TENSION TEST

Exp No:

Date:

AIM:
To determine tensile strength, elastic and inelastic properties of ductile steel and to study
its behaviour. The specific properties to be determined are:
Modulus of elasticity.
Ultimate tensile stress.
Percentage elongation.
Nominal and actual breaking stress
Proof stress.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Universal testing machine.
Extensometer.
Vernier callipers.
Meter scale.
Punch for making gauge length.
FORMULA:

E

where
E= Young’s modulus (N/mm2)
σ= Direct stress (N/mm2)
ɛ= Strain
Area of rod 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑑2 /4
d= Diameter of the rod (mm).
Ultimate stress (N/mm2) = Ultimate Load / Area of cross section.
Nominal breaking stress (N/mm2) = Breaking Load / Area of cross section.
Actual breaking stress (N/mm2) = Breaking Load / Final area of cross section.
Percentage elongation = (lˈ- l)*100/l
where l= Initial length (mm)
lˈ= Final length (mm)
Percentage reduction in area = (𝜋𝑑 2 - 𝜋𝑑ˈ2 )*100/ 𝜋𝑑 2

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where 𝑑ˈ= Final diameter of rod (mm)
d = initial diameter of rod (mm)
OBSERVATIONS
On the equipment/apparatus:
(Draw a neat sketch, make, capabilities, limitations etc. The sketch and make
information should be provided on the back of this sheet).

On the given specimen:

Material
Diameter of the rod (d) =
Length of the rod (L) =
Area of cross section of rod =
Density of the rod (ρ) =
Weight of the rod (w) =
Gauge length =
Final length =
Final diameter =
Extensometer gauge length =
Least count of extensometer =
PROCEDURE
The given rod is weighed and its length is measured. The average diameter d= mm
is determined using the density of specimen.
The centre point of rod is marked using the punch and marks are made on either side of
mark at distance of 5d= mm.
The given rod is fixed on tension grip of the UTM such that the top and the bottom
marks already made coincides with exactly the top and bottom of the wedge grips
respectively. The extensometer is fixed firmly to the specimen so that its axis coincides
with that of specimen.
Extensometer readings are taken from different increment in the loads that are applied
within the elastic limits.

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Loads is applied until yield point is reached. The extensometer is removed and ultimate
and breaking loads are noted.
The final diameter ‘d’ of rod is measured between the previously marked punch marks.
TABULATION
Breaking load =
Ultimate load =
Sl Load Extensometer reading Average Stress Strain Young’s
No. (tonnes) (mm) extensometer *10-5 Modulus
Left Right Average *LC (N/mm2) *105
(mm) (N/mm2)

Average E=
Breaking load =
Ultimate load =
Extensometer gauge length =
GRAPHS
The following graphs are drawn:
(i) Load Vs elongation. Elongation is taken along x-axis and load along the y-axis.
(ii) Stress Vs strain. Strain is taken along x-axis and stress along y-axis.
MODEL CALCULATION
Area of specimen A=W/(e*l)
Diameter of specimen d= (4A/π)1/2
Percentage elongation = (lˈ- l)*100/l
Percentage reduction in area = (𝜋𝑑 2 - 𝜋𝑑ˈ2 )*100/ 𝜋𝑑 2
Ultimate stress (N/mm2) = Ultimate Load / Area of cross section.
Nominal breaking stress (N/mm2) = Breaking Load / Area of cross section.
Actual breaking stress (N/mm2) = Breaking Load / Final area of cross section.
Load =
Average extensometer reading =
Stress, σ = Load/ Area

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Strain, ɛ = average extension/ gauge length
Young’s modulus, 𝐸 =σ/ɛ
Proof stress (from graph) =
RESULTS
Young’s modulus (𝐸) =
Ultimate tensile stress (σt) =
Nominal breaking stress (N/mm2) =
Actual breaking stress (N/mm2) =
Percentage elongation =
Percentage reduction in area =
Proof stress =
COMMENTS