall be
designed in accordance with HA DMRB, BD 60/04.
c) Footbridge loading
I) Pedestrian Live Loading shall be in accordance with Attachment 7.7.
Note: Where pedestrian loading could arise from stadium routes the Supplier should make
due allowance for abnormal Footbridge loading.
II) User comfort standards shall be in accordance with the requirements of

Appendix B of BD 37/01.
d) Underground structures and earth retaining walls
I) Underground structures and Earth Retaining Wall Live Loading shall
comply with the requirements of:
i) BS 5400 Part 2 and BD 37/01 for structures subject to dynamic
loading, including rail, highway and pedestrian traffic; and
ii) BS 8110, BS 5950 and BS 5628, as appropriate, for structures not
subject to dynamic loading.
e) Ancillary structures and components
Floors and horizontal surfaces of Ancillary Structures shall be designed
for an imposed loading in accordance with Attachment 7.7.
3.1.16.4 Pressure effects of railway traffic
a) Assets shall be designed to take account of the effects of dynamic pressure and
suction from railway traffic outside tunnels.
b) Loading due to dynamic pressure and suction from railway traffic shall be
determined in accordance with the requirements of ERRI report ERRI D 189/RP
1 and UIC Leaflet No. 779-IR.

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c) In calculating the railway traffic pressure and suction loads, the train shape
coefficient, k1, shall be taken as 1.0, the train speed coefficient vs shall be the
‘line speed’.
d) In deep level tube station platform areas, all structures, cladding, cladding
support frames and fixings of the same shall be designed to resist both
pressures and suctions of 0.2kN/m2 using a γf or γfl as appropriate of 1.0.
3.1.16.5 Wind loading

a) Wind loadings on bridges subject to dynamic loading shall be determined in
accordance with BS 5400: Part 2;
b) Wind loading for assets shall be appropriate for a return period of not less than
120 years;
c) Wind loading shall not be considered to act in combination with railway impact
loading.
d) The susceptibility of assets to aerodynamic excitation shall be evaluated in
accordance with HA DMRB BD 49/01;
e) Wind loading on other structures shall be in accordance with the requirements
of BS 6399: Part 2.
3.1.16.6 Errant road vehicle protection loading
In existing situations where bridges and other locations are vulnerable to vehicle
impact/penetration and deterrent measures are installed, those deterrent measures
shall be designed and installed to resist the following loads:
a) For angles of impact up to and including 20o where a continuous barrier is
installed, it shall comply with the requirements of BS 6779-1;
b) For angles of impact greater than 20o it shall comply with the requirements of
BS6399 part 1;
c) Where individual bollards are installed, these shall be validated by full scale
testing in accordance with Appendix E of BS 6779-1;
d) Where a continuous kerb is installed as a protective measure on a public road it
shall comply with the requirements of the highway authority and shall deter the
largest vehicle considered to traverse the road.
3.1.16.7 Loading for foundations, underground structures and earth retaining walls
a) The design shall consider all load and load effects that may reasonably be
expected to act on the structure during its Design Life.
Note: The loadings that should be considered in the design of foundations, sub-structures,
Underground Structures and Earth Retaining Walls are to include the relevant loads
imposed on these structures that result from the effects of:
a) interaction between the structure and the surrounding soils;
b) earth and water pressures;
c) the permanent dead and Superimposed Dead Loads of the structure, refer to Clause
3.1.17.2;
d) surcharge loading from adjacent works;
e) Live Loading acting on the structure, refer to Clause 3.1.17.3;
f) methods and sequence of construction of the structure;
g) long-term changes which may occur in Groundwater levels; and

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h) a lateral difference in Groundwater head of 2m resulting from the obstruction of

Groundwater flow, unless specific information to the contrary is available.
This list is not exhaustive and other items may be required on a case by case basis.
b) Existing works adjacent to proposed works shall be individually assessed and

the surcharge loading from each determined.
c) Where there are no existing buildings adjacent to the structure, a uniform
surcharge of 10 kN/m2 applied at ground level shall be assumed to be applied
alongside (but not over) Underground Structures.
d) Consideration shall be given to the possibility that more onerous loading
conditions may result from surcharge loading being applied to one side of the
foundation only.
3.1.16.8 Loading during construction
a) The Supplier shall ensure that appropriate allowances are included in the
design for loading arising from construction plant and materials that are
imposed on the permanent works.
b) The Supplier shall ensure that appropriate allowances are included in the
design for the effects of the method and sequence of construction.
3.1.17 Partial load factors and load combinations
a) Partial load factors and load combinations shall be applied in accordance with
BS 5400 Part 2 unless noted in Attachment 7.2 or b) below.
b) Partial load factor (γfl) and dynamic factor at ULS for Way Beams shall be as
defined in Table 1.
Loading Train Speeds γfl Dynamic factor
(km/hr)
RL Less than 25 1.25 1.0
RL unrestricted 1.25 1.4
RU unrestricted 1.25 As BS 5400 Part 2
Table 1 - Partial load factors and dynamic factors for way beams
3.1.17.2 Highway bridges

Partial load factors and load combinations shall be determined and applied in
accordance with the HA DMRB, BD 37/01 and shall be agreed with the relevant
highway authority.
3.1.17.3 Footbridges
accordance with HA DMRB, BD 37/01.

accordance with the following:
a) Structures carrying LU rail loading – BS 5400 Part 2;

b) Structures carrying other rail loading – Supplier shall refer to the relevant
railway authority;
c) Structures carrying highway loading - Supplier shall refer to the relevant
highway authority;

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d) Other loadings – BS 8110 or BS 5950 as appropriate.

Partial load factors and load combinations for Ancillary Structures and components
shall be determined and applied in accordance with relevant British Standards.
3.1.18 Durability
3.1.18.1 Assets shall be designed and specified in accordance with the requirement to achieve
the Design Life stated in Section 0 of this Standard.
3.1.18.2 The design shall include mitigating provisions to counter any adverse effects of the
physical and operational environment in which the asset will be required to operate.
3.1.18.3 Where structures are to be placed within 3 metres of LU conductor rails, the likelihood
of damage being caused due to stray electrical currents shall be assessed.
3.1.18.4 Where structures are to be placed in areas which contain 750V third-rail electrified
railways or 25kV overhead line electrified railways, the likelihood of damage being
caused by stray electrical currents should be assessed.
Note: Guidance on protection of structure against stray currents is given in Manual of Good
Practice G-053.
3.1.18.5 All metal structures and steel reinforcement in concrete that are prone to corrosion
due to stray electrical currents shall be earthed in accordance with LU Standard 1-
106.
3.1.19 Provision for maintenance

3.1.19.1 The design shall incorporate provisions to facilitate the inspection, Maintenance and
periodic component replacement operations necessary for the achievement of the
Required Duty during its Design Life.
3.1.19.2 As part of the design, the Supplier shall produce a plan for inspection, instrumentation,
measurement and Maintenance of the asset to ensure serviceability throughout the
Design Life.
3.1.20 Temporary works

3.1.20.1 Temporary Works required for the construction of the permanent works shall be fully
compatible with the continuing safe and reliable operation of the adjacent facilities.
Note: Also refer to LU Standard 1-354 and for spatial constraints refer to LU Standard 1-
371.
3.1.20.2 Any loads which Temporary Works impose on new assets shall be allowed for in the
design.
3.1.20.3 Existing assets which will be required to sustain loads imposed by the Temporary
Works associated with the construction of new assets shall be checked for their ability
to do so and if necessary, additional support shall be designed.
3.1.21 Design documents

3.1.21.1 A design report shall be prepared in accordance with LU Standard 1-050.
3.1.21.2 The Supplier shall have a process for checking and verifying design calculations.
3.1.22 Construction documents

Construction documents shall be prepared in accordance with LU Standard 1-050.

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3.2 Construction, installation, testing and commissioning

3.2.1 General
3.2.1.1 LU Standard 1-552 shall be complied with during all construction, installation, testing
and commissioning work.
3.2.1.2 Construction installation, testing and commissioning work, including Strengthening

and Renewal, shall put into effect the design requirements as defined in Section 3.1 of
this Standard.
3.2.1.3 No new or Strengthening and Renewal construction work shall start until the design
for that work has been approved in accordance with LU Standards 1-538 and 1-050.
3.2.1.4 A system to control and manage the construction process shall be maintained.
Note: This system is required to enable LU:
a) to discharge their responsibilities to HMRI;
b) to discharge their responsibilities to maintain safe structures and operating railway

systems during construction works;
c) to satisfy itself that the construction is in accordance with the design; and
d) to satisfy itself in respect of the adequacy of the system for the recording of
construction data and information that may be relevant to the subsequent
Maintenance, Strengthening and Renewal and eventual decommissioning of the
Bridge Structure assets.
3.2.1.5 Procedures shall be in place for controlling any changes to the design during the
construction, installation, testing and commissioning phases including staged and
temporary construction work. Such procedures shall ensure that:
a) proposed design changes are not implemented until they have been duly
considered and approved by a person competent to appreciate their impact on
construction methodology and their implications for the safety of the operational
railway; and
b) records are made of the design changes and their approval.
3.2.1.6 At the end of construction the drawings shall record the works as built.
3.2.1.7 Adjacent buildings, structures, utilities and facilities shall be protected from the effects
of construction work in accordance with LU Standard 1-050.
3.2.1.8 Sufficient testing of systems, sub-systems, materials and components shall be carried
out to give assurance that they are in accordance with those specified in the approved
design.
3.2.1.9 All necessary attendance during site visits shall be afforded to LU to enable LU to
discharge its responsibilities in respect of its duties including verification.
3.2.1.10 Where appropriate to the scope of work, a design capability shall be made available
throughout construction to ensure and certify implementation of the design intent.
Note: Ensuring implementation of the design intent includes interpretation of monitoring data
and modification of the design if necessary.
3.2.2 Work sites and access

3.2.2.1 The location and size of the working sites required for the efficient and safe servicing
of construction activity shall be selected.

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3.2.2.2 Arrangements necessary to obtain permission to use sites for the intended purpose
for the duration of construction activity shall be made.
3.2.3 Construction methods

3.2.3.1 The construction method(s) shall lead to the provision of the asset defined in the
documentation for implementation within the specified tolerances and of the specified
dimensions and quality.
3.2.3.2 Before any modifications are made to a construction method the design shall be
checked and if necessary modified.
3.2.4 Materials
All construction materials supplied to the works shall comply with the requirements of
LU Standard 1-050.
3.2.5 Instrumentation and monitoring

Where appropriate to the scope of work, the following shall be carried out:
a) verify the predictive ground movement and the effects which such ground
movement will have on LU and adjacent assets by measurement;
b) determine the impact on Outside Party assets in accordance with LU Standard
1-023;
c) establish monitoring base readings of the construction activity sufficiently in
advance to ensure underlying and seasonal environmental trends are
understood; and
d) implement contingency plans if the results of monitoring so indicates.
3.3 Inspection
3.3.1 General
3.3.1.1 Inspections shall be undertaken for the following purposes;
a) to provide information necessary for the managed Maintenance of assets;

b) to confirm that assets are safe for railway operations and for public and Outside
Party use;
c) to provide the information necessary to assess the Condition of the assets in a
consistent and accurate manner;
d) to provide information enabling the Asset Register to be maintained as an
accurate record of the physical features of the assets;
e) to provide all the necessary physical information on assets to meet the
requirements for Analytical Assessment and the Asset Condition Assessment
and Certification (ACAC) process; and
f) to identify defects, the causes and effects of damage and deterioration and
Vulnerable Structures.
3.3.1.2 Where defects are observed the Supplier shall decide whether a more detailed
investigation is necessary to ensure that appropriate information is available to meet
the requirements of the Supplier’s Condition Assessment and Maintenance
obligations.
3.3.1.3 Any usage of assets or development of defects which might place at risk the
operational railway, interfacing facilities, passengers, staff or the public shall be
identified, made safe, recorded and brought to the immediate attention of LU.

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3.3.1.4 The Asset Register for each asset shall be reviewed and the records updated as part
of the reporting process.
3.3.1.5 Inspection reports and proforma shall be retained for the life of the asset.
3.3.1.6 Inspections shall be preceded by a desk top study to establish as far as possible
information about the asset and likely hazards.
Note: Desk top studies may include operational data, Incident reports and information from
Outside Parties. Maintenance and inspection history may also be relevant.
3.3.1.7 No inspection shall commence unless the Supplier has reviewed previous inspection
reports and asset files to establish as far as possible information about the asset and
likely hazards.
3.3.2 Types of inspection

The Supplier shall carry out the following types of inspection:
a) General
b) Principal
c) Special
d) Inspections for Analytical Assessment
e) Defect Advice
3.3.3 General Inspections
3.3.3.1 The General Inspections shall be carried out to obtain and record a visual check on
those parts of the asset which are readily accessible without the aid of access
equipment.
3.3.3.2 General Inspections shall bring to notice deterioration in Condition or visible

development of defects.
3.3.3.3 General Inspections shall be of sufficient quality to detect and report any visual
changes since the last inspection or evidence of circumstances which may impact on
the Condition of the asset before the next scheduled inspection.
3.3.3.4 The General Inspection report shall:
a) confirm that the inspection has been completed;

b) list any significant defects which have occurred or worsened, or changes which
have occurred since the last inspection;
c) identify whether there is a need for further investigations or other action; and
d) make recommendations for Maintenance or Strengthening and Renewal works.
3.3.4 Principal Inspections
3.3.4.1 Close inspections of all inspectable parts of the asset shall be carried out within
touching distance giving detailed visual information on Condition necessary for the
management of the assets.
3.3.4.2 Principal Inspections shall bring to notice deterioration in Condition or visible

development of defects and appraise their effect on the asset.
3.3.4.3 The Principal Inspection report shall:
a) confirm that all inspectable parts of the asset have been examined;
b) record the extent and severity of any defects found;

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c) identify the extent and severity of any changes in Condition, use or environment
since the last inspection;
d) draw attention to any observed factors which may affect the safety of the asset;
e) identify where further investigation is needed;
f) for assets supporting transient loading, identify whether the asset was observed
under such loads and if any unsatisfactory performance was observed; and
g) make recommendations for Maintenance or Strengthening and Renewal works.
3.3.5 Special Inspections
3.3.5.1 Special Inspections shall be undertaken to provide additional or more frequent
information on assets necessary for the management of the assets.
3.3.5.2 Special Inspections shall be a close inspection of a whole asset or particular areas or
defect in an asset, or Vulnerable Structures.
Note: The scope of Special Inspections may include intrusive investigations where deemed
appropriate by the Supplier.
3.3.5.3 Special Inspections shall be instigated in the circumstances and frequencies detailed
in Table 2.
3.3.5.4 The reporting process for Special Inspections shall be as for General and Principal
Inspections modified as necessary to suit the particular nature of the inspection.
3.3.6 Inspection for Analytical Assessment

3.3.6.1 An Inspection for Analytical Assessment shall provide the physical information about
an asset necessary for the assessment of the asset to be undertaken in accordance
with Section 3.4 of this Standard.
3.3.6.2 The inspection shall be a close inspection of all parts of the asset carried out within
touching distance to determine actual section sizes and the extent of any
deterioration, or other features having an influence on the ability of the asset to
perform its Required Duty.
3.3.6.3 The inspection shall cover not only the Condition of the individual components, but
also the Condition of the structure as an entity, especially noting any signs of distress
and their cause.
3.3.6.4 The inspection for the Analytical Assessment shall be undertaken by the person
carrying out the Analytical Assessment.
3.3.6.5 Inspections for Analytical Assessment shall provide information on the loading applied
to the assets and factors relevant to the assets structural resistance.
Note: Information on loading should typically include:
a) Density and type of material;
b) Dimensions;
c) Surcharge loadings;
d) Imposed loadings (whether a Train Operating Company (TOC) has rights to operate
over the LU railway tracks).

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Note: Information on structural resistance should typically include:
a) Parameters necessary to determine the strength of the structure, including

deficiencies that may reduce the structure’s resistance;
b) Confirmation of information obtained from drawings and documents, including section

thicknesses of structural members; and
c) Results of trial holes undertaken to resolve uncertainties on buried members.
3.3.6.6 Inspection information shall be provided under the following general headings:
a) Confirmation of information contained in drawings and documents;

b) Accurate estimates of dead and Superimposed Dead Loads, including
surcharge loadings;
c) Structural dimensions and load dispositions;
d) Details of finishes and fixings;
e) Service ducts and services;
f) Clearance dimensions;
g) Highway and railway alignments, sufficient to determine imposed loading and
structural clearances;
h) Structural Condition and evidence of physical deformation;
j) Evidence of foundation deterioration; and
k) Performance of bearings, expansion joints.
3.3.7 Defect Advice Inspection
3.3.7.1 Defect Advice Inspections shall be carried out following defect notification or a report
of an Incident that causes damage to an asset or has the potential to adversely affect
the ability of the asset to perform its Required Duty.
3.3.7.2 Sufficient information shall be collected to enable the safety of the asset to be
assessed and for the full reporting of an Incident being investigated to identify
immediate and root causes.
3.3.8 Inspection frequency

3.3.8.1 The frequency of inspections shall be consistent with timely identification of defects
and deterioration such that railway safety is not put at risk.
3.3.8.2 An Inspection Plan shall be prepared to define the strategy which will be employed to
meet the objective stated in Clause 3.3.8.1 of this Standard.
3.3.8.3 The frequency of inspections defined in the Inspection Plan shall ensure that
information is available to meet the requirements of the Supplier’s Condition
Assessment and Maintenance obligations.
3.3.8.4 Inspections of assets shall be undertaken at a frequency that shall be at least as

frequent as the normal frequencies defined in Table 2.

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Type of Inspection Normal Frequencies

General - All Assets (except noted below) 1 year
- Earth Retaining Structures n/a
- Pipe crossing under tracks - under 600mm dia. n/a
Principal - All Assets (except noted below) 4 years
- Earth Retaining Structures 8 years
- Pipe crossing under tracks - under 600mm dia. 8 years
Special 1) Cast iron structures 3 monthly
2) All structures considered to be 3 monthly

substandard
3) All bridges that have failed BE4 or the monthly
Highways Agency - DMRB - BD21/01
4) All structures recommended for repair 6 monthly
works.Repair works are deemed to be those
works which generate a concern code according
to standard 1-031.
Inspections are continued until the start
of repairs, unless otherwise stated in Item 5
below
5) Structures recommended for repair annually
works, limited to brickwork repairs and painting
provided that the structure has proved adequate
strength and stability and has attained a
condition rating, (Clause 3.3.12) of the structure
of 75% or greater.
6) Structures deemed by the Supplier to As determined by inspection report
require Special Inspection
Inspections for Analytical Assessment As required by the Assessment
Programme
Defect Advice Inspections As determined by defect advice
report
Table 2 - Inspection Frequencies
3.3.9 Inspection reports

3.3.9.1 Inspection Reports shall maintain a consistent and repeatable standard that shall
ensure comparability in Condition Assessments across the LU system.
Note: Inspection reports should typically record:
a) Asset Number
b) Structure Type
c) Location
d) Application
e) Minimum clearances
f) Statutory undertakers
g) Construction details and drawing numbers
h) Inspection and Maintenance summary

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j) Defect description
k) Defects requiring action before next inspection
l) Condition score
m) Asset rating
n) Performance rating
o) General Condition standard
p) Extent and severity scores
q) Item score
r) Safety action taken
s) Further action required such as IDWs (Identified Work)
t) Auditable sign off
3.3.9.2 The inspection reports shall capture, in a consistent and auditable manner, the
information required for the execution of subsequent activities.
3.3.9.3 All structures shall be visually identified within the inspection reports through the
provision of general photographs.
3.3.9.4 All defects with a score indicating a condition rating that is worse than B2 (see Table
3) shall be visually identified within the Inspection Reports through the recording of
asset numbers, defect locations within the numbered asset and sketches and
photographs to illustrate the defect.
3.3.10 Graphic defect notation

3.3.10.1 Consistent and readily comprehensible graphical defect notations shall be used when
showing defects on sketches or overlaying existing drawings.
3.3.10.2 The graphical defect notations shall provide the means for recording defects in a
consistent and repeatable manner.
Note: The graphical defect notations should be used within the following groups:
a) Deformation, bulging and dislocation
b) Corrosion and rusting
c) Fracture and lamination
d) Erosion, cracking and spalling
e) Exposed rebar
f) Defective fastenings
g) Paintwork condition
h) Cleanliness and contamination
j) Accumulated water, dampness and leakage

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k) Vegetation
l) Insect and mammal damage
m) Evidence of vehicle impact (including rail traffic)
n) Repairs
Guidance of graphic defect notation historically used by LU is given in the Manual of Good
Practice G-051.
3.3.11 Defect classification system

3.3.11.1 The defect classification system shall include indices to record the extent and severity
of the defect.
3.3.11.2 The defect classification system shall include classifications for the recommended
action and the priority of the recommended action.
3.3.11.3 Inspections shall report defects in accordance with the defect classification in Table 3.
1. Extent 2. Severity
A- Less than 5% 1- No ‘significant defect’
B- Between 5% and 10% 2- ‘Minor’ - defects of a non-urgent nature.
C- Between 10% and 3– ‘Heavy’ - defects of an unacceptable nature
D- 20% 4– ‘Severe’ - defects where action is needed (these shall be
Greater than 20% reported immediately to the supervisor).
3. Recommended action 4. Priority

C- Replace I- Immediate
P- Paint H- High (within 12 months)
R- Repair M- Medium (within 2 years)
M- Monitor L- Low (before next Principal Inspection)
I- Inspect R- Review (at next Principal Inspection)
Table 3 - Defect classification

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3.3.12 Condition rating

3.3.12.1 Inspection reports shall contain a condition rating.
3.3.12.2 For each Item, extent and severity classification as derived in Section 3.3.11 shall be
scored in accordance with Table 4 and summated to give an Item score.
Extent Score Severity Score

A =4 1 =4
B =3 2 =3
C =2 3 =1
D =1 4 =0
Table 4 - Extent and severity ratings
3.3.12.3 All Item scores shall be added together and the overall Element rating calculated as
follows:
⎡ Total item score ⎤

⎢⎣ No. of items scored ⎥⎦ x 12.5 = Overall element rating (%)
3.3.12.4 The overall condition rating for the asset shall be the worst Element rating.
3.3.13 Disused assets

In respect of inspection and reporting, disused assets shall be treated in the same
way as their in-use counterparts.
3.3.14 Standard severity photographs

3.3.14.1 Severity scores that are to be included in the inspection reports shall be based on
comparisons with standard severity photographs.
3.3.14.2 The standard severity photographs used for comparisons shall be applied consistently
across the LU system to ensure consistency of asset Condition Assessments.
3.3.14.3 Standard severity photographs selected for use as comparative references shall be of
high quality and fully representative of the typical defects for which they are intended
to be representative.
3.3.14.4 Defects noted during inspection shall be matched to the standard severity
photographs in Attachment 0 of this Standard in order to deduce the severity score
that is to be entered in the Inspection Report.
3.3.15 Vulnerable structures

3.3.15.1 A risk assessment of all assets shall be undertaken to identify Vulnerable Structures.
3.3.15.2 To facilitate the evaluation of risks and development of mitigation measures the risks
to Bridges Structure assets shall be identified and quantified.
Note: Principal categories of external risk include:
a) impact by vehicles, vessels or aircraft
b) impacts from wind blown debris, falling trees, flood waters or floating debris
c) explosions
d) fire and chemical spills
e) environmental conditions

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f) forms and methods of construction
g) constituent materials
3.3.15.3 Structural forms that represent significant risks and for which appropriate inspection
shall be undertaken to quantify risk include:
a) low bridges – bridges with clearances over the highway of less than 5.1m;
b) limited transverse clearances, Fragile Supports and parapets;
c) bridges over navigable waterways;
d) bridges with risk of scour;
e) structures containing cast iron elements;
f) prestressed post-tensioned concrete bridges - concrete structures employing
post-tensioning forms of construction shall be inspected in accordance with
Highways Agency – DMRB - BD54/93 and BA50/93; and
g) Overbridges with substandard parapets.
Note: This list is not exhaustive and other items may be required on a case by case basis
3.3.16 Longitudinal timbers

Longitudinal timbers shall be inspected in accordance with the requirements of LU
Standard 1-160.
3.4 Analytical assessment

3.4.1 General
3.4.1.1 Analytical Assessments shall be carried out to achieve the following objectives:
a) to determine the degree to which assets remain safe and fit to fulfil the
structural element of their Required Duty in their current environment and
Condition;
b) to provide the information on structural capacity of the assets in a consistent
and accurate manner;
c) to provide information necessary for the managed Maintenance strategy of the
assets;
d) to confirm that assets are safe for railway operations and for public and Outside
Party use; and
e) to provide the appropriate information on assets to meet the requirements for
the Condition Assessment process defined in Section 3.5 of this Standard.
3.4.1.2 If it can be shown by reference to documents that a structure has been designed to
current LU loading standards then there is no requirement to carry out an assessment
unless it is thought to have a reduced load capacity due to deterioration, damage or
increased dead load.
In any case the existence of documentary evidence of design to current LU loadings
shall be taken to mean that the asset is “non grey” as defined in 1-031
3.4.1.3 The Analytical Assessment shall take full account of the overall structural behaviour.
3.4.1.4 Assets shall be subject to Analytical Assessment in accordance with the whole life
Maintenance strategy programme for the asset and when:

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a) a change of Required Duty is proposed or has occurred; or

b) an inspection has shown a change in Condition that may indicate a reduction in
the structural capacity of the asset; or
c) an Incident occurs or is reported that may indicate a reduction in the structural
capacity of the asset.
3.4.1.5 Where a retaining structure does not exceed 1m in height, is not subject to a live load
surcharge and is more than 2m from a railway line, it shall be deemed not to require
numerical assessment and will only be subject to a Principal Inspection at prescribed
intervals when a visual assessment of its stability will be made.
3.4.1.6 If the assessment of any asset shows it to be inadequate to perform its Required Duty
then procedures shall be instigated to ensure that the risks associated with the asset’s
structural performance are controlled:
Note: The actions to be considered include:
a) determination of safe loading capacity;
b) adopting procedures that ensure that the safe load capacity is not exceeded;
c) Special Inspections;
d) speed restrictions;
e) replacement or Strengthening and Renewal of the structure.
3.4.2 Assessment process control

3.4.2.1 The assessment process, including field work and investigations, shall be devised and
controlled to achieve the purposes set out in Section 3.4.1 of this Standard.
3.4.2.2 The level of check shall be defined for the analytical aspect of the assessment.
3.4.2.3 All operations for the execution of the Analytical Assessment shall be undertaken in a
consistent and auditable manner.
3.4.3 Investigation and study

Investigations and studies shall be undertaken to obtain the necessary information for
the application of his assessment methodology.
Note: Investigations may include material testing and Site Investigation, monitoring data,
operational data, Incident reports and information from Outside Parties. The
Maintenance and inspection history may also be relevant.
3.4.4 Basis of assessment

3.4.4.1 Limit states
a) General
The structures shall be assessed by the application of Limit State principles, except in
the case of cast iron, filler joist slabs and timber which shall be assessed using
permissible stress principles.
b) Rail bridges
The Limit State to be adopted for Rail Bridges shall be the ULS, using appropriate
partial factors given in the relevant parts of BS 5400 except where the Limit State and
factors are explicitly specified otherwise in this Standard.
c) Highway bridges

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For the Limit States and partial factors to be adopted for Highway Bridges refer to the
appropriate highway authority.
d) Footbridges
The Limit State to be adopted for Footbridges shall be the ULS, using appropriate
partial factors given in the relevant parts of BS 5628, BS 5950 and BS 8110 except
where the Limit State and factors are explicitly specified otherwise in this Standard.
e) Underground structures (sub-surface tunnels)

Sub-surface tunnels shall be assessed by the application of Limit State principles.
The Limit State to be adopted for this Standard shall be the ULS, using appropriate
partial factors given in the relevant parts of BS 5400, BS8110 and BS 5628 except
where the Limit State and factors are explicitly specified otherwise in this Standard.
f) Earth retaining walls

The Limit State to be adopted for the Earth Retaining Walls shall be:
I) Stability – using appropriate partial factors given in the relevant parts of

BS 8002 except where the Limit State and factors are explicitly specified
in this Standard; and
II) Strength – using appropriate partial factors given in the relevant parts of
BS 5628, BS 5950, BS 8002, BS 8110 and BS 5400 except where the
Limit State and factors are explicitly specified in this Standard.
g) Ancillary structures and components
The Limit State to be adopted for cable bridges and gantries shall be the ULS, using
appropriate partial factors given in the relevant parts of BS 5628, BS 5950 and
BS 8110 except where the Limit State and factors are explicitly specified otherwise in
this Standard.
3.4.4.2 Assessment load effects

The assessment load effects, SA, shall be obtained from the relationships below and
by reference to Attachment 7.2 to this Standard that defines the relevant partial load
factors (γf1, γf2, γf3, and γfl)
Note: Partial load factor γfL = γf1 x γf2
SA = γf3. (effects of QA)
where
Qk are the nominal loads and
QA = γfL.Qk
therefore
SA = γf3. (effects of γfl.QK)
For steel and wrought iron only, γf3 is applied within the resistance RA* such that
SA = (effects of QA)
SA = (effects of γfl.QK)
For those materials where the calculated resistance is determined on a permissible

stress basis, the following shall be applied.

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SA = (effects of QK)
3.4.4.3 Assessment of resistance

The assessed resistance, RA, shall be determined from the calculated resistance RA*
as follows:
RA = Fc.RA*
where the derivation of Condition Factor, Fc is described in Section 0 of this Standard

and
RA* = function (fk/γm)
Except for steel and wrought iron structures only
RA* = function (fk/ (γf3.γm))
and fk is the characteristic (or nominal) strength of the material and
γm is a partial factor on the material strength as defined in Attachment 7.2 of this

Standard.
For those materials where the calculated resistance is determined on a permissible

stress basis, the following shall be applied:
RA* = function (fp)
where fp is the material permissible stress.
3.4.4.4 Structural adequacy

The asset shall be deemed capable of carrying the assessment load when the
capacity of the asset modified by the condition factor is greater than the applied load
effects, such that RA ≥ SA.
3.4.5 Condition factor

3.4.5.1 The condition factor Fc shall be determined to take account of any deficiencies found
during the inspection of the asset.
3.4.5.2 The value of Fc shall be less than or equal to 1.0.
3.4.5.3 Justification for the value of Fc adopted shall be recorded.
3.4.6 Structural analysis

3.4.6.1 Principles
a) The methods of analysis adopted shall be appropriate to the structural form,
applied loading and the objectives of the Analytical Assessment.
b) The principles adopted for the numerical modelling of an asset shall be applied
consistently throughout the structure.
3.4.6.2 Section properties
Section properties for use in Analytical Assessment shall take account of:
a) the requirements of the relevant British Standard;

b) information obtained during inspections; and
c) all defects and deficiencies identified within the structure.
Note: Typical defect and deficiencies include:
a) loss of material from load carrying elements through corrosion;

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b) cracks;
c) impact damage;
d) deformation;
e) loosening of joints;
f) corrosion of packing in slender built up sections;
g) anomalies in structural behaviour under the actions of Live Loading.
This list is not exhaustive and other items may be required in a case by case basis.
3.4.7 Loading
3.4.7.1 General
a) Dead and Superimposed Dead Loads shall be derived from the material
weights given in Attachment 0 and applied in accordance with BS5400, BS5950
or BS8110 as appropriate to the asset type under consideration.
b) In addition to the dead and Superimposed Dead Loads individual asset types
shall be subject to the loading defined below in Section 3.4.7.2 to 3.4.7.6.
c) The effects of wind shall be considered in the assessment where it may
produce a significant load effect.
d) The effects of temperature shall be considered in the assessment where it may
produce a significant load effect.
e) In particular struts in braced or anchored walls, these loads shall be determined
by considering a temperature range of -15°C to 46°C and a mean temperature
value of 10°C.
a) The railway Live Loading for LU Rail Bridges to be used in Analytical
Assessment shall be as defined in BS5400 Part 2.
b) Assets supporting LU railway tracks shall be assessed for RL loading except:
I) Where a TOC has rights to operate over the LU tracks RU loading shall
be used for Analytical Assessment.
II) Concentrated wheel loads applied to the rail shall be dispersed both
longitudinally by the continuous rail and transversely by the sleeper and
ballast.
Note: The Manual of Good Practice G-051 gives details of the dispersion of loads used in
previous assessments.
a) Service walkway assessment loading shall be 1kN concentrated loads at 1m

centres for the assessment of the walkway.
b) The walkway shall be considered to be unloaded in the assessment of the asset
for RL or RU loading.
c) Assessment loading for handrails to service walkways shall be in accordance
with Attachment 7.7.
d) All brick and masonry parapet walls on Rail Bridges shall be assessed in
accordance with the requirements of Attachment 7.12.

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3.4.7.3 Highway bridges

a) Highway Bridges shall be assessed for the loading requirements of the HA –
DMRB – BD 21/01. However should a bridge constructed before 1973 fail to
satisfy this standard, it should then be assessed in accordance with DoT
standard BE4 which is the legal minimum for LU owned Highway Bridges.
b) There is no requirement in statute nor in any National standard to assess the
capacity of highway bridge parapets. London Underground has carried out an
assessment of the containment capacity of its’ highway bridge parapets and this
is reflected in the ACAC concern XXGEN803 “Overbridge parapets that do not
meet type P6 requirements”. No further containment assessment is required.
3.4.7.4 Accommodation and Occupation bridges
Road bridges which do not carry a public road (Accommodation and Occupation
bridges) need only be assessed for 3 tons GVW for bridges built before 1903 and 5
tons GVW for bridges built after 1903 unless there is a specific legal agreement to
carry a higher load. Thus BD21/01 shall be used for assessment purposes, but only to
determine the structures’ capability of carrying 3 ton or 5 ton GVW. Accommodation
and Occupation bridges must always have their safe load capacity prominently
displayed on signs at each end of the bridge.
3.4.7.5 Footbridges
Footbridges shall be assessed for the loading defined in Attachment 7.7.However the
concentrated load condition shall NOT be applied if the footbridge being assessed
fulfils the following conditions.
a) It is in a non section 12 station.
b) There is no level access from the booking hall to the footbridge span
c) There is a staircase at each end of the footbridge.
d) The staircases have at least 6 risers in the flight leading from the platform
Footbridges complying with the abovementioned conditions must be assessed for the
5kN/m2 condition, and if they satisfy this condition then a notice must be fixed to the
footbridge stating “Pedestrian Loading Only”. If a lift is installed which gives access to
the footbridge deck, then the whole bridge must be assessed for the 20kN
concentrated load.

Underground structures and Earth Retaining Walls shall be assessed for the ability to
carry the following loading:
a) Dead loads
The Dead Load shall be determined by reference to the unit weights given in
Attachment 7.3.
Note: The nominal Superimposed Dead Loads consist of the weight of soil cover to the
structure, hydrostatic pressure, the weight of any buildings.
Soil cover loads shall be applied as a uniformly distributed load (UDL). Neither
positive nor negative arching shall be assumed and the soil loads shall be assumed to
be earth pressure at rest values.
b) Earth pressure loads – underground structures (sub-surface tunnels)

For the assessment of sub-surface tunnels the nominal horizontal earth pressures
acting on the walls of the tunnel shall be taken as follows:

Number: 1-051
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maximum horizontal soil pressure = 0.6 γH;
where: γ = bulk density of the fill;
H = height of cover above the point of calculation.
Note: It is to be assumed that equal soil pressures are applied to each side of the tunnel.
Surcharge loading defined in Attachment 7.4 shall be applied as appropriate to the

structure under consideration.
c) Earth pressure loads – buried box type structures

The nominal horizontal earth pressures on the side walls of the structure shall be
taken as follows:
I) maximum horizontal earth pressure = 0.6 γH;

II) minimum horizontal earth pressure = 0.2 γH;
where:
γ = bulk density of fill over the structure
H = height of cover above the point of calculation.
The structure shall be assessed for either the maximum or minimum earth pressure
that can act on any side wall irrespective of the earth pressure on the other side.
The assessment shall take due account of the effect of hydrostatic pressure, both
inside as well as outside the structure.
Partial factor γfL shall be taken as 1.05.
d) Earth pressure loads – Earth Retaining Walls

For Earth Retaining Walls the earth pressures shall be calculated in accordance with
the following codes and guides except where modified by this Standard:
BS 8002;
CIRIA 580
Hong Kong Geoguide 1.
Surcharge loading defined in Attachment 7.5 shall be applied as appropriate to the

structure under consideration.
e) Building loads
Nominal dead and superimposed building loads shall be combined with building live
loads at foundation level and distributed through the soil at a slope of 2 vertically to 1
horizontally.
f) Live loads
Concentrated vertical loads and line loads acting on the surface of the carriageway or
at the underside of the track ballast shall be assumed to be distributed through the soil
Sub-grade at an angle of 2 vertically to 1 horizontally.
Where the depth of cover to the bridge exceeds 1.8 m the loading shall be assumed to
be the uniformly distributed loads as defined in Attachment 7.4 of this Standard.

Number: 1-051
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Ancillary Structures and components shall be assessed for the ability to carry the
loading appropriate to their Required Duty.
a) Cable bridges and gantries

Cable bridges and gantries shall be assessed for the loading defined in Attachment
7.11
b) Pipe crossings under the track
Pipe crossings under the track refer to Attachment 0
3.4.8 Properties of materials
3.4.8.1 General
a) Appropriate unit weights and properties of material shall be used in the
Analytical Assessment.
b) Detailed investigation and testing of materials shall be undertaken where
necessary to ensure that the level of accuracy of information is appropriate to
meet the Analytical Assessment process objectives.
Note: Testing should normally be carried out only if the initial assessment is considered
inadequate or if there is some doubt about the nature and quality of the materials.
The strength values obtained from a limited number of tests should be considered as
only an indication of whether the characteristic strength values in Clause 0 are
applicable to the material present in the structure.
3.4.8.2 Unit weights

For the initial assessment the unit weights of commonly occurring materials as given
in Attachment 0 shall be used.
3.4.8.3 Characteristic strengths and allowable stresses

For the initial assessment, in the absence of alternative verifiable information, the
characteristic strengths and allowable stresses as defined in this clause shall be used:
a) Steel
I) Steel produced before 1955 shall be assumed to have a characteristic
strength of 230 N/mm2.
II) Steel produced after 1955 shall be assumed to have characteristic
strengths based on the grade of the steel shown in the as-built drawings
and documentation of the asset under consideration.
III) Steels produced after 1955 and used for the construction of Footbridges,
cable bridges and gantries shall be assumed to have been constructed in
grade 43A steel to BS 4360.
b) Concrete
I) Pre-1939 concrete shall be assumed to have a characteristic strength not
greater than:
i) 20 N/mm2 for railway and Highway Bridges; and
ii) 15 N/mm2 for all other structures listed in Section 3.1 of this
Standard.
II) Post-1939 concrete shall be assumed to have a characteristic strength
based on information contained in the as-built drawings and
documentation of the asset under consideration.
c) Reinforcement

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Issue no: A4
I) Reinforcing steel shall be assumed to be mild steel with a characteristic

strength of 230 N/mm2 unless otherwise stated on the as-built drawings
and documentation of the asset under consideration.
II) Mesh reinforcement shall be assumed to have the following characteristic
strengths:
i) BRC mesh: 496 N/mm2
ii) Expamet mesh: 344 N/mm2.
d) Pre-stressing steel strands, bars and wire
The characteristic tensile properties of pre-stressing steel components shall be
obtained from the as-constructed drawings and documentation.
e) Wrought iron
The characteristic yield stress of wrought iron shall be taken as 220 N/mm2.
f) Masonry
Masonry shall be assumed to have the characteristic strengths as given in Table 5.
Characteristic strengths
Type and Age of Masonry N/mm2
Compressive Tensile
up to 1910 – stock bricks set in 1:3 lime mortar 2.5 0.0
post 1910 – stock bricks set in 1:6 cement sand mortar 4.0 0.0
post 1910 – fletton bricks set in 1:6 cement sand mortar 5.0 0.0
post 1910 – engineering bricks set in 1:3 cement sand mortar 15.0 0.0
Table 5 – Masonry characteristic strengths
g) Cast iron beams, columns and struts

This Standard does not cover the assessment of cast iron components of railway
bridges which are forbidden by the Department of Transport (DoT).
Note: Refer to Item 39/5 of DoT publication ‘Requirements for Passenger Lines and
Recommendations for Goods Lines of the Ministry of Transport in regard to Railway
Construction and Operation’
The allowable stresses for cast iron beams, columns and struts in Footbridges, cable
bridges, gantries and Earth Retaining Walls are defined in Section 3.4.9 of this
Standard
h) Timber
Timber in Earth Retaining Walls shall be assumed to be Douglas fir, unless noted
otherwise on the as-built drawings. A stress grade of three samples shall be made
according to visible defects as laid down in BS 4978.
3.4.9 Strength assessment of structural members

3.4.9.1 Steel
The strength of steel members shall be assessed in accordance with BS 5400: Part 3
as amended by the requirement given in Attachment 7.6 of this Standard.
3.4.9.2 Wrought iron

Wrought iron shall be assessed in accordance with the requirements of Sub-clause
3.4.9.1 of this Standard.

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3.4.9.3 Concrete
a) The strength of concrete structural members within rail and Highway Bridges
shall be assessed in accordance with the HA Standard – DMRB – BD44/95 and
its accompanying Advice Note BA 44/96.
b) The strength of concrete members for structures that do not carry railway or
highway traffic shall be assessed in accordance with BS 8110 when the initial
assessment against the default values given in clause 3.4.8.3 b) of this
Standard has failed.
3.4.9.4 Masonry
Masonry tunnels shall be assessed in accordance with BS 5628: Part 1 assuming that
masonry will not resist tension.
3.4.9.5 Masonry arches

a) Masonry arch structures shall be assessed using methods to determine the
strength of the structure taking account of both analytical and visual information
Note: The Manual of Good Practice G-051 gives details of the modified ‘MEXE’ method,
which has been adopted in previous assessments to determine the strength of
masonry arches.
b) Concrete fill between spandrel walls shall not be assumed to provide support or
strength to the arch barrel.
c) Concrete filled spandrel walls shall be inspected and assessed. The
assessment shall be based upon results of visual surveys.
Note: The Manual of Good Practice G-051 gives advice on the interpretation of these
observations.
3.4.9.6 Cast iron beams

a) Stresses in cast iron beams due either to the permanent load or to the
combined permanent and live loads shall not exceed the following values:
I) 154 N/mm2 in compression
II) 46 N/mm2 in tension
b) In addition for a given value of permanent load stress, the live load stress shall
not exceed the permissible tensile or compressive live stresses obtained from
Attachment 7.9.
c) The shear stress in cast iron due either to the permanent load or to the
combined permanent and live load shall not exceed 46 N/mm2. In addition the
following limitations shall apply:
I) where the live load shear stress qL acts in the same sense as the Dead
Load shear stress qd:
qL ≤ 24.6 – 0.44 qd N/mm2;
II) where the live load shear stress qL acts in an opposite sense to the Dead
Load shear stress qd:
qL ≤ 43.9 – 0.79 qd N/mm2 when qL ≤ 2 qd
qL ≤ 24.6 + 0.44 qd N/mm2 when qL > 2 qd
In the above equations only numerical values of qL and qd shall be substituted.
3.4.9.7 Cast iron columns and struts

a) The tensile stress in any column or strut shall not exceed 46 N/mm2

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b) The compressive stress in cast iron columns or struts due either to the
permanent load or to the combined permanent and live load shall not exceed
the values given in Table 6.
Allowable Compressive Stress (pc) in N/mm2

Held in position and
Held in position at each Held in position and direction at one end but
l/r end but not restrained restrained in direction not held in position or
in direction at both ends direction at the other
end
20 144 154 36
40 95 136 23.8
60 66 103 16.5
80 32 73 8
100 19.8 51 5
120 14.4 37 3.6
140 10.3 26 2.6
160 7.4 19.7 1.9
180 5.8 15.4 1.5
Table 6 – Allowable stresses in cast iron columns and struts
a) Where cast iron columns are subjected to both axial compression and bending
stresses, then the combined axial and bending stresses when checked in the
following formula must not exceed unity.
fc fbc
+
pc pbc
where:
fc = the calculated axial compressive stress;
pc = the allowable compressive stress for columns defined in Table 6;
fbc = the compressive stress due to bending;
pbc = the allowable compressive bending stress in cast iron taken as defined in 0 a)
and b) for beams.
3.4.9.8 Timber
The strength of timber members shall be assessed in accordance with BS 5268:
Part 2.
3.4.9.9 Earth retaining walls

a) Earth Retaining Walls shall be assessed for the following SLS:
I) overturning or a rotational failure where the disturbing moments on the
structure exceed the restoring moments;
II) failure by rotation of the soil mass;
III) failure by slip on sloping ground (this SLS need only be considered
where the structure is built on sloping ground);
IV) failure by sliding;
V) bearing capacity failure of the ground;

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These failure mechanisms are to be assessed at the Ultimate Limit State,

the term Serviceability Limit State is used to ensure that the assessment
is undertaken allowing deformations not greater than 5% of the wall
height.
b) Slope stability analysis shall be undertaken in accordance with LU Standard G-
054.
c) Earth Retaining Walls shall be assessed at the ULS for:
I) failure of the structure by flexural bending;
II) failure of the structure by shear.
d) Structural member strength assessment shall be in accordance with the
appropriate sub-clauses within Section 3.4.9 of this Standard.
3.4.9.10 Underground structures (sub-surface tunnels)
Structural member strength assessment shall be in accordance with the appropriate
sub-clauses within Section 3.4.9 of this Standard.
3.4.9.11 Underground structures (buried box type structures)

Note: This section applies to the assessment of buried box-type structures used as subways
or bridges for which:
a) the depth of cover measured from the underside of the sleepers to the top of the
structure is greater than 600mm but less than 8m; and
b) the internal span, i.e. the distance between the side walls of the structure, is greater
than 900mm.
a) The strength assessment shall be in accordance with the requirements of

Section 3.4.9 of this Standard.
b) The roof sections of arched culverts shall be analysed using the rules for
masonry arches set out in Clause 3.4.9.5 of this Standard.
3.4.9.12 Substructure and foundations
The assessment of sub-structures and foundations for all asset types within the scope
of this Standard shall comply with the following requirements:
a) Structural member strength assessment shall be in accordance with the

appropriate sub-clauses within Section 3.4.9 of this Standard
b) Sub-structures and foundations shall be assessed for their ability to safely
accommodate loads arising from the action of environmental and transient
loads.
c) Sub-structures and foundations shall be assessed qualitatively by considering
the Condition of the structure and the significance of any defects.
d) Substructures and foundations shall be assessed analytically in the following
circumstances:
I) the structure exhibits signs of distress; or
II) there is doubt concerning the adequacy of these structures with regard to
backfill pressures or subsoil conditions; or
III) there is evidence of scour either external or internal; or
IV) the load applied to the sub-structure and foundation is to be increased, in
which case the form and extent of the foundations must be determined
and the adequacy of the subsoil to carry the additional loads proved
using conventional soil survey techniques.

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e) Sub-structures and foundations to assets that have foundations in or near water

shall be assessed for risk of scouring in accordance with CIRIA ‘Manual on
scour at bridges and other hydraulic structures’ C 551 dated 2002.
3.4.10 Bearings
The structure shall be assessed for its ability to articulate under the action of
environmental and transient loads.
3.4.11 Fatigue assessment of LU rail bridges

3.4.11.1 The assessment shall determine the remaining fatigue life of the structure in years.
3.4.11.2 Fatigue assessments of steel structures shall be carried out in accordance with BS
5400: Part 10 amended as described in Attachment 0 of this Standard.
3.5 Condition assessment and certification

3.5.1 General
3.5.1.1 This Section identifies specific requirements and processes for establishing the Asset
Condition Assessment and Classification (ACAC) of Bridge Structures, which shall
apply in conjunction with the general requirements for ACAC identified in LU Standard
1-050 for all civil assets.
3.5.1.2 This section shall be read in conjunction with LU Engineering Standard 1-031 and the
Foundation Documents for Bridges and Structures.
Note: The procedure for Condition Assessment and Condition Classification of Bridge
Structure assets is diagrammatically represented Attachment 7.14.
3.5.2 Desk top studies

3.5.2.1 A review shall be undertaken to take into account the available knowledge about the
asset, including interfacing assets where they have affected the Condition of the
asset. The review shall include all of the relevant data and information necessary to
determine the Condition of the asset and its ability to meet the Required Duty.
Note: The desk top study should typically include:
a) Database records;
b) Current inspection reports, and whether the physical Condition of the asset affects the
ability of the asset to meet the Required Duty;
c) Recommendations made by inspectors or engineers who appraise inspections,

including any identified work (IDW) and information on rates of deterioration;
d) Known defects and Specific Concerns;
e) Regulatory Notices, Vulnerable Structures Notices, Improvement Notices or

Restriction/Prohibition Notices;
f) History, performance, Maintenance and age of the asset where available;
g) Any generic susceptibility to defects;
h) Any recent reports of significant deterioration, or change in loading;
j) Any Incident reports; and

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k) The results of the Analytical Assessment and whether as a consequence of the

physical Condition of the asset a re-evaluation of a previous Analytical Assessment is
required.
3.5.3 Inspection
The inspection of the asset shall be undertaken and reported in accordance with the
requirements of Section 3.3 of this Standard.
Note: The condition rating is not the Condition Classification for ACAC.
3.5.4 Analytical assessment

The Analytical Assessment of the asset shall be undertaken in accordance with
Section 3.4 of this Standard.
3.5.5 Condition Classification of assets

3.5.5.1 The information and results obtained from the desk top study, inspection, and
Analytical Assessment where required, shall be used by the Assessor to establish the
Condition Assessment of the asset.
3.5.5.2 The Condition Classification of a Bridge Structure asset shall be obtained from the
Foundation Documents by aligning the output of the Condition Assessment and
identified Specific Concerns to any Generic Concerns that apply to the asset.
Note: Generic Concerns that are directly related to the condition rating, have been identified
for asset types that are known to be generically susceptible to defects that can affect
the ability of the asset to meet its Required Duty. However, in general, a structure that
is known to have a reserve of strength may safely be able to sustain a greater degree
of deterioration or damage than one that has no previous reserve of strength.
Consequently, Generic Concerns are not always linked to the condition rating, and the
process does not require all asset types to have a new Analytical Assessment if the
condition rating falls below any pre-defined levels.
3.5.5.3 The Assessor shall refer to the Foundation Documents for full and current details of all
Generic Concerns and corresponding indicative Condition Classifications (A to
E1/E2).
3.5.5.4 In determining the Condition Classification of the asset the following shall be taken
into account, where applicable, to lower (nearer to E1) the pre-defined Condition
Classification given in the Foundation Documents for the relevant Generic Concern:
a) For assets with Identified Work (IDW), where the period between the dates of
raising the IDW and completing the works is equal to or greater than 5 years,
the Condition Classification of the relevant Generic Concern shall not be higher
than B. Where the period is less than 5 years the Condition Classification shall
not be higher than C.
b) For assets with a Regulatory Notice, Vulnerable Structures Notice,
Improvement Notice or Restriction/Prohibition Notice, the Condition
Classification of the relevant Generic Concern shall be E1, or E2 where
justifiable.
c) For assets which have failed to meet the requirements of an Analytical
Assessment, the Condition Classification of the relevant Generic Concern shall
be E1, or E2 where justifiable.
3.5.6 Allocation of MEAV
The allocation of MEAV shall be undertaken in accordance with LU Standard 1-050.

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3.6 Maintenance
3.6.1 General
3.6.1.1 Maintenance work shall be undertaken to ensure assets meet their Required Duty for
the Design Life of the asset.
3.6.1.2 Assets that fail to meet the Required Duty shall have restricted operation imposed or
be withdrawn from service.
3.6.2 Maintenance work

3.6.2.1 Maintenance work shall be preventative or remedial action, including repairs to
damage and defects.
3.6.2.2 Maintenance work shall be justified on the principles of whole lifecycle asset
management.
3.6.2.3 Where during the life of the asset service fixings and connections are required for
which provision was not made in the design and construction of the asset, a process
shall be operated to control cutting, grinding, drilling, fixing to and supporting from
existing structures in accordance with 1-050.
3.6.2.4 Maintenance action shall be based on:
a) inspection reports (Section 3.3 of this Standard);

b) Analytical Assessment (Section 3.4 of this Standard); and
c) Condition Assessment (Section 3.5 of this Standard).
Note: Guidance on Maintenance works is given in the Manual of Good Practice G-050.
3.7 Strengthening and renewal

3.7.1 General
Strengthening and Renewal work shall be controlled to ensure assets meet the
Required Duty.
3.7.2 Strengthening and renewal

3.7.2.1 Strengthening and Renewal work shall be corrective action to address life-expired
assets or elements in accordance with the Supplier’s programme for lifecycle
management or a change in use, function or duty of the asset or element.
3.7.2.2 Strengthening and Renewal work shall be justified on the principles of whole lifecycle
asset management.
3.7.2.3 Strengthening and Renewal work shall meet the requirements of Sections 3.1 and 3.2
of this Standard.
3.7.2.4 Strengthening and Renewal work shall be based on
a) inspection reports (Section 3.3 of this Standard); and

b) Analytical Assessment (Section 3.4 of this Standard).
3.8 Decommissioning
3.8.1 General
3.8.1.1 No asset shall be decommissioned without prior approval in accordance with the
requirements of LU Standard 1-538.

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3.8.1.2 The design and implementation of decommissioning works shall ensure:
a) the long-term stability of the decommissioned asset is not dependant on

Maintenance operations; and
b) railway safety is maintained following decommissioning of the asset.
3.8.2 Planning and implementation
3.8.2.1 Whether the asset remains accessible following decommissioning or is made
redundant shall be decided:
a) on the basis of consultation between the Supplier and LU; and

b) on which alternative, together with its method of accomplishment, results
in the risk to railway operations being ALARP.
3.8.2.2 If the asset remains accessible following decommissioning, continued inspection and
Condition Assessment shall be undertaken in accordance with Sections 3.3 and 3.5 of
this Standard.
3.8.2.3 Planning and implementation of decommissioning shall follow the requirements of

Sections 3.1 and 3.2 of this Standard.
3.8.3 Interfacing assets and systems

The impact of decommissioning on interfacing structures and systems shall be
evaluated to ensure that the risks to railway operations associated with all aspects of
decommissioning are reduced to ALARP.
3.9 Evidence of compliance

3.9.1 Compliance with the requirements of this Standard shall be demonstrated to LU by
each party contracted to LU. Additionally LU may audit compliance as part of its
surveillance regime.
4 Responsibilities
4.1 LU Head of Audit shall be responsible for ensuring that a co-ordinated programme of
audit and inspection is implemented to assure that compliance with this and other
related Standards is ensured.
4.2 The Head of Civil Engineering (Projects) shall have sole responsibility for this
standard.
4.3 The LU Procurement agent shall be responsible for incorporating the requirements
of this LU standard in any contract to which it is relevant and shall stipulate that a
programme of audits are implemented by the contractor which ensures that these
requirements are complied with. This programme and its results shall be available for
verification by the LU Head of Audit.
4.4 The Supplier shall be responsible for incorporating the requirements of this LU
standard in any contract to which it is relevant and shall stipulate that a programme of
audits is implemented by the Supplier which ensures that these requirements are
complied with.

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5 Supporting information
5.1 Background
5.1.1 This Standard is one of a suite of eight (8) Standards which cover the whole life cycle
of Civil Engineering assets. Other Standards in this suite have a bearing on the
activities covered by this Standard. In many cases a direct reference to another
Standard is given; in other instances the need to refer to another Standard is implied.
5.1.2 The complete suite of Civil Engineering Standards comprises the following
documents.
Number Title
1-050 Civil Engineering – Common Requirements
1-051 Civil Engineering – Bridge Structures
1-052 Civil Engineering – Gravity Drainage Systems
1-053 Civil Engineering – Building and Station Structures
1-054 Civil Engineering – Earth Structures
1-055 Civil Engineering – Deep Tube Tunnels and Shafts
1-056 Civil Engineering – Pumping Systems
1-057 Civil Engineering – Miscellaneous Assets
5.1.3 The following Manuals for Good Practice have also been prepared to give guidance
and explanation for each of the above Standards:
Number Title
G-050 Civil Engineering – Common Requirements
G-051 Civil Engineering – Bridge Structures
G-052 Civil Engineering – Gravity Drainage Systems
G-053 Civil Engineering – Building and Station Structures
G-054 Civil Engineering – Earth Structures
G-055 Civil Engineering – Deep Tube Tunnels and Shafts
G-056 Civil Engineering – Pumping Systems
G-057 Civil Engineering – Miscellaneous Assets
5.2 Safety considerations

5.2.1 Safety aspects shall be considered throughout the design process and due account
taken of the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994.
5.2.2 Many of the existing Bridge Structure assets have already passed a 120 year Design
Life, and were constructed without known Standards and with primitive methods and
have been the subject of phases of repair.
5.2.3 In view of these considerations this Standard requires a structured approach to Bridge
Structure asset management based on standard procedures of Inspection and
Assessment of the existing Bridge Structure assets to reduce the safety risks in
accordance with ALARP principles.
5.3 Environmental considerations

5.3.1 All activities including planning, design, procurement, construction, installation, testing,
commissioning, operation, Maintenance, decommissioning and disposal must comply

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with current environmental legislation, approved Codes of Practice and authoritative

guidance literature issued by relevant statutory bodies.
5.4 Customer considerations

5.4.1 The Bridge Structures shall provide effective support to the track formation, service
posts, etc, and maintain the structure gauge requirements, all as described in this
Standard, so as to allow uninterrupted and smooth operation of the railway to meet
the needs of Customers.
6 References
6.1 References
6.1.1 Statutory documents
Document no. Title
Railway (Safety Critical Works) Regulations, 1994
Construction (Design and Management) Regulations, 1994
6.1.2 British Standards

Document No. Date Title
BS 4360 1990 Specification for weldable structural steel
BS 4978 1996 Specification for visual strength grading of softwood
BS 5268 Part 2 2002 Structural use of timber
BS 5400 Part 1 1988 Steel, concrete and composite bridges – Part 1: General
Statement
BS 5400 Part 2 1978 Steel, concrete and composite bridges – Part 2:
Specification for Loads
BS 5400 Part 3 1982 Steel, concrete and composite bridges – Part 3: Code of
practice for the design of steel bridges
practice for the design of concrete bridges
practice for the design of composite bridges
Specification for Material and workmanship, steel
Specification for materials and workmanship, concrete,
reinforcement and prestressing tendons
Recommendations for materials and workmanship,
concrete, reinforcement and prestressing tendons
BS 5400 Part 9.1 1983 Steel, concrete and composite bridges – Part 9.1: Code
of practice for the design of bridge bearings
BS 5400 Part 9.2 1983 Steel, concrete and composite bridges – Part 9.2:
Specification for materials, manufacture and installation
of bridge bearings
BS 5400 Part 10 1980 Steel, concrete and composite bridges – Part 10: Code
of practice for fatigue
BS 5628 Part 1 1992 Code of practice for use of masonry — Part 1: Structural
use of unreinforced masonry

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Issue no: A4
Document No. Date Title

BS 5950 Part 1 2000 Structural use of steelwork in building. Part 1: Code of
practice for design – rolled and welded sections
BS 5950 Part 2 2001 Structural use of steelwork in building. Part 2:
Specification for materials, fabrication and erection –
Rolled and welded sections
BS 5950 Part 3 1990 Structural use of steelwork in building. Part 3: Design of
composite construction – Section 3.1: Code of practice
for design of simple and continuous composite beams
practice for design of composite slabs with profiled steel
sheeting
practice for design of cold formed thin gauge sections
BS 5950 Part 7 1992 Structural use of steelwork in building. Part 7:
Specification for materials, fabrication and erection –
Cold formed sections and sheeting
practice for fire resistant design
BS 6180 1999 Barriers in and about buildings – Code of practice
BS 6399 Part 1 1996 Loading for buildings – Part 1: Code of practice for dead
and imposed loadings
BS 6399 Part 2 1997 Loading for buildings – Part 2: Code of practice for wind
loads
BS 648 1964 Schedule of weights of building materials
BS 6779-1 1998 Highway parapets for bridges and other structures
BS 8110 1997 Structural use of concrete – Part 1: Code of practice for
design and construction
BS 8110 1985 Structural use of concrete – Part 2: Code of practice for
special circumstances
BS 8002 1994 Code of practice for earth retaining structures
BS 8102 1990 Code of practice for protection of structures against
water from the ground
CP3 1972 Chapter V Loading – Part 2 :Wind Loads
6.1.3 Other national standards

Document No. Title
DD ENV 1997-1 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design — Part 1: General rules — (together with
Eurocode 7 United Kingdom National Application Document)
Hong Kong Guide to Retaining Wall Design 2nd Edition (2000)
Geoguide No 1
6.1.4 Industry codes of practice

Document No. Title
BA 44/96 Highway Agency Assessment of Concrete Highway Bridges and Structures
BA 50/93 Highway structures: Inspection and Maintenance. Inspection. Post
tensioned concrete bridges: planning, organisation and methods for
carrying out Special Inspections
BD 21/01 Highway structures: Inspection and Maintenance. Assessment of highway
bridges and structures
BD 37/01 Highways Agency DMRB Loads for Highway Bridges

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
Document No. Title

BD 44/95 Highways Agency DMRB The Assessment of Concrete Highway Bridges
and Structures
BD 49/01 Highways Agency DMRB Design Rules for Aerodynamic Effects on
Bridges
BD 54/93 Highway structures: Inspection and Maintenance. Inspection. Post-
tensioned concrete bridges: prioritisation of Special Inspections
BD 60/04 Highways Agency DMRB The Design of Highway Bridges for Vehicle
Collision Loads
BE4 Inspection of highway bridges
CIRIA 81 Tunnel Waterproofing
CIRIA 551 Manual on scour at bridges and other hydraulic structures
CIRIA 580 Embedded retaining walls – guidance for economic design
ERRI D 189/RP 1 Loading due to dynamic pressure and suction from railway traffic
Interim Advice Interim Requirements for Road Restraint Systems (Vehicle and Pedestrian)
Note 44/05 (IAN
44/05) (Revision
4) August 2005
Item 39/5 Department of Transport publication ‘Requirements for Passenger Lines
and Recommendations for Goods Lines of the Ministry of Transport in
regard to Railway Construction and Operation’
UIC Leaflet Effect of the slipstream of passing trains on structures adjacent to the track
No.779-IR
Revision 1 Highways Agency publication “Interim Requirements for Road Restraint
(December Systems (IRRRS)”
2004), issued
Feb 2005
6.1.5 LU company documents

Document No. Title
Controlled Type 1 Asset Condition Assessment and Certification Foundation Documents –
Bridges and Structures
1-023 Infrastructure Protection
1-031 Asset Condition Assessment and Certification
1-083 Passive Fire Protection Systems
1-085 Fire Safety Performance of Materials
1-106 Earthing and Bonding
1-120 Cable Activities
1-156 Gauging and Clearances
1-160 Track System Requirements – Track Support
1-354 Station Planning
1-371 Information
1-691 Customer Facing Aspects of Temporary Works at Stations
1-552 Contract QUENSH Conditions
1-538 Assurance
6.1.6 Other
Document No. Title
Burland, J.B., Broms, B.B and De Mello, V.F.B. (1977) Behaviour of
foundations and structures. State-of-the-art Report, Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Soil
Mech. And Foundation Eng., Balkema: Rotterdam, Vol 3, 495-546.

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
A Guide to Design Loadings for Buried Rigid Pipes. O C Young and M P

O’Reilly. Transport and Road Research Laboratory. Department of
Transport. HMSO, 1983.
6.2 Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are created:
a) within London Underground’s Glossary of Terms 1-622;

b) from published sources that are clearly identified.
Abbreviation Definition Source
ACAC Asset Condition Assessment and Certification a
ALARP As Low As Reasonably Practical a
DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges a
DoT Department of Transport a
EC European Commission a
ERRI European Rail Research Institute a
HA Highways Agency a
HA loading Standard highway loading defined in BD 37/01 a
HB loading Abnormal loading defined in BD 37/01 a
HMRI Her Majesty’s Railway Inspectorate a
IDW Identified Work a
IRRRS Interim Requirements for Road Restraint Systems a
LU London Underground a
MEAV Modern Equivalent Asset Value a
RL Reduced railway Live Loading for use where main line a
locomotives and rolling stock do not operate. Refer to
Attachment 7.13 for details
RU Standard railway Live Loading allowing for the a
combinations of vehicles currently running or projected to
run. Refer to Attachment 7.13 for details
SLS Serviceability Limit State a
UDL Uniformly distributed load a
UIC Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer (International a
Union of Railways)
ULS Ultimate Limit State a
TOC Train Operating Company a
6.3 Definitions
The following topic specific definitions are created:
a) within the engineering function and are listed in 1-622;

b) from published sources.
Term Definition Source
ACAC the process through which the overall Condition of the a
total population of Operational Assets is determined and
recorded; and provides evidence that they have been
managed to an agreed Asset Management Regime.

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4

Analytical the numerical evaluation of an asset(s) through a formally a
Assessment defined and industry recognised analytical process to
assess whether an asset meets its Required Duty as set
out in LU Standards or, where no LU Standards exist,
through compliance with British Standards or standard
industry practices, accepted by LU. Analytical
Assessments include structural and hydraulic analysis.
Ancillary Structure structures which span over or pass under the railway and a
are not LU Rail Bridges, Highway Bridges, Footbridges,
Underground Structures.
Assessor a competent person responsible for undertaking the a
Condition Assessment of civil assets
Asset Definition a hierarchical listing of the Elements which make up the a
ACAC asset types. The Asset Definition does not
necessarily include a listing of specific assets; however
the sum total of Elements in the Asset Definition must
cover every individual asset within the ACAC asset type.
The Asset Definition must be consistent with LU Standard
1-038 (Asset Classification and Certification). This is
classified as Controlled Type 1 Information.
Asset Register a group of information sources, which in combination, a
permit a maintaining Supplier to identify its engineering
asset base and the attendant safety, legal and
commercial risks over the whole life of the assets.
Condition the state of an asset in terms of its ability to meet its a
Required Duty on account of its physical or other
attributes.
Condition the evaluation of the Condition of an asset(s) through a a
Assessment formally defined and controlled process. The process
shall include all relevant information, site inspection
surveys and Analytical Assessments where required by
this or any other LU Standard.
Condition the grading of a Generic Concern, ranging from E1/2 to A a
Classification Condition Classification as defined in LU Standard 1-031.
For the avoidance of doubt, the completed Condition
Classification must include the analytically assessed
capacity.
Covered Way a structure that covers or spans a gap which is at least a
twice as wide as its span and is constructed by excavating
a trench and then constructing the spanning members.
Dead Load loading due to the weight of the materials forming the a
structure or structural elements but excluding
Superimposed Dead Load materials.
Defect Advice an unplanned inspection carried out as a result of an a
Inspection Incident, or a report of an Incident, that has caused
damage to the structure.
Design Life the period for which the element has been designed to a
withstand the combined effects of all the deteriorating
forces to which it may reasonably be expected to be
exposed before it becomes more economic to replace the
element than to repair it assuming that regular
Maintenance is undertaken.
Earth Retaining Wall structures having the primary function of retaining fill a
material and include the following structure types: bridge
abutments, wing walls and free standing retaining walls

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4

Element the summation of the Items inspected and scored in a
accordance with Section 3.3 of this Standard.
Footbridges structures having the primary function of providing for a
pedestrians across LU facilities.
Foundation a set of Controlled Type 1 Information issued periodically a
Documents by LU, which comprise the Asset Definition, Required
Duty, Generic Concern List, the Basis of MEAV
Calculation and Specific Concern List.
Fragile Supports should be regarded as any support which is of cast iron a
and any light section braced or battened steel pier.
Slender cylindrical reinforced concrete columns should
also be regarded as fragile.
General Inspection a visual check of those parts of the structure which are a
readily accessible.
Generic Concern a concern (expressed in terms of failure to meet Required a
Duty) which acts as a basic prompt for Suppliers to
develop Specific Concerns for the Operational Assets for
which they shall be responsible. Generic Concerns lists
are circulated to all Suppliers as part of the process to
assure the ACAC is complete, as Controlled Type 1
Information.
Grey Asset means those Assets which have a grey assets condition a
category ( as described in Category 1 Standard E1501 )
as categorised in the Asset Condition Assessment
2000/01;
Grey Civil Asset Operational Asset or Operational Asset parts which do not a
have a completed Condition Assessment, which includes
a full asset Analytical Assessment.
Girdering a structure over a sub-surface section of line with a a
multiplicity of spanning elements that is not readily defined
as a bridge or Covered Way.
Ground Investigation exploration and recording of the location and a
characteristics of soil, rock and ground conditions.
Groundwater all water below the surface of the ground and in the a
saturated zone and in direct contact with the ground or
sub-soil
Highway Bridges structures having the primary function of carrying the a
public highway road traffic over LU facilities.
Incident an event which results in damage to a structure a
Inspection for a close inspection of all parts of the structure carried out a
Analytical within touching distance where member sizes are
Assessment determined and the extent of any deterioration is recorded
so that the current structural capacity of members can be
accurately calculated.
Item part of a structure that is inspected and scored in a
accordance with Section 3.3 of the relevant asset-specific
Civil Engineering standard. Examples of Items are given
in the Inspection Proformas of the relevant asset-specific
Civil Engineering Manual of Good Practice.
Limit State state beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the a
design performance requirements
Live Loading loading due to rail vehicles, highway vehicles and a
pedestrians

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4

LU Rail Bridges structures having the primary function of carrying LU a
railway tracks across a gap exceeding 3m.
Maintenance the undertaking of preventative or corrective action, or a
both, including repairs, to ensure that the Condition of the
asset continues to meet the Required Duty over the service
life of the asset.
MEAV to enable the proportion of each asset type with a particular a
Condition to be classified and recorded, a common
currency is required. This is the Modern Equivalent Asset
Value, which is the current estimated cost of an asset, or
part of an asset, on the basis of replacement or renewal
with an asset that meets all mandatory Standards and
legislative and/or statutory requirements, and will perform
the Required Duty. The basis for calculating MEAVs for all
Operational Assets is classified as Controlled Type 1
Information. The MEAVs for all Operational Assets will vary
dependent on the quantity and type of assets within each
Supplier; hence this is classified as Controlled Type 2
Information.
Operational Asset An asset that is used or in existence for the delivery of, or a
direct support to, the railway service. This includes a fixed
asset that is not currently used for the railway service.
Outside Party an individual, organisation or company whose assets or a
business could be affected by LU works or who is
proposing works on his own land or as part of his business
which may have an effect on LU assets or services. The
definition does not include those working as Suppliers (or
within the supply chain of a Supplier) to London
Underground or tenants of London Underground.
Overbridge bridge spanning over the railway. a
Principal Inspection close inspection of all parts of the structure carried out a
within touching distance.
Required Duty a statement of the requirements placed on an Operational a
Asset type in order to deliver satisfactory service to the
railway and supporting services and is classified as
Controlled Type 1 Information. The Required Duty is
prepared in accordance with a generic guidance list and
includes the full range of functions and interactions with
other ACAC Operational Asset types. The Required Duty
is not limited to engineering aspects of performance.
Serviceability Limit state which correspond to conditions beyond which a
State specified service requirements for a structure or structural
element are no longer met
Site Investigation determination of physical characteristics of sites as they a
affect design and construction of building and civil
engineering works and stability of neighbouring structures.
Special Inspection a close inspection of a whole structure or particular area a
or defect causing concern in a structure.
Specific Concern a concern developed by a Supplier as a statement of how a
a particular Operational Asset type, Operational Asset
type Element or individual Operational Asset fails to meet
its Required Duty. Each Specific Concern shall be linked
to a Generic Concern as part of the process to assure the
ACAC is complete.

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4

Strengthening and Strengthening and Renewal work shall be corrective a
Renewal action to address life-expired assets or elements in
accordance with the Supplier’s programme for lifecycle
management or a change in use, function or duty of the
asset or element.
Sub-grade upper part of the soil, natural or constructed that supports a
the load transmitted by the overlying pavement structure.
Superimposed Dead the weight of all materials forming loads on the structure a
Load but which are not structural elements, e.g. ballast, rails
and their fixings, sleepers, cables and cable racks
Supplier Supplier to London Underground, the primary a
organisation or individual that is selected to deliver a
product, service or facility to London Underground and
contracting directly to London Underground. This includes
Consultants, Contractors, Infracos and PFI Contractors
and excludes organisations or individuals selected by and
contracting directly to them.
Temporary Works site installations, not forming part of the permanent works a
that are necessary for the progress of the work in safety.
Ultimate Limit State state associated with collapse or with other similar forms a
of structural failure. Generally corresponds to the
maximum load-carrying resistance of a structure or
structural part.
Underbridge bridge carrying the railway a
Underground structures having the primary function of providing an a
Structure underground thoroughfare for railway, highway, or
pedestrian traffic.
Viaduct a structure composed of at least 3 masonry arches that a
cover or span gaps and carry road or rail traffic.
Vulnerable those structures which are rendered vulnerable to a
Structures damage from impact between vehicles (including rail
traffic) or vessels on structural elements, together with
structures whose environment, construction and
constituent materials also render them vulnerable to
damage.
Way Beam temporary longitudinal load bearing member which a
supports track, typically during bridge construction works
6.4 Technical content manager

Paragraph number Technical content manager
All Head of Civil Engineering (Projects)
6.5 Document history

Edition Date Changes Author
1-051 A1 October Standard 2-01304-002 re formatted and re-
2007 numbered to 1-051, no technical changes have
been made to the content other than changing
references to other Standards where their
numbers have changed. Authorised for use.
Previous authorisation is valid

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
Edition Date Changes Author

1-051 A2 December New clause 3.4.1.4 added previous 3.4.1.4 re-
2008 numbered to 3.4.1.5. Ref PSC S1-01219.
Authorised for use
1-051 A3 February Clauses 3.3.15.2 and 3.4.7.6 c) deleted
2009 ref PSC M1-01241. Authorised for use
1-051 A4 July 2010 PSC-M1-01282 incorporating Written Notices G Bessant
WN00580, 00717,00547, 00772, 00756,
00681, 00761, 00791, 00803, 00799, 00607,
00564, 00719, 00839.
PSC-M1-01260 adding clause 3.1.16.6.
PSC S1-01334 references to British and
European Standards updated.
Reformatted to latest template

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
7 Attachments
7.1 Standard severity photographs

7.1.1 Metal structures and structural components
Severity grade 1 ‘No significant defects' Severity grade 2 ‘Moderate’
Severity grade 3 ‘Heavy' Severity grade 4 ‘Severe'

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
7.1.2 Concrete structures and structural components

Severity grade 1 ‘No significant defects' Severity grade 2 ‘Moderate'

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
7.1.3 Masonry structures and structural components

Severity grade 1 ‘No significant defects' Severity grade 2 ‘Moderate'

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
7.1.4 Timber structures and structural components

Severity grade 1 ‘No significant defects’ Severity grade 2 ‘Moderate’
Severity grade 3 ‘Heavy' Severity grade 4 'Severe'

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
7.2 Partial factors

7.2.1 Rail bridges
γfl is a partial load factor for each type of loading, as given in Table 7.
γf3 shall be taken as 1.1, unless noted otherwise in this Standard.
γm is a partial safety factor for material strengths given in Table 11.
7.2.2 Highway Bridges

The partial factors for Highway Bridges shall be agreed with the relevant highway
agency.
7.2.3 Footbridges
If measured dimensions, including eccentricities caused by building inaccuracy are

used and realistic assumptions are made about the mechanics of load transfer, then
the values of γf3 to be used with Table 8 will be:
γf3 = 1.05 for secondary elements, failures of which will not lead to progressive
collapse;
γf3 = 1.15 for primary members supporting other parts of the structure and for
secondary members, failure of which might cause loss of life and substantial material
damage.
7.2.4 Underground Structures (Subsurface tunnels)

For the purpose of these structures, the value of γf3 shall be taken as 1.1, except in the
case of maximum horizontal earth pressure on sub-surface tunnels where it shall be
taken as 1.0.
7.2.5 Earth retaining walls

γf3 shall be taken as 1.0 for SLS and 1.1 for ULS unless otherwise stated in this
Standard
7.2.6 Ancillary Structures and Components

For cable bridges and gantries refer to Clause 7.2.3.
Loading Material γfl*

Dead Cast iron, 1.10
Steel, wrought iron 1.05
Concrete, stone and brick, masonry, 1.15

timber

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
Loading Material γfl*

Super-imposed Sleepers, rails, rail fixings 1.05
Dead
All types of ballast 1.10
Decorative cladding, plaster roofing 1.15
All other filling, make up materials,

spandrel walls, services, parapets 1.20
and furniture e.g. signals, cables
Horizontal earth - Maximum horizontal 1.0***
pressure pressure (0.6γH)
- Minimum horizontal
pressure (0.2γH) 1.5***
Live load 1.25**
Centrifugal loads 1.25
Nosing 1.25
Lurching 1.25
* Except in cases where γfl causes a less severe effect than if a γfl of 1.0 had been adopted, in
which case values of 1.0 shall be adopted.
** γfl for live loads on sub-surface tunnels shall be taken as 1.5
*** For the purpose of this Standard the value of γf3 shall be taken as 1.1 except in the case of
maximum horizontal earth pressure where it will be taken as 1.0.
Table 7 - Partial factors for loads γfl
Loading combination γf1 γf2 γfl

Dead and imposed loads
Dead loads acting adversely γfl in Table 7 1.0
Dead loads acting beneficially 0.85 1.0
Imposed loads acting adversely 1.35 1.0 To be
Imposed loads acting beneficially 0.0 - calculated
Dead loads and wind loads for two loads
by
combined
Dead loads acting beneficially 0.85 0.9 multiplying
Wind loads acting adversely 1.15 1.0 by
Dead, imposed and wind loads for three
loads γf1, γf2
combined
Dead loads acting adversely γfl in Table 7 0.9
Imposed loads acting adversely 1.35 0.75
Wind loads 1.15 0.9
Table 8 - Load Combinations for γfl for Footbridges, Cable Bridges and Gantries

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
Loading γfl
Rail surcharge loading acting adversely* 1.0
Road surcharge loading acting adversely* 1.0
Building loads 1.0
Rail surcharge loading acting beneficially* 0
Road surcharge loading acting beneficially* 0
Dead loads acting adversely:
Steel 1.05
Concrete 1.15
Reinforced concrete 1.15
Brick and stone 1.15
Masonry and timber 1.15
Dead loads acting beneficially 0.85
Building live loads 1.55
Soil parameters 1.2
Soil loads 1.0
Water 1.05
* For surcharge loadings refer to Section 0
Table 9 - Partial factor γfl for loads on Earth Retaining Walls
Loading γfl
Dead Concrete, stone and brick masonry
a) acting adversely
b) acting beneficially 1.05
0.85
Super-imposed Air main cable brackets 1.05
Dead
Signal/electrical cables 1.2
Live Wind (derived from BS 5400, Part 2, Section 5.3) 1.0
Live Wind (derived from BS 6399) 1.0
Live Dynamic pressure and suction from railway traffic (derived 1.0
from ERRI D 189/RP -1 Effect of the Slipstream of passing
trains on structures adjacent to the track
Table 10 - Partial factors γfl for parapet wall loading

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
Material Structural component and γm

behaviour
Steel All components except those listed 1.05
below
Bending resistance of beams
related to the limiting compressive 1.2
stress
Buckling resistance of stiffeners 1.2
Fasteners in tension 1.2
Fasteners in shear 1.1
Welds 1.1
Friction capacity of HSFG bolts 1.3
Wrought iron All 1.2
Cast Iron All 1.0
Reinforced Concrete 1.5
Concrete Reinforcement 1.15
BRC Fabric 1.0
Masonry All components The γm factors laid down in BS 5628
are based on the manufacturers’
quality control, workmanship and site
control of the mortar. In the absence
of tests these values shall be followed.
However the very low stresses given
in BS 5628 with respect to lime mortar
are motivated by a requirement to limit
the squeeze out of mortar and
resulting settlement of brickwork and
are thus not relevant when assessing
existing structures and a 5% reduction
in the γm factor may be assumed with
lime mortar brickwork.
Table 11 - Values of γm - Partial factor for material strength

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
7.3 Unit weights of materials

Material Unit weights
General construction materials
Asphalt 2300 kg/m3
Brickwork (engineering) 2400 kg/m3
Brickwork (other solid) 2100 kg/m3
Concrete (breeze) 1400 kg/m3
Concrete (plain) 2300 kg/m3
Concrete (reinforced) 2400 kg/m3
Earth, sand, gravel and miscellaneous filling 2000 kg/m3
Granite 2600-2930 kg/m3
Iron (cast) 7200 kg/m3
Iron (wrought) 7700 kg/m3
Sandstone 2200-2400 kg/m3
Steel 7850 kg/m3
Timber, (soft) 640 kg/m3
Timber, (hard) 960 kg/m3
Permanent way materials
Ballast (all types contaminated) 1800.0 kg/m3
Single bull head rail 47.0 kg/m
Single positive rail (open section) 74.4 kg/m
Single negative rail (open section) 74.4 kg/m
Single flat bottom rail 56.3 kg/m
Chair (for bull head rail) 21.0 kg
Base plate (for flat bottom rail)(Pan 11) 21.8 kg
Timber sleeper (hardwood) 92.0 kg
Timber sleeper (softwood) 54.4 kg
NTF 504 concrete sleeper 264.0 kg
Softwood timbers (12" x 6") 19.2 kg/m
Hardwood timbers (12" x 5") 44.6 kg/m
Track form*
A. Flat bottom rail with NTF 504 sleeper 2.70 kN/m
4 Rails and fixings 7.97 kN/m
Sleepers and ballast in between
B. Bull head rail with timber sleeper 3.27 kN/m
4 rails and chairs 5.19 kN/m
Sleepers and ballast in between to underside of sleeper
Signal and HT Cable runs*
4-way signal cable run complete with P69 brackets at 600 mm centres & air 32.0 kg/m
main 5.5 kg/m
Air main 6.5 kg
P69 bracket 9.5 kg
P49 bracket 11.4 kg
P102 bracket
Note: Weights marked with an asterisk (*) do not include the supporting structures which shall
be weighted separately according to their materials and construction details
Table 12 - Unit weight of materials

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
7.4 Sub-surface loading category
Sub-surface Live loading

tunnel live
loading
category
1 DoT Technical Memorandum BE4
2 HA loading - DoT BD 37/01
HA loading = 10 kN/m2
30 units HB loading = 12 kN/m2
45 units of HB loading = 20 kN/m2
3 Building Live Loading
in accordance with BS 6399
Table 13 - Sub-Surface Loading Category

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
7.5 Surcharge loadings for the assessment of Earth Retaining Walls

Surcharge Application Loading
loading
category
BS 5400 All LU owned tracks except those 30 kN/m2 over the area occupied by
RL listed under the RU loading the tracks - i.e. sleeper end to
category sleeper end
BS 5400 Metropolitan Line - Neasden to
RU Amersham (including Chesham
and Watford branches) 50 kN/m2 over the area occupied by
Jubilee Line - Neasden to Wembley the tracks - i.e. sleeper end to
Park sleeper end
District Line - East Putney to
Wimbledon
BS 5400 All public and private roads 10 kN/m2
HA
Domestic All Lines Roofs and top storey 11 kN/m2 over
premises - Dead plan area of building
load All other storeys 15.50 kN/m2 over
plan area of building
Basement - DEDUCT 40 kN/m2 over
plan area of building
Domestic All Lines In accordance with BS 6399
premises - Live
Commercial All Lines Roofs - 4.5 kN/m2 over plan area of
premises - Dead building
All other storeys 16.32
Commercial In accordance with BS 6399
premises - Live
Table 14 - Surcharge loadings for the assessment of Earth Retaining Walls

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
7.6 Main girders restrained by U-frames

7.6.1 Effective length
In calculating I1, the inertia of the U-frame vertical member, the shape limitations of
outstands as specified in BS 5400: Part 3 Clause 9.3.4 shall be ignored (but refer to
BS 5400 Part 3 Clause 13.3.4 d).
In calculating δ, the U-frame flexibility, the flexibility of the connections f can be

determined from the G-051 Manual of Good Practice.
For bridge arrangements other than simple symmetrical U-frames δ shall be

calculated from first principles.
For skew bridges with L-frames restraining the skew ends δ shall be calculated at
various cross-sections along the bridge and the maximum value of δ so obtained shall
be used to calculate the effective length.
7.6.2 Slenderness (BS 5400: Part 3 Clause 9.7)

In calculating the slenderness parameter λLT η, the value of η shall be taken as 1.0.
The flange area pf shall be applied if the area of the flanges varies within a distance of
0.7le on either side of the location for which the moment capacity is being determined.
For the minimum section of a plated girder, the flange area ratio shall be taken as 1.0.
7.6.3 Restraints to compression flanges (BS 5400: Part 3 Clause 9.12)

Intermediate U-frame forces (BS 5400: Part 3 Clause 9.12.2.3): for intermediate U-
frames Fc shall be calculated due to the effects of live load only, unless the skew
exceeds 20° and shall include the effects of joint flexibility and flange bending such
that:
φd 2
Fc =
⎛ l 3 ⎞
δ + ⎜⎜ u ⎟⎟
15 Elc
⎝ ⎠
where
d2 is the distance from the centroid of the compression flange to the centroidal axis of
the deck;
lu is the distance between U frames;
Ic is the second moment of area of the compression flange about its centroidal axis
parallel to the web of the beam at the point of maximum bending moment;
δ is as defined in BS 5400: Part 3 Clause 9.6.5;
φ is the maximum difference in end rotation between adjacent U-frame cross-girders

due to Live Loading (Live Loading for intermediate stiffeners and Live and Dead
loadings for bearing stiffeners), assuming the cross-girders are simply supported.
E is the modulus of elasticity
The following is an alternative proposal for determining Fc forces.

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
For ballasted decks:

Where cross girders are spaced at 1.8m centres or less the equivalent axle load shall
be reduced in the ratio: F = cross girder centres in metres /1.8, e.g. if the cross girder
centres are at 1.2m, the cross girder immediately under the axle shall carry 2/3 of the
axle load and the adjacent cross girders on either side shall carry 1/6 of the axle load.
1 2 1
6 RL 3 RL 6 RL
1.2m 1.2m 1.2m 1.2m
Figure 2- Distribution - ballasted decks
Where the spacing of cross girders is greater than 1.8 metres no distribution shall be
allowed.
For unballasted decks (longitudinal timbers):

Where the depth of the longitudinal timber is greater than or equal to 225mm, the
distribution shall be as for ballasted decks above provided the cross girder spacing
are spaced at 1.8 metres or less.
Where the longitudinal timbers are less than 225mm deep (but not less than 150mm
depth) and the cross girders are spaced at 1.5 metres or less the equivalent axle load
shall be reduced in the ratio: F= cross girder centres/1.5; e.g. if the cross girders are
at 1.2m and the longitudinal timbers are 150mm deep, the cross girder immediately
under the axle shall carry 4/5 of the axle load and the adjacent cross girders on either
side shall carry 1/10 of the axle load.
1 8 1
10 R L 10 R L 10 R L
150m m
1.2m 1.2m 1.2m 1.2m
Figure 3 Distribution - unballasted decks
Where cross girders are spaced at more than 1.5 metres and with longitudinal timbers
less than 225mm deep no distribution will be allowed.
For a rigorous assessment φ shall be determined from the influence lines for end
rotation of the cross-girders which shall include the effects of skew where present.
Where the skew exceeds 20° the effects of Dead Load on cross-girder rotations shall
be included. For determining φ in the absence of a rigorous assessment and where
the longitudinal dispersion of concentrated load has been applied in accordance with
cross girder spacing at 1.8m or more, no dispersion allowed or:

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
a) for U-frame spacing greater than 1.8m, the concentrated load shall be assumed
to be applied only to the first U-frame cross girder;
b) for U-frame spacing less than 1.8m, the concentrated load shall be assumed to
be applied only to the first U-frame cross girder.
Restraint forces at bearings (BS 5400: Part 3 Clause 9.12.4.1) where the force FR
acting on the bearing stiffener shall be taken as:
FR = 2 Fu + F c
φd2
where F c =
⎛ l 3 ⎞
δ + ⎜⎜ u ⎟⎟
⎝ 15 El c⎠
and where φ is the maximum end rotation of a cross-girder, assumed simply

supported, under both dead and live load. Again φ shall be determined from the
influence lines for end rotation of the cross-girders.
7.6.4 Strength of intermediate U-frame stiffeners (BS 5400: Part 3 Clause 9.13.5)
The stress σ in the stiffener outstand shall be calculated based on the full section
ignoring shape limitations. The allowable outstand shall then be calculated from
BS5400: Part 3 Clause 9.3.4 with σys replaced by σ . γm . γf3 (i.e. σ . 1.32).
If the allowable outstand thus calculated is less than the full section then the U-frame
flexibility δ shall be recalculated using the allowable outstand and the procedures
above repeated for the new effective length. Alternatively, the strength of the stiffener
may be calculated based on the maximum allowable section (neglecting any excess
section) using the shape limitations of BS 5400: Part 3, Clause 9.3.4 acting at the
maximum stresses allowed by BS 5400: Part 3. Fu and Fc forces for this alternative
method shall be based on the full section, neglecting any shape limitations.
7.6.5 Shear resistance (BS 5400: Part 3 Clause 9.3.4)- 1982/2000 versions Clause 9.9.2
For riveted construction replace bfe tf2 in the expression for boundary restraint mfw by
2Zp, where Zp is the plastic modulus of the flange section consisting of the flange
plate or plates and the flange angles.
7.6.6 Loading on bearing stiffeners.

Where the bearings consist of two flat plates, the eccentricity requirements of
Clause 9.14.3.3 of BS 5400: Part 3, shall be disregarded.

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
7.7 Loadings specified for LU owned footbridges, cable bridges and

gantries
Structure category Imposed Loads
Imposed load Imposed Wind load Parapet load
roof load
Footbridges and stairs
1) In stations and protected 5 kN/m2 or 20 kN NIL NIL Note 1
totally from the elements on a 300 x 300 sq
Note 2
2) In stations and subject to 5 kN/m2 or 20 kN BS 6399 CP3 Chapter Note 1
the elements on a 300 x 300 sq Part 3 V Part 2
Note 2
3) Remote from or not 5 kN/m2 NIL CP3 Chapter Note 1
accessible from LU property V Part 2
For assessment loading

refer also to clause 3.4.7.5
Cable bridges and gantries
1) In stations and protected 3 kN/m2 or 1.8 kN NIL NIL 0.74 kN/m
totally from the elements concentrated load
2) In stations and subject to3 kN/m2 or 1.8 kN NIL CP3 Chapter 0.74 kN/m
the elements concentrated load V Part 2
3) Remote from stations 3 kN/m2 or 1.8 kN NIL CP3 Chapter 0.74 kN/m
concentrated load V Part 2
Table 15 - Loadings specified for LU owned Footbridges, cable bridges and gantries
Note 1: Handrails and barriers shall be designed to resist loads specified in BS 6399-1: 1996
Section 12 Table 4, adopting the Type of occupancy for part of the building or
structure categories as follows:
a) Category C5 (xi) for all locations to which the public normally have access, except
where the definition in (b) applies:
b) Category C5 (x) for other locations to which the public normally have access, where a
barrier is provided for the guidance or separation of passenger flows, e.g. central
handrails on staircases and in other situations where the passage width is limited by
the barrier to not more than 2m, and barriers at the end of platforms in surface
stations:
c) Category C3 (viii) for signal and access gantries and all other locations not normally
accessible to the public.
Loading less than that stated above would need to be supported by robust justification
and risk analysis approved by the Civil Engineer, prior to being applied in the design.
The Supplier should also take into account BS 6399-1.
Fixing of baseplates, relying on the pull-out capacity of fixings, must normally be
carried out by utilizing four point fixing for each vertical post (reference BS 6180). Any
proposal to reduce the number of fixings below four must be supported by a robust,
rigorous and approved risk assessment. Within the risk assessment consideration
could be given to demonstrating either by sampling (but to a statistically significant
degree at each location) pull out test results or considering through bolting. Any case
presented would be assessed against the requirement to achieve an ALARP situation
and although cost of manufacture and installation may be (marginally) higher for 4
point fixing, the reduction in risk could far exceed this cost. Also consideration must be
given to the concept of 'best industry practice'.
Note 2: γfl to be taken as 1.0 for patch loading at ULS.

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
7.8 Accidental loading – railways
915mm ABOVE RL ALSO REQUIRED

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
7.9 Permissible stresses in cast iron

40
Stress due 30
to live load
(N/mm2) 20
10
0
150
-10
100
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Stress
50 due to permanent loads (N/mm2)
Stress due
to live load
0
(N/mm2)
Note: Tensile stresses -50 are positive
-100
-150
-150 -100 -50 0 50
Stress due to permanent loads (N/mm2)

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
7.10 Fatigue assessment of railway bridges

7.10.1 The loads to be considered shall be as specified in the relevant parts of this Standard,
with the following exceptions:
a) only RL loading shall be considered, even on lines where rolling stock from
other train operating companies is permitted to pass;
b) for fatigue assessment purposes, only 30% of RL loading shall be applied to the
structure.
7.10.2 Where flanges are corroded, all corrosion products shall be removed and the
minimum reduced net area shall be calculated at all sections. The maximum stress
range in the member shall then be calculated. Figure 15 in BS 5400: Part 10 shall be
used, assuming that the stress raising effect of the corroded surface is no greater than
that of the holes.
7.10.3 Where webs are corroded, a procedure similar to that for flanges shall be adopted, but
a reduced area along a horizontal section of length shall be calculated, assuming the
same stress raising effect as in 7.10.2.
7.10.4 For all tracks the most recently available actual annual traffic figures shall be obtained.
It shall be assumed that the most recently available annual traffic movements have
occurred every year since the construction of the bridge carrying the track.
7.10.5 The number of cycles of loading shall be calculated from Table 3 of BS 5400: Part 10.
The number of live load cycles referred to in Groups 1 and 2 shall be added to revised
numbers of cycles in Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 to reflect the 30% reduction of RL loading
and these shall also be adjusted to reflect the actual numbers of trains passing.

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
7.11 Pipe crossings under track

7.11.1 In addition to the Requirements in Section 3 of this Standard, the clauses in this
Attachment (7.11) shall be used when considering the life cycle stages of pipe
crossings under track.
7.11.2 Inception and design
Underground pipes shall be designed in accordance with the LU Standards (Civil

Engineering – Gravity Drainage Systems) and 1-056 (Civil Engineering – Pumping
Systems).
7.11.3 Construction, installation, testing and commissioning
Refer to Section 3.2 of this Standard
7.11.4 Inspection

Strength assessment
a) The assessment of pipe crossings under track shall be in accordance with

document TRRL ‘A guide to design loadings for buried rigid pipes’.
b) In all assessments it shall be assumed that narrow trench conditions apply and
the bedding to the pipes is Class B.
7.11.6 Condition assessment and certification


7.11.9 Decommissioning

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
7.12 Parapet walls

7.12.1 In addition to the Requirements in Section 3 of this Standard, the clauses in this
Attachment (7.12) shall be used when considering the life cycle stages of parapet
walls.
7.12.2 Inception and design

7.12.3 Construction, installation, testing and commissioning

7.12.4 Inspection

7.12.5.1 General
a) All brick and masonry parapet walls on Underbridges and Viaducts shall be
assessed for stability. The assessment shall take account of mortar loss,
spalling, tilting and the application of additional dead and live loads.
b) The assessment shall assume ‘no tension' in the mortar joints.
7.12.5.2 Partial factors
Partial factors for parapet stability assessment are given in Table 10.
7.12.5.3 Loading
a) The wind loading on parapets of Viaducts with 75% of the arches closed by
walls or partitions shall be derived from BS 6399.
b) The wind loading on parapets of all other bridges and Viaducts shall be derived
from BS 5400: Part 2, Section 5.3, using a K1 factor of 0.94.
c) Railway traffic pressure and suction loads shall be determined in accordance
with Clause 3.1.17.5.
7.12.5.4 Stability assessment
a) Parapets shall be assessed for two Live Loading cases:
I) Case 1 Wind perpendicular to the parapet wall
Wind loads and railway traffic pressure/suction loads shall be applied
separately and the worst case taken for stability calculation case to wind
parallel to the parapet wall.
II) Case 2 Wind parallel to the parapet wall
The design wind speed vs derived from either BS 5400 or BS 6399 shall
be added to the train speed and the values for pressure/suction shall be
calculated from the formula set down in Clause 3.1.17.5.
b) The nominal dead, Superimposed Dead and Live Loads shall be combined to
produce the greatest overturning effect. In this worst case, the parapet wall is
required to have a factor of safety against overturning of 1.0.
7.12.6 Condition assessment and certification


Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4

7.12.9 Decommissioning
7.13 RL and RU loading

7.13.1 Type RL loading
7.13.1.1 Nominal type RL loading consists of a single 200kN concentrated load positioned to
generate the most severe effect on the element under consideration, coupled with a
uniformly distributed load of 50kN/m for loaded lengths up to 100m. For loaded
lengths in excess of 100m, the distributed nominal loads shall be 50kN/m for the first
100m and shall be reduced to 25kN/m for lengths in excess of 100m, as shown in
Figure 4.
200kN
50 k N /m
2 5k N /m 2 5k N /m
N o li m it a t io n 100m N o L i m it a t io n
Figure 4 - RL loading
7.13.1.2 Alternatively, two concentrated nominal loads, one of 300kN and the other of 150kN,
spaced at 2.4m intervals along the track, shall be used on deck elements where this
gives a more severe condition. These two concentrated loads shall be deemed to
include dynamic effects.
7.13.2 Type RU loading

7.13.2.1 Nominal type RU loading consists of four 250kN concentrated loads, preceded and
followed by a uniformly distributed load of 80kN/m. The arrangement of this loading is
as shown in Figure 5.
250kN 250kN 250kN 250kN

8 0 k N /m 8 0 k N /m
N o lim it a t io n 0 .8 m 1 .6 m 1 .6 m 1 .6 m 0 .8 m N o lim it a t io n
Figure 5 - RU Loading

Number: 1-051
Issue no: A4
7.14 Condition assessment and certification diagram for bridges and structures
INSPECTION DESK TOP STUDY 1-031 ACAC

Consider all relevant data including: inspection report; Analytical Asset Condition Assessment
Assessment; known defects; susceptibility to defects; history age; etc. & Certification
Divide Structure into Elements ANALYTICAL ASSESSMENT Yes

Identify defects and extent, (Analysis)
severity, recommendations &
priority. Is Analytical
Assessment rating - pass/fail (or Assessment (or Defines Classifications A to E1
re-assessment
re-assess less conservatively) - No
e.g. due to
Item condition score derived capacity ratio. deterioration)
(based on extent & severity) required?
Element rating derived as % Performance rating
from Item scores. No FOUNDATION DOCUMENTS
Asset Definition
CONDITION Required Duty

Inspection report including summary ASSESSMENT
position and recommendations. Assess knowledge, Required Generic Concerns
Duty, Specific and Generic
Concerns. Basis of MEAV
Maintenance &
repair actions etc Specific Concerns are to be linked to Risk Assessment is required for Mitigation/
appropriate Generic Concerns. Specific Concerns where asset operational
fails Required Duty and has a restrictions
safety implication. or
Maintenance
CLASSIFICATION OF ASSETS
Indicates Each Generic Concern is classified A to E1/2. MEAV % ALLOCATION
transfer of Asset is classified by lowest (nearest to E1) of Generic Concerns that Allocation of MEAV into ACAC matrix is
information apply, or Grey A to Grey E1/E2 if full Condition Assessment (including defined for each Generic Concern.
Analytical Assessment) not completed.
File Ref: 1-051 A4.DOC Page 72 of 72

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Transport for London

1-051 Civil Engineering -

Issue: A4 Issue date: July 2010

File Ref: 1-051 A4.DOC Page 2 of 72

File ref.: 1-051 A4.DOC Page 3 of 72

Drainage to Bridge Structures is included within LU Standards 1-052 (Civil

Station Planning requirements including spatial requirements are included in LU

Stairways and ramp requirements are included in LU Standard 1-133 (Premises –

Guidance on the requirements for barriers is given within LU standard 1-132

a) Inception and design

File ref.: 1-051 A4.DOC Page 4 of 72

3.1 Inception and design

1 Meet railway operating requirements (within the performance specification at

2 Ensure support at asset interfaces without undue wear and tear.

3 Match LU policy in respect of realistic user perceptions.

4 Provide resistance against external interference and events.

5 Present acceptable environmental impact.

File ref.: 1-051 A4.DOC Page 5 of 72

Present an acceptable societal environmental impact (noise, vibrations, vegetation

6 Minimise environmental impact throughout lifecycle.

7 Function within the legal and standards framework.

8 Ensure safe operation as defined by LU.

8.2 Ensure safe ingress/egress by passengers, general public, employees, and

9 Provide above within reliability and availability targets.

10 Ensure Required Duty is performed without incurring excessive or prohibitive

3.1.3 Design process

3.1.4 Structure gauge and clearance

File ref.: 1-051 A4.DOC Page 6 of 72

a) piers shall be of continuous construction rather than composed of individual

3.1.5 Ground investigation information

a) Changes in long-term Groundwater levels as defined by LU

3.1.8 Fire resistance

3.1.10 Impact on operational railway and adjacent structures

3.1.11 Co-ordination with Outside Parties

a) The relocation of existing services within the asset;

File ref.: 1-051 A4.DOC Page 7 of 72

a) Arrangements to direct water to a specified outlet shall be incorporated for the

3.1.14.2 Highway Bridges

3.1.14.4 Underground Structures, earth retaining walls and ancillary structures

3.1.15 Structural design

File ref.: 1-051 A4.DOC Page 8 of 72

b) The design of LU owned Highway Bridges shall be in accordance with the

b) Underground structures and Earth Retaining Walls shall, in addition to a),

File ref.: 1-051 A4.DOC Page 9 of 72

l) Earth Retaining Walls constructed predominantly below ground e.g. in sub-

3.1.15.4 Longitudinal Timbers

File ref.: 1-051 A4.DOC Page 10 of 72

e) The owners of adjacent buildings, structures and utilities shall be consulted on

File ref.: 1-051 A4.DOC Page 11 of 72

II) User comfort standards shall be in accordance with the requirements of

File ref.: 1-051 A4.DOC Page 12 of 72

3.1.16.5 Wind loading

a) interaction between the structure and the surrounding soils;

b) earth and water pressures;

d) surcharge loading from adjacent works;

e) Live Loading acting on the structure, refer to Clause 3.1.17.3;

f) methods and sequence of construction of the structure;

g) long-term changes which may occur in Groundwater levels; and

File ref.: 1-051 A4.DOC Page 13 of 72

h) a lateral difference in Groundwater head of 2m resulting from the obstruction of

b) Existing works adjacent to proposed works shall be individually assessed and

3.1.17.2 Highway bridges

3.1.17.4 Underground structures and earth retaining walls

a) Structures carrying LU rail loading – BS 5400 Part 2;