CONTENT

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 OBJECTIVE
 APPARATUS
 DIAGRAM
 THEORY
 OBJECTIVE
To setup a common base transistor circuit and to
study its input and output characteristics and to
calculate its current gain.

APPRATUS
 A pnp transistor
 A three volt battery
 A 30 volt battery
 Two high resistance rheostats
 One 0-30 volt voltmeter
 One 0-30 volt voltmeter
 Two milli-ammeter
 Two one way keys
 Connecting wires
THEORY
The base is common to both the input and the output
circuit. The input section is forward biased by battery VBB
and output section is reversed biased by battery Vcc.

output section resistance Ro

The resistance gain = =>
Input section resistance RI

The current equation IE = IB+IC

(∆ 𝑉𝑒𝑏 )
I. Input resistance RI=
(∆ 𝐼𝑒 )

VCB=constant
1
=
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠

𝑉𝑐𝑏
II. Output resistance R0 =
𝐼𝑐
IE=constant
1
=
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠

𝐼𝑐
III. Current Gainα =
𝐼𝑒
VCE=constant

𝛼= slope of output characteristics

𝑅𝑜
IV. Voltage Gain, AV =α
𝑅𝑖

= current gain X resistance gain.

 PROCEDURE
I. Draw neat circuit diagram and connect
accordingly.
II. Determine least count and zero error of
voltmeters,milliammeters.
III. Keeping the pot divider arrangement to
minimum voltage and switch on the batteries
by inserting the keys K and K .
1 2

FOR INPUT CHARACTERISTICS

IV. Apply forward bias voltage on emitter

junction. Read the base voltage (V ) by EB

voltmeter and emitter current (I ) from mA.

E

V. Go on increasing input voltage till I rises E

suddenly and note the reading of I and V .

E EB

VI. Make collector voltage V =-4v and repeat

CB

steps.
VII. Make collector voltage V =-8V and repeat
CB

steps.
VIII. Make all readings zero.
IX. Plot the graph between V along X-axis and
BE

IE along Y-axis.
 FOR OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS

X. Make collector voltage zero. Adjust the

input voltage V to make I =2 mA. At
EB E

collector voltage zero, there is a collector

current I . Note it
C

XI. Now increase the collector voltage and note

the corresponding reading of
milliammeterI(I ). The I becomes almost
C C

constant.
XII. Repeat steps 10 and 11 with I =4mA and 6mA.
C

XIII. Plot a graph between V along X-axis and I

CB C

along Y-axis.
 FOR INPUT CHARACTERSTICS

S.NO V =2V
CE V =4V
CE V =8V
CE

I
B VBE I
B VBE I
B VBE

1. 1 0.66 1 0.66 1 0.66

2. 2 0.68 2 0.68 2 0.68
3. 3 0.70 3 0.70 3 0.70
4. 4 0.72 4 0.72 4 0.72
5. 9 0.72 10 0.74 10 0.74

FOR OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS

S.NO I =50µA
B I =100µA
B I =150µA
B

I
C VCE I C V CE I C V CE

1. 5 1 5 1 5 1
2. 10 2 10 1.5 10 2
3. 15 3 15 2 15 2.5
4. 20 3.5 20 3.5 20 3
5. 25 5 25 3 25 3.5
PRECAUTIONS :-

1. All the instruments for current and voltage

should be proper range and least count.
2. There should be proper forward and reverse
biasing to the transistor input and output
section by connecting the batteries with
proper polarities.
3. The readings in voltmeters VI and Vo should be
zero before switching the batteries.
4. Never exceed the ratings of the current given
in transistor manual.

SOURCES OF ERROR :-

5. The transistor may be faulty.

2 experiment
nd

Aim ;To demonstrate the linear and angular range of

a given remote.

Apparatus required ;A TV set, the given remote,

protractor white paper, cello-tape etc.

Principle involved
A TV remote equipment is basically an infrared
radiation source. When infrared radiation emerging out
from remote falls on the sensor fitted in the TV set, it
activate the sensor and accordingly control operation
of TV set. There is, however a certain range within which
the remote operation is effective.

1. LINEAR RANGE
The maximum perpendicular distance of the
remote from TV set. Up to which the remote is
able to activate the sensor is called linear
range.
 2. ANGULAR RANGE

There is also an range with respect to the

straight line joining the remote and the sensor
angular range is angle around the central
normal straight line. Within which remote can
be rotated for operating of TV set.

PROCEDURE
1.LINEAR RANGE

I. Place a TV set near one of the walls.

II. Take a small table that can be moved easily on the
floor of the room.
III. Place the remote on the table perpendicular to TV
screen. Switch on the ON button and observe what
happens.
IV. Now increase the distance of the remote and again
press the ON button. Observe whether the is
switched on or not.
V. Repeat the observation by increasing the distance .
VI. A position does come when to does not get ON.
VII. Now decreasing the linear distance slightly and
observe the remote. Adjust the position of remote
from where the TO just does not get switched ON.
Measure the distance which will give you linear
range of the remote.
 2. ANGULAR RANGE

I. Fin white paper on table.

II. Draw lines from 0* to 180* with protector .
III. Place the remote lying on the white paper in a
direction normal to the TO screen. In this condition
the marked line at the middle falls on 90* angles.
IV. Till the remote towards R.H.S through angle 10*
observe result.
V. Repeat the same set of procedures for left hand
side & find angle θ2.
VI. The sum of two angles θ1+θ2=θ gives the angular
range of given remote.
VII. Place the remote at another distance and repeat
the experiment.
OBSERVATIONS
FOR LINEAR RANGE
S.NO DISTANCE OF REMOTE FROM TO EFFECT OF TO ON
SCREEN ‘ON’

1 15CM ON
2. 1M ON
3. 2.1M ON
4. 2.3M OFF

FOR ANGULAR RANGE

S.NO ANGULAR RANGE EFFECT

1. 30* ON
2. 60* ON
3. 120* ON
4. 180* OFF

RESLUT AND CONCLUSION

The given TO remote was found to the operational
with in the linear range of 2.3m and in angular range of
180*
 Bibliography

 Ncert xii physics textbook

 Class xii lab manual
 Pradeep-xii
 Wikipedia-the free enclyopedia