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Terminology
Although the term insulator implies low
electrical conduction, dielectric typically
means materials with a high polarizability.
The latter is expressed by a number called
the relative permittivity. The term insulator
is generally used to indicate electrical
obstruction while the term dielectric is
used to indicate the energy storing
capacity of the material (by means of
polarization). A common example of a
dielectric is the electrically insulating
material between the metallic plates of a
capacitor. The polarization of the dielectric
by the applied electric field increases the
capacitor's surface charge for the given
electric field strength.[1]
Electric susceptibility
The electric susceptibility χe of a dielectric
material is a measure of how easily it
polarizes in response to an electric field.
This, in turn, determines the electric
permittivity of the material and thus
influences many other phenomena in that
medium, from the capacitance of
capacitors to the speed of light.
Dielectric polarization
Basic atomic model
Electric field interaction with an atom under the
classical dielectric model.
Refractive index
Group velocity dispersion
Birefringence
Self-focusing
Harmonic generation
Dipolar polarization
Ionic polarization
Dielectric dispersion
In physics, dielectric dispersion is the
dependence of the permittivity of a
dielectric material on the frequency of an
applied electric field. Because there is a
lag between changes in polarization and
changes in the electric field, the
permittivity of the dielectric is a
complicated function of frequency of the
electric field. Dielectric dispersion is very
important for the applications of dielectric
materials and for the analysis of
polarization systems.
Debye relaxation
Cole–Cole equation
Cole–Davidson equation
This equation is used when the dielectric
loss peak shows asymmetric broadening
Havriliak–Negami relaxation
Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts function
(Fourier transform of stretched
exponential function)
Curie-von Schweidler law
Tunability
Tunable dielectrics are insulators whose
ability to store electrical charge changes
when a voltage is applied.[12][13]
Applications
Capacitors
Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes
an internal electric field. A dielectric (orange) reduces
the field and increases the capacitance.
Dielectric resonator
References
1. Dielectric . Encyclopædia Britannica:
"Dielectric, insulating material or a very poor
conductor of electric current. When
dielectrics are placed in an electric field,
practically no current flows in them
because, unlike metals, they have no loosely
bound, or free, electrons that may drift
through the material."
2. Arthur R. von Hippel, in his seminal work,
Dielectric Materials and Applications,
stated: "Dielectrics... are not a narrow class
of so-called insulators, but the broad
expanse of nonmetals considered from the
standpoint of their interaction with electric,
magnetic, or electromagnetic fields. Thus
we are concerned with gases as well as
with liquids and solids, and with the storage
of electric and magnetic energy as well as
its dissipation." (Technology Press of MIT
and John Wiley, NY, 1954).
3. Thoms, E.; Sippel, P.; et., al. (2017).
"Dielectric study on mixtures of ionic
liquids". Sci. Rep.
4. Belkin, A.; Bezryadin, A.; Hendren, L.;
Hubler, A. (2017). "Recovery of Alumina
Nanocapacitors after High Voltage
Breakdown". Sci. Rep.
Bibcode:2017NatSR...7..932B .
doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01007-9 .
5. Daintith, J. (1994). Biographical
Encyclopedia of Scientists. CRC Press.
p. 943. ISBN 0-7503-0287-9.
6. James, Frank A.J.L., editor. The
Correspondence of Michael Faraday,
Volume 3, 1841–1848, "Letter 1798, William
Whewell to Faraday, p. 442" . The Institution
of Electrical Engineers, London, United
Kingdom, 1996. ISBN 0-86341-250-5
7. Microwave Engineering – R. S. Rao
(Prof.) . Retrieved 2013-11-08.
8. Kao, Kwan Chi (2004). Dielectric
Phenomena in Solids. London: Elsevier
Academic Press. pp. 92–93. ISBN 0-12-
396561-6.
9. Debye, P. (1913), Ver. Deut. Phys. Gesell.
15, 777; reprinted 1954 in collected papers
of Peter J.W. Debye. Interscience, New York
10. Chiang, Y. et al. (1997) Physical
Ceramics, John Wiley & Sons, New York
11. Kuhn, U.; Lüty, F. (1965). "Paraelectric
heating and cooling with OH—dipoles in
alkali halides". Solid State Communications.
3 (2): 31. Bibcode:1965SSCom...3...31K .
doi:10.1016/0038-1098(65)90060-8 .
12. Lee, Che-Hui; Orloff, Nathan D.; Birol,
Turan; Zhu, Ye; Goian, Veronica; Rocas,
Eduard; Haislmaier, Ryan; Vlahos, Eftihia;
Mundy, Julia A.; Kourkoutis, Lena F.; Nie,
Yuefeng; Biegalski, Michael D.; Zhang,
Jingshu; Bernhagen, Margitta; Benedek,
Nicole A.; Kim, Yongsam; Brock, Joel D.;
Uecker, Reinhard; Xi, X. X.; Gopalan,
Venkatraman; Nuzhnyy, Dmitry; Kamba,
Stanislav; Muller, David A.; Takeuchi, Ichiro;
Booth, James C.; Fennie, Craig J.; Schlom,
Darrell G. (2013). "Self-correcting crystal
may lead to the next generation of
advanced communications" . Nature. 502
(7472): 532. Bibcode:2013Natur.502..532L .
doi:10.1038/nature12582 .
PMID 24132232 .
13. Lee, C. H.; Orloff, N. D.; Birol, T.; Zhu, Y.;
Goian, V.; Rocas, E.; Haislmaier, R.; Vlahos,
E.; Mundy, J. A.; Kourkoutis, L. F.; Nie, Y.;
Biegalski, M. D.; Zhang, J.; Bernhagen, M.;
Benedek, N. A.; Kim, Y.; Brock, J. D.; Uecker,
R.; Xi, X. X.; Gopalan, V.; Nuzhnyy, D.; Kamba,
S.; Muller, D. A.; Takeuchi, I.; Booth, J. C.;
Fennie, C. J.; Schlom, D. G. (2013).
"Exploiting dimensionality and defect
mitigation to create tunable microwave
dielectrics". Nature. 502 (7472): 532–536.
Bibcode:2013Natur.502..532L .
doi:10.1038/nature12582 .
PMID 24132232 .
14. Kong, L.B.; Li, S.; Zhang, T.S.; Zhai, J.W.;
Boey, F.Y.C.; Ma, J. (2010-11-30).
"Electrically tunable dielectric materials and
strategies to improve their performances".
Progress in Materials Science. 55 (8): 840–
893. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2010.04.004 .
15. Giere, A.; Zheng, Y.; Maune, H.; Sazegar,
M.; Paul, F.; Zhou, X.; Binder, J. R.; Muller, S.;
Jakoby, R. (2008). "Tunable dielectrics for
microwave applications". 2008 17th IEEE
International Symposium on the
Applications of Ferroelectrics. p. 1.
doi:10.1109/ISAF.2008.4693753 .
ISBN 978-1-4244-2744-4.
16. Müssig, Hans-Joachim. Semiconductor
capacitor with praseodymium oxide as
dielectric, U.S. Patent 7,113,388 published
2003-11-06, issued 2004-10-18, assigned to
IHP GmbH- Innovations for High
Performance Microelectronics/Institute Fur
Innovative Mikroelektronik
17. Lyon, David (2013). "Gap size
dependence of the dielectric strength in
nano vacuum gaps". IEEE Transactions on
Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 20 (4).
doi:10.1109/TDEI.2013.6571470 .
Further reading
Jackson, John David (August 10, 1998).
Classical Electrodynamics (3 rd ed.).
John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-
30932-1. 808 or 832 pages.
Scaife, Brendan (September 3, 1998).
Principles of Dielectrics (Monographs on
the Physics & Chemistry of Materials) (2
nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
ISBN 978-0198565574.
External links
Electromagnetism – A chapter from an
online textbook
Dielectric Sphere in an Electric Field
DoITPoMS Teaching and Learning
Package "Dielectric Materials"
Texts on Wikisource:
"Dielectric". Encyclopedia
Americana. 1920.
"Dielectric". Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). 1911.
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