2 OWA310005 GSM UMTS Softswitch Core Network Principle ISSUE 3 2

GSM/UMTS Soft
Switch Core Network

Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Describe the soft switch core network structure

Describe the soft switch core network working principle

Describe the soft switch core network technical
features

Page2
Contents
1. Soft Switch Core Network Structure
2. Soft Switch Core Network Working Principle
3. Soft Switch Core Network Technical Features and

Advantages

Page3
Contents

Advantages

Page4
Raise of Soft Switch Core
Network
3GPP R99 3GPP R4 3GPP R5
GSM→CS CS ： CS ：
Softswitch Softswitch
GPRS→PS PS PS
IMS
CN is composed CS domain
of CS domain and PS change: control is Adopt IMS domain
domain separated from
IP
Adopt bearer
WCDMA
UTRAN Packet voice
supported by CS
Iu interface

domain, supporting
between RAN and
ATM, IP, TDM
CN is based on ATM
TrFO
SS7/ SIGTRAN

Page5
UMTS R4 Core Network
Structure
CS IP/ATM Backbone
Domain
MGW MGW
GSM /GPRS BSS PSTN/PLMN
VMSC Server
BSC
GMSC Server
BTS
Iu-CS HLR/AuC
SCE
PCU SS7
RNC SMS
SCP
NodeB Iu-PS
GPRS Internet,
UTRAN backbone Intranet
SGSN GGSN
PS
CG
Domain BG
Other PLMN

Page6
R4 Soft Switch CN Structure HLR
SCE APP Server
SCP SMS
MAP/CAP
SS7 SIGTRAN
VMSC Server GMSC Server

RANAP BICC
PSTN/ISDN
UTRAN
BSSAP
AAL2 H.248 H.248 TDM
GSM/R99 PLMN
TDM
TDM AMR/RTP(AAL2)
BSS
IP
MGW IP(ATM) Backbone MGW
IP Network

Page7
Features of Soft Switch CN
 Separated structure of Signalling and Bearer
 Multi voice transport modes: TDM, ATM, IP
 Multi signalling transport modes:
 TDM based SS7;

IP based SIGTRAN
 Adopts BICC, H.248 protocol and TrFO technology.

Page8
Function of MSC Server
MSC Server MSC Server
BICC
H.248 H.248
MGW
MGW
 The signalling functions of MSC and VLR functions

 The billing function
 The control of MGWs via H.248 protocol
 The inter-working function of other MSC Server via BICC
protocol
Page9
Function of MGW
MSC Server MSC Server
BICC
H.248 H.248
MGW
MGW
 The switching function of voice service.

 The transform of various transport format( TDM/ATM/IP)
 Providing the media related resource
 Cooperate with MSC server via H.248 protocol

Page10
Function of Signalling Gateway
ISUP ISUP
MTP3 M3UA
MTP2 SCTP
PSTN SG MSC Server
MTP1 IP
TDM IP
 Providing the transform of SS7 protocol stack and SIGTRAN protocol

stack (SIGTRAN M3UA /SCTP/IP <=> SS7 MTP3/2/1)
 SG can be a stand alone equipment or combined with MSC
Server/MGW/STP

Page11
Contents

Advantages

Page12
Contents
2.1 Equipment Number
2.2 Area Number
2.3 Network Interfaces
2.4 Typical Working Procedures

Page13
MSISDN
CC NDC SN
National ( Significant ) Mobile Number
MSISDN: Mobile Station International ISDN number
CC: Country Code

NDC: National Destination Code
SN: Subscriber number

Page14
IMSI
IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
NMSI
MCC MNC MSIN
3 digits 2/3 digits
Not more than 15 digits
 MCC: Mobile Country Code

 MNC: Mobile Network Code
 MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number
 NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber Identity

Page15
TMSI
 TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identify
 Function: Taking the place of IMSI to be transferred in radio
interface to ensure the security of subscriber’s information.
 Structure: consists of 4 octets, and the structure and coding
can be chosen by agreement between operator and
manufacturer in order to meet local needs.
 Type:
 TMSI, used in CS domain, allocated by VLR;
 Notes: the TMSI has only local significance (i.e. within a VLR
and the area controlled by a VLR).

Page16
IMEI
IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
TAC SNR SPARE
8 digits 6 digits 1 digits
 The IMEI is composed of the following elements (each

element shall consist of decimal digits only):

Type Allocation Code (TAC). Its length is 8 digits;
 Serial Number (SNR) is an individual serial number uniquely
identifying each equipment within each TAC. Its length is 6
digits;

Spare digit: this digit shall be zero, when transmitted by the MS

Page17
MSRN
MSRN: Mobile Station Roaming Number
 Function: to route calls to called MS/UE
 Structure: the same as MSISDN
 Notes:

The MSRN must not be used for subscriber dialling.

The MSRN normally uses number segment different from that of
MSISDN.

MSRN is allocated by the VLR that the called MS is visiting.

Page18
Contents
2.2 Area Number

Page19
Area Number
PLMN A
PLMN MSC/VLR Location Service cell

area area area/ area
Routing
SGSN
area
area
PLMN B

Page20
PLMN Identifier
 PLMN Identifier: is used to uniquely identify a
PLMN network in the world.
MCC MNC
PLMN ID
 MCC: Mobile Country Code;

 MNC: Mobile Network Code.

Page21
Location Area Identification
 By detecting LAI, MS/UE may perform Location Area Update procedure.
 The Paging message for idle UE is broadcasted within a LA in CS
domain.
MCC MNC LAC
Location Area Identification
 MCC: Mobile Country Code

 MNC: Mobile Network Code
 LAC: Location Area Code, 2 octets, using a full
hexadecimal representation except 0000 and FFFE.

Page22
Service Area Identifier
 The Service Area Identifier is used to identify an area consisting
of one or more cells belonging to the same Location Area. Service
Area can be used for indicating the location of a UE to the CN.
MCC MNC
MNC LAC SAC
Service Area Identifier
 SAI = LAI + SAC

 SAC: Service Area Code, 2 octets, using a full
hexadecimal representation

Page23
Cell Global Identification
MCC MNC LAC CI
Cell Global Identification
 CGI, Cell Global Identification, the unique identifier of

a Cell in the PLMN.
 CGI = LAI + CI
 CI: Cell Identity, is of fixed length with 2 octets and it
can be coded using a full hexadecimal
representation. Cell Identity must be unique within a
location area.
Page24
Contents
2.2 Area Number

Page25
Soft Switch CN Interfaces
HLR
SCE
APP Server
SCP
SMS
MAP/CAP
SS7 SIGTRAN
VMSC Server GMSC Server

RANAP BICC ISUP PSTN/ISDN
UTRAN Iu CS CP Nc
BSSAP
AAL2 Mc H.248 H.248 TDM
Iu UP
GSM/R99 PLMN
TDM
TDM AMR/RTP(AAL2)
BSS
Nb IP
MGW IP(ATM) Backbone MGW
IP Network

Page26
Interfaces List

Page27
Interfaces List

Page28
New Interface of Soft Switch
CN
MSC GMSC
Server Nc Server
Mc Mc
Nb
MGW MGW
RTP AAL2 Voice

UDP/IP ATM PCM

Page29
Mc Interface
 The Mc interface is a standard interface between (G)MSC
server and MGW. The protocol conforms to H.248 protocol
defined by ITU-T and IETF together, and the definition of
H.248 Transaction and Package for special requirement of
3GPP.
 This interface enables (G)MSC server to control static and
dynamic resources of various transmission modes
(IP/ATM/TDM) in MGW during call processing.
 This interface enables maintenance and management of
MGW independent of the calling

Page30
Context and Termination of
H.248
The entities or objects that can be controlled by the MSC server in
the MGW are described through two concepts “Context” and
“Termination” in R4 network connection model.
 Termination: One termination means the source or terminal point

for media/control stream in MGW, e.g. time slot, IP address and
ports, VPI/VCI.
 Context: One context is the abstract of the association of a group

of terminations. If context includes more than one bearer
termination, the context describes the topological relation between
terminations, media combination and/or switching parameters.

Page31
Nc Interface
 Nc interface is the standard interface between (G)MSC
servers. The BICC protocol defined by the ITU-T is
used to provide inter-office call control capability
independent of bearer technology on user plane and
signaling transmission technology on control plane for
UMTS/GSM CS service.
 The BICC signaling of Nc interface is downward
compatible with ISUP to support basic call procedures
and supplementary services.

Page32
Nc Interface
 The newly added Application Transport Mechanism
(APM) mechanism of BICC enables interaction of
bearer-related information between call control
nodes of Nc interface, such as bearer address,
connection reference, bearer setup mode.

Page33
Main Messages of BICC
Protocol
 IAM: initial address message, to transport bearer
setup related information.
 APM: Application transport message, to transport
bearer related and siganlling information.
 ACM: address complete. The answer of IAM.
 ANM: answer message. The receiver pickup the
phone.
 REL: release message.
 RLC: release complete message.
Page34
Nb Interface
 Nb interface between MGW performs the function of bearing
the service flow in the internal R4 core network, and
managing the creation, release, and maintenance of service
flow connection through bearer control signaling.
 ATM, IP or TDM can be adopted for Nb interface as the
physical bearer mode.
 Nb interface has two protocol planes:

Nb control plane is used to create/release the bearer between
MGW.

Nb user plane is used to transfer the voice over the bearer.

Page35
Contents
2.2 Area Number

Page36
Classification of CS Procedures
 Mobility Management procedures:

Location Updating

Authentication and ciphering
 Call control procedures

Setup

Release
 Service related procedures
 Supplementary service

Page37
UE Call UE in Soft Switch CN
HLR
MAP MAP
MSC Server-O MSC Server-T
RANAP BICC RANAP
RNC-T
RNC-O
H.248 H.248
AAL2 AAL2
UE1 UE2
MGW-O
MGW-T
AMR/RTP
T1 T2 T3 T4
IPBackBone

Page38
UE to CN Message
UE1 RNC-O Server-O MGW-O MGW-T Server-T RNC-T UE2
1.SETUP
2.CALL PROCEEDING
Get MSRN with

interact with HLR
3.IAM
Paging, Authentication
4.SETUP
5.CALL CONFIRM
From the SETUP to CALL confirm message, the process is

similar to GSM
The CIC in BICC IAM define a call instance not a circuit.
Page39
Bearer Setup in Network Side
5.CALL CONFIRM (continue
6.ADD_req （ C$ T$ ） )
Prepare
bearer ADD_rsp （ C2, T3 ）
7.APM
8.ADD_req （ C$ T$ ）
Prepare
bearer ADD_rsp （ C1, T2 ）
9. Bearer setup process
MSC Server-T order the MGW-T to allocate bearer resource in network side.
The bearer related information is transferred by APM from MSC Server-T to MSC
Server-O
MSC Server-O order the MGW-O to allocate bearer resource and setup the Nb
interface bearer.
Page40
Setup the Access Side Bearer
of MO
9. Bearer setup process (continue)
10.ADD_req （ C1 T$ ）
Prepare
ADD_rsp （ T1 ）bearer
11.RAB_ASSIGN_req
RAB setup, Iu UP initialization

11b.RAB_ASSIGN_rsp
MSC Server-O order MGW-O to allocate the access side bearer

resource
MSC Server-O order RNC-O to setup Radio Access Bearer.
Page41
Nb UP Initialization
11b.RAB_ASSIGN_rsp
(continue)
12.NbUP Init req
NbUP Init ack
NTF_req(T2) NTF_req(T3)
NTF_rsp(T2) NTF_rsp(T3)
13. COT
Nb UP initialization, MGW inform the MSC Server of

initialization event.
MSC Server-O sent COT( continuity) to MSC Server-T
indicating that the establishment of the bearer is completed.
Page42
Setup the Access Side Bearer
of MO
13. COT
(continue)
14. ADD_req （ C2 T$ ）
Prepare
ADD_rsp （ T4 ） bearer
15. RAB_ASSIGN_req
RAB setup, Iu UP initialization

RAB_ASSIGN_rsp
16. ALERTING
ACM
ALERTIN
G
MSC Server-T order MGW-T to allocate the access side bearer

resource
MSC Server-T order RNC-T to setup Radio Access Bearer.
Page43
Send Tone and Active the
Bearer
(continue
16.ALERTING
ACM )
ALERTING
17. MOD_req （ T3 ）
Send MOD_rsp （ T3 ）
tone 18.CONNECT
19. MOD_req （ T4 ）
Active
bearer MOD_rsp （ T4 ）
Stop tone MOD_req （ T3 ）

MOD_rsp （ T3 ）
20. ANC
MGW-T send tone to MO

MGW-T active the bearer to dual direction( sending and
receiving)
Page44
Active the Bearer and Begin to
Talk
20. ANC (continue
)
21. MOD_req （ T1 ）
Active
MOD_rsp （ T1 ）bearer
CONNECT
talking
MGW-O active the bearer

The MO and MT begin to talk

Page45
UE Call UE in Soft Switch CN
HLR
2 3
5
1 4. IAM
7. APM
MO MSC Server MSC Server 14 MT

11
10 8 6 13
12 15
9 RNC
RNC
MGW MGW

Page46
Contents
3. Soft Switch Core Network Technical Features

and Advantages

Page47
Contents
and Advantages
3.1 Technical Features
3.2 Technical Advantages

Page48
Separation of Control and
Bearer
Circuit Switch Model R4 Softswitch Model
Charging
Charging Management
Management Management Extended
Management Extended
System
System System
System System
System Service
Service
SS7 Charging
Charging SS7
System
System
Call Softswitch
Control H.248/MGCP H.248/MGCP
T T T T
D Time Slot D IP IP D
D Packet
M Switch M M M
ATM Network ATM
Line Trunk MGW MGW
Card Card

Page49
The Import of IP technology
 Advantages of IP packet statistical-multiplexing:
 To reduce the times of voice encoding and decoding,
improve voice service quality, and save the construction
cost through packet bearer network.

To effectively utilize the network bandwidth.
 To greatly reduce operation cost due to simple
configuration, expansion and easy maintenance of the
network.
 To reduce construction cost by sharing the backbone
network and data network.

Page50
Distributed Networking
Large City SCE HLR APP Server
SCP
SMS
MAP/CAP MAP/CAP
MSC BICC MSC
Server Server
Only Signalling
MGW RNC
Small City
MGW MGW
RNC RNC RNC PSTN GW Mini
RNC
Small City Small City
signalling bearer

Page51
Contents
and Advantages
3.1 Technical Features
3.2 Technical Advantages

Page52
Advantage of Large Regional
Network
 Flexible networking
 Centralize the MSC Server and distribute the MGWs, thus
solve the problem of coverage, capacity.
 Easy to expand

Add a new MGW to serve a new area, no need to
allocate SP and modify many data configuration.
 Easy to implement new service

Only the MSC Server is needed to be upgraded for new
service.

Page53
Virtual MSC Function
 Principle ： a physical MSC Server is divided into multiple
different logical MSC Server/VLR. Each MSC Server is identified by
a MSC Number and servers as an independent entity logically.
 Charging ： with multi MSC Number Function, subscriber bills will
be normally generated in each local network, as covered by many
MSC Server. At the same time, other NE’s office data need no
change.
 Roaming Restriction ： when a physical MSC Server covers
multi local network, roaming restriction will be implemented by
sending right MSC ID to HLR.

Page54
Large Capacity and High Processing
Ability
MSC Server MSC Server Dealing with signaling,
large capability and
BICC
high processing ability
H.248 H.248
Packet service bearer
and broadening
MGW bandwidth. MGW
 The customization and diversity of the service and open service

platform will generate more and more services, and at the same time
set higher requirements for the processing ability of the equipment.
 Hierarchical construction and networking require more centralized
construction of the equipment, and this bring out the requirement for
construction with large capacity equipment.

Page55
Security of Network
Backup MSC Server
(DPC1,IP2)(DPC2,IP3)
MSC MSC
Server(DPC1,IP1) Server(DPC2,IP4)
Dualing Homing
function implement
Dual HOME Dual HOME
1+1 or N+1 backup
for MSC Server in
the Signaling layer.
Other SP MGW MGW MGW MGW Other SP

Load-share mode
Mini-Flex Mini-Flex implement backup
for MGW in the
bearer layer.
RNC RNC RNC RNC

Page56
Centralized Maintenance
and Management
NMS AppServer
IN HLR
MSC Server Centralized

Maintenance Center MSC Server
MGW
A Local Network B Local Network
switch
MGW MGW
MGW MGW
PSTN MGW MGW
O&M for MSC Server is the key work in core network which centralized maintenance for
network services, control function and signaling processing. While O&M for MGW focus on
hardware data configuration, it even can be done by RAN operators;
Centralized
maintenance for MSC Server can not only reduce operation cost , but also
improve maintenance quality for CN as well as the whole network.

Page57
Summary
 Soft switch core network adopts the separated
structure of control and bearer, and owning the
advantages of distributed networking and centralized
maintenance.
 Soft switch core network adopts TDM/ATM/IP methods
to transport the voice.
 Soft switch core network adopts the traditional TDM
based SS7 mode and IP based SIGTRAN mode to
transport the signalling messages.

Page58
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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GSM/UMTS Soft

Switch Core Network

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

2. Soft Switch Core Network Working Principle

3. Soft Switch Core Network Technical Features and

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

2. Soft Switch Core Network Working Principle

3. Soft Switch Core Network Technical Features and

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

VMSC Server GMSC Server

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Adopts BICC, H.248 protocol and TrFO technology.

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 The signalling functions of MSC and VLR functions

 The switching function of voice service.

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Providing the transform of SS7 protocol stack and SIGTRAN protocol

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

2. Soft Switch Core Network Working Principle

3. Soft Switch Core Network Technical Features and

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

2.2 Area Number

2.3 Network Interfaces

2.4 Typical Working Procedures

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

National ( Significant ) Mobile Number

MSISDN: Mobile Station International ISDN number

CC: Country Code

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

MCC MNC MSIN

3 digits 2/3 digits

Not more than 15 digits

 MCC: Mobile Country Code

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

TAC SNR SPARE

8 digits 6 digits 1 digits

 The IMEI is composed of the following elements (each

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

2.2 Area Number

2.3 Network Interfaces

2.4 Typical Working Procedures

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

PLMN MSC/VLR Location Service cell

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 MCC: Mobile Country Code;

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

MCC MNC LAC

Location Area Identification

 MCC: Mobile Country Code

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Service Area Identifier

 SAI = LAI + SAC

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

MCC MNC LAC CI

Cell Global Identification

 CGI, Cell Global Identification, the unique identifier of

2.2 Area Number

2.3 Network Interfaces