Section 1: The Practice of Civil Engineering

1. Is defined as one satisfactorily meeting both the expectations of the client or employer and the requirements
of the project.
A. Practice B. Quality C. Quantity D. Effort

2. If a dispute arises on either party, then that party shall by notice in writing and request that the dispute be
resolved by .
A. Conciliation B. Agreement C. Arbitration D. Resolution

3. shall be done by giving preference to the process of arbitration. It shall be undertaken by a third
party arbitrator mutually acceptable to the Client and the Civil Engineer.
A. Conciliation B. Agreement C. Arbitration D. Resolution

4. The following are the obligations of a civil engineer, except:

A. Act independently and perform with the necessary skills and professional
judgement
B. Exercise reasonable skill, care and diligence in the performance of his obligations.
C. Act as the Client’s faithful agent implied the contract adopted for the Project.
D. Arrange for the provision of services from other professionals or others as may be
required and bear all costs.

5. The following are the obligations of the client, except:

A. Make arrangements to enable the Civil Engineer to enter the site and inspect
facilities needed in performance of his services
B. Recommend specialist suppliers and/or contractors to design and execute
certain parts of the Works
C. Pay the Civil Engineer for his Services.
D. Notify in writing within 7 days the Civil Engineer containing the particulars of the
change.

6. Who is the one that manage multiple projects, oversees and provides direction and guidance to the project
manager?
A. Program Manager B. Contractor
C. Civil Engineer D. Client

7. This is a specialty in civil engineering that deals with behavior of soil under the influence of loading forces and
soil-water interactions. This knowledge is applied to the design of foundations, retaining walls and earth dams.
A. Structural Engineering B. Water Engineering
C. Transportation Engineering D. Geotechnical Engineering

8. The following are the criteria the in selecting a civil engineer, except:
A. Qualifications B. Reputation C. Experience D. Expertise

9. The design analysis, drawings, specifications and reproductions thereof are instruments of service owned by
the and shall be used only for the specific project covered by the agreement between the
Client and Engineer.

A. Professional Engineer B. Project Manager

C. Client D. Architect

10. Foreign Civil Engineers are allowed by law to practice civil engineering in the Philippines under the following
instances, except;

A. The laws of the foreigner’s state or country allow the citizens of the Philippines to
practice civil engineering on the same basis and grant the same privileges as those
enjoyed by the subjects or citizens of such foreign state or country.
B. Allowed under national agreement.
C. Employees of Philippine or foreign private institutions pursuant to law.
D. Consultants to be engaged in foreign-funded, joint venture or foreign-assisted
projects of the government.
Questions:

1. Quality is the satisfactorily meeting both the expectations of the client or employer and the
requirements of the project. Quality can be acquired through the following, except.
a. Fair competition
b. Appropriate authority
c. Professional judgement
d. Planning and innovation

2. The client may suspend all or part of the service or terminate the agreement by written notice
of how many days?
a. Not less than 30 days
b. Less than 30 days
c. Not less than 20 days
d. Less than 20 days

3. Foreign Civil Engineers are allowed by law to practice civil engineering in the Philippines under
the following instances, except.
a. Allowed under APEC agreement
b. Civil Engineers who were former citizens of the Philippines who had been registered and
issued a certificate of registration
c. Employees of Philippines of foreign-private institution pursuant to law
d. Consultant to be engaged in foreign-funded, joint venture or foreign-assisted projects of
the government

4. The following are the obligations of the client, except.

a. Make arrangement to enable the Civil Engineer to enter the site and inspect facilities
needed
b. Cooperate with the Civil Engineer and shall not interfere with the proper performance
of services
c. Notify in writing the Civil Engineer containing the particular change within 7 days
d. None of the above

5. The process through which a Civil Engineer is selected above other competitors based on
proposal or an innovative approach to meet the needs of client is?
a. Bidding
b. Job interview
c. Design competition
d. Debate
1. It gives emphasis on the meeting of minds between two (2) contracting parties which takes place when an
offer by one party is accepted by the other.
a. Contract
b. Agreement
c. Consent
d. Offer
2. It is the conformity or concurrence of wills and with respect to contracts, it is the
agreement of the will of one contracting party with that of the other.
a. Contract
b. Agreement
c. Consent
d. Offer
3. It is a legal binding enforcement through legal proceedings in case the other party does
not comply with his obligations
a. Contract
b. Agreement
c. Consent
d. Offer
4. It is the proposal by one party to another, indicating a willingness to enter into a contract.
a. Contract
b. Agreement
c. Consent
d. Offer
5. The following are the person who cannot give a consent except:
a. Unemancipated minors
b. Person with Disabilities
c. Insane or Demented persons
d. Deaf-mutes

6. It is the determination of the meaning of the terms or words used by the parties in their written contract.
a. Interpretation of Contracts
b. Interpretations of stipulation with several meaning
c. Interpretation of various stipulations of a contract
d. Interpretations of words with Different signification
7. Contracts are those which, because of certain defects, generally produce no effect at all.
a. Void or Inexistent Contracts
b. Rescissible Contracts
c. Unenforceable Contracts
d. Voidable Contracts
8. Is the essential reason or purpose which the contracting parties have in view at the time
of entering into the contract.
a. Consent
b. Object
c. Cause
d. Form
9. Refers to the manner in which a contract is executed or manifested. The contract may
be oral, or in writing or partly oral and partly in writing.
a. Consent
b. Object
c. Cause
d. Form
10. The remedy allowed by the law by means of which a written instrument is amended or
rectified so as to express or conform to the real agreement or intention of the parties
a. Reformation
b. Rectification
c. Interpretation
d. Simulation
1. A document issued by the Building Official allowing grantee to proceed with the project activity authorized.
What is this document? Answer: Building permit
2. When the Building Official is already satisfied with the application for building permit of the applicant, within
how many days, from payment of the required fees by the applicant, will the building permit be issued? Answer:
15 days
3. Areas within which only certain types of buildings are permitted to be constructed based on their use or
occupancy, type of construction, and resistance to fire. Answer: Fire zones
4. As per PD 1096, what is the classification of buildings of masonry and wood construction with a one-hour
fire-resistivity throughout and exterior walls of incombustible fire-resistive construction?
a.) Type I
b.) Type II
c.) Type III
d.) Type IV
5. As per PD 1096, what is the minimum ceiling height of the first storey of a habitable room provided with
artificial ventilation? Answer: 2.40 m
6. As per PD 1096, what is the minimum clear ceiling height for mezzanine floors above and below it? Answer:
1.80 m
7. Under what classification shall factories and workshops using less flammable or non-combustible materials is
classified?
a.) Industrial
b.) Assembly
c.) Business and mercantile
d.) Accessory
8. The water piping installations, sanitary and industrial plumbing installations inside buildings and premises shall
conform to the provisions of what Code? Answer: National Plumbing Code
9. The Building Official is authorized to retain how many percent of his collection for the operating expenses of
his office? Answer: 20 percent

10. True or False. A Certificate of Occupancy shall be issued by the Building Official within 15 days if after final
inspection and submittal of a Certificate of Completion; it is found that the building complies with the provisions
of this code. Answer: False (30 days)

11. Which is not a ground for the non-issuance, suspension, and revocation of a Building Permit?
a.) Non-compliance to Code
b.) Inaccurate application
c.) Non-submittal of logbook
d.) Unauthorized change in plan

12. A building permit shall expire and become null and void if the building or work so authorized is suspended or
abandoned at any time after it has been commenced for a period of how many days?
a.) 100 days
b.) 120 days
c.) 150 days
d.) 160 days

13. Under what classification shall gasoline filling and service stations be classified?
a.) Assembly
b.) Business and mercantile
c.) Industrial
d.) Accessory

14. The degree to which a material can withstand fire as determined by generally recognized and accepted
testing methods. Answer: Fire-resistive rating

15. True or False. Public buildings and traditional indigenous family dwelling shall be exempt from payment of
building permit fees. Answer: True

16. True or False. Subject to existing budgetary, accounting and auditing rules and regulations, the Building
Official is authorized to retain not more than twenty percent of his collection for the operating expenses of his
office. Answer: True.

Enumeration:
17. What are the qualifications of a Building Official?
a. A Filipino citizen and of good moral character
b. A duly registered architect or civil engineer
c. A member of good standing of a duly accredited organization of his profession for not less than two years
d. Has at least five years of diversified and professional experience in building design and construction

18. What are the duties of a Building Official?

a. Responsible for the enforcement of the provisions of this Code
b. Responsible for implementing rules and regulations
c. Charged with the duties of issuing building permits.

19. True or False. In all occupancies, floors above the first storey having an occupant load of more than 10 shall
not have less than two exits. Answer: True.

20. A non-structural facing of brick, concrete, tile, metal, plastic, glass, or other similar approved materials
attached to a backing or structural components of the building for the purpose of ornamentation, protection,
or enclosure that may be adhered either on the exterior or interior of the building. Answer: Veneer
Group 6

1. For government projects, what law/s is/are not applied to procurement of consulting services and
selection of contractor for construction?
A. EO 164
B. PD 1594
C. RA 4566
D. B & C

2. It is a contracting procedure used to supplement a client staff, either by providing an extension to

existing disciplines and capabilities already on board or by adding special disciplines not available on
the client's staff.
A. Bidding
B. Qualification based selection procedure
C. Level of effort
D. Two envelope system

3. A contracting procedure used to support a client staff, either by providing an extension to existing
disciplines and capabilities already on board or by adding special disciplines not available on the
client’s staff.
A. bidding
B. over heard
C. level of effort
D. contract

4. Involves submission of a technical proposal in one envelope and a piece of proposal in a second
envelope.
A. bidding
B. Two envelope system
C. accounting records
D. cost fixed price

5. The estimated total cost of constructing the facility to be covered by the proposed detailed design or
construction supervision services, excluding the fees and other cost of such services, the cost of land
and right of way, and legal administrative expenses of the agency.
A. Construction cost
B. Contingency cost
C. Salary
D. Professional engineering cost

6. The study and reports phase may include the cost for field or traffic surveys, planning analysis,
geotechnical explorations and analysis, in addition, to the direct engineering cost.
A. Construction cost
B. Contingency cost
C. Salary
D. Professional engineering cost

7. Is an offer to perform specific work for a specified price

A. bid
B. contract
C. Salary
D. bidding

8. Does not recognize professional judgment which is the key difference between professional services
and the furnishing of products.
A. bid
B. contract
C. Salary
D. bidding

9. “direct salaries plus employee benefits”

A. salary cost
B. multiplier
C. Salary
D. both A and B

10. Cost-based agreement must provide accounting necessary to segregate and record the appropriate
expenditures.
A. salary cost
B. Two envelope system
C. accounting records
D. Contingency cost
Group 11-Extracts from New Civil Code
1. The following are the effect of acquittal in criminal case, except
a. When due to reasonable doubt-no civil liability
b. When due to exempting circumstances-no civil liability
c. When there is preponderance of evidence- there is civil liability
d. both a and c

2. The following are kinds of delay with its corresponding definition, except
a. Mora solvendi - delay on the part of the debtor to accept the performance of the obligation
b. Mora accipiend i- delay on the part of the creditor to accept the performance of the obligation
c. Compensatio morae - delay of the obligors in reciprocal obligations
d. Both a and b

3. Which is true about quasi-delict?

a. There is only negligence
b. Concerns public interest
c. Can be accomplished as any other criminal liabilities
d. Both a and b

4. Which is not true? An obligation is demandable at once –

a. When it is pure
b. When it is subjected to resolutory condition
c. When it is subjected to resolutory period
d. When it is simple

5. An obligation, suspensive in nature that depends upon the sole will of one of the involved parties.
a. Protestative Condition
b. Casual Condition
c. Potestative Condition
d. Mixed Condition

6. The kind of loss that applies only on article 1189 is/are:

a. Civil Loss
B. Legal Loss
c. Physical Loss
d. All of the above

7. Which of the following statements is not true?

a. If both parties violated their obligations and the court couldn’t decide which was the first infractor, the
obligation is extinguished and the debtor shall bear the damages.
b. Solidary obligation is where each one of the debtors is bound to render and/or each one of the
creditors has the right to demand the obligation.
c. Positive conditions are suspensive in nature that will be extinguished if the time expires or the condition
is likely to happen expressed in Art. 1184.
d. Negative conditions are events that will not happen at a determinate time, which causes the
obligation to become effective and binding.

8. It takes place when 2 persons, in their own right, are creditors and debtor of each other.
a. Confusion or Merger of Rights
b. Payment or Performance
c. Compensation
d. Obligation

9. It is the gratuitous abandonment by creditor of his right against the debtor.

a. Loss of the thing due
b. Condonation or Remission
c. Novation
d. Payment or Performance

10. It is the extinguishment of obligation by creating or substituting a new one in its place
a. Novation
b. Confusion or Merger of Rights
c. Loss of the thing due
d. Condonation or Remission
 CIAP BOARD RESOLUTION NO.15

1. Which of the following is a just reason to suspend a work in construction?

A. Force Majeure or Fortuitous event C. Unsuitable weather
B. Peace and Order problems D. All of the above

2. It is the approved form of security furnished by the Contractor and his surety as a guarantee of
good faith on the part of the Contractor to faithfully comply with the Contract.
A. Payment Bond C. Guarantee Bond
B. Performance Bond D. Bid Bond

3. Which of the following is not a just reason for the owner to suspend the work?
A. Unsuitable weather or other conditions
B. Failure of the contractor to correct conditions
C. If the owner fails to pay the contractor the approved request for payment.
D. Failure of contractor to carry out valid orders

4. Which the following of can’t be the owner’s representative?

A. Architect C. Foreman
B. Engineer D. Construction Manager

5. Which of the following is not included in the Contract Documents?

A. Special Provisions or Conditions C. Drawings
B. Written Notice D. Specifications

6. How many sets of prints of shop drawings shall the contractor submit to the owner for approval,
satisfactory drawings?
A. Three C. Four
B. Five D. Two

7. How many number of day’s written notice can the contractor suspend work or terminate the
contract?
A. Thirteen C. Fifteen
B. Sixteen D. Fourteen

8. Whenever under the contract, the owner is required to exercise his discretion by
A. Expressing his satisfaction and approval C. Determining Value
B. Giving his decisions, opinion or consent D. All of the above

9. The following are the Owner’s responsibilities and liabilities except one:
A. Advance Payment C. Owner’s Written Payment
B. Owner’s Optional Insurance D. None of the Above

10. How many percent of the total contract price shall the total sum of liquidated damages exceed?
A. Ten C. Fifteen
B. Five D. Twenty
Group 9
1. The practice of civil engineering within the meaning and intent of R.A. no. 544 shall embrace the following
services except:
a) Design
b) Dry docks
c) Hangars
d) Maintenance

2. Within how many days after the approval of R.A. no. 544 will the Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers shall
be created.
a) 25 days
b) 15 days
c) 30 days
d) 35 days

3. How many years will the members of the Board shall hold office?
a) 4 year
b) 3 year
c) 2 year
d) 1 year

4. The following are the qualification of the Board Members except.

a) Be a citizen and resident of the Philippines.
b) Be at least 35 years of age and of good moral character
c) Be a register civil engineer duly qualified to practice civil engineering in the Philippines.
d) Have practiced civil engineering, with certificate as such, for a period of not less than 10 years prior
to his appointment.

5. Two members of the Board shall be appointed by the ______?

a) PRC
b) President
c) Senate President
d) Chairman of the Board of Examiner

6. What should the male examinee wear during the examination?

a) White T – shirt (tuck-in)
b) White polo shirt
c) School uniform
d) All of the above

7. After taking the exam, what should be the arrangement of the papers before submitting?
1 – answer sheet 2 – test questionnaire 3 – notice of admission
a) 1-2-3
b) 2-3-1
c) 3-1-2
d) 3-2-1

8. The following are the qualification of the examinee, except?

a) Be at least 20 years of age at the day of the examination
b) Be a citizen of the Republic of the Philippines
c) Be of good reputation and moral character
d) All of the above

9. How much is the examinee fee?

a) Php 800
b) Php 850
c) Php 900
d) Php 950

10. The following are the application requirements, except?

a) Metered documentary stamp
b) NBI clearance
c) 3 certificates of Good-Moral Character
d) Community tax certificate

11. What percentage of the total exam belongs to MSTE?

a) 40%
b) 35%
c) 30%
d) 25%
12. Structural Engineering and Construction(SEC) is composed of the following, except?
a) Engineering Mechanics
b) Theory of Structures
c) Strength of materials
d) Bearing Capacity

13. Multiple markings shall be cancellation of the examinees examination and suspension from taking the
exam for ______ year/s.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

14. Attended by instructors to facilitate understanding of lessons.

a) Review program
b) Refresher
c) Group study
d) Mock exam

15. A set of learning activities accredited by the CPD council such as seminars, visits, etc. which equip the
professionals with advance knowledge, skills, and values in specialized or inter- or multi- disciplinary field.
a) CPD programs
b) CPD activities
c) CPD requirements
d) CPD modules

16. Required CPD units for civil engineer.

a) 45
b) 42
c) 50
d) 43

17. A natural or judicial person that conducts CPD programs accredited by the CPD council to conduct CPD
programs.
a) CPD chairman
b) CPD provider
c) CPD judicial
d) CPD officials

18. The inculcation of advance knowledge, skills and ethical values in the post licensure specialized or in an
inter- or multi-disciplinary field for assimilation into professional practice, self-directed research and/or
lifelong learning.
a) Continuing Professional Development
b) Continued Professional Development
c) Continuing Proper Development
d) Continuing Program Development

19. Administered the oath of professionals and enjoined the inductees to continue in their pursuit for
professional advancement by keeping abreast with the recent developments in the field.
a) Chairperson of the PRA for civil engineering
b) Chairperson of the PRB for civil engineering
c) Chairperson of the PRC for civil engineering
d) Chairperson of the PRD for civil engineering

20. Where-in reviewees are required to take, patterned after the actual licensure examination, to better
prepared students in taking the actual licensure exam.
a) Pre-board exams
b) Refresher
c) Group-study
d) Mock exams
1. It includes instructions to bidders, general conditions, addenda, itemized bill of quantity, day work of
schedule, performance of security, construction plans and specifications and draft contract.
a. Bid/tender documents
b. Specification
c. Contract plans
d. None

2. All is true for a person to bid except:

a. Foreign contractors for internationally bid foreign-assisted projects as may be required by foreign
financial institutions.
b. Citizens (married proprietorship)
c. Partnership or corporation duly organized under the laws of the Philippines, and at least seventy five
percent (75%) of the capital stock of which belongs to Filipino citizens.
d. None

3. Organization of the BAC or Bid and Award Committee composed of each committee except:
a. Chairman
b. Member
c. Executive officer and treasurer
d. None

4. The first envelope contain the following information except:

a. Authority of the Signing Official
b. List of Contractor's Personne
c. Copyright Methods
d. None

5. The second envelope contains the following information except:

a. Detailed estimates including a summary sheet indicating the unit prices of construction materials, labour
rates and equipment rentals used in coming up with the bid
b. Cash flow by annual and payments schedule
c. Bid prices in the bill of quantities
d. None

6. Negotiated contract may be entered into only where any of the following conditions exists and the
implementing office/agency/corporation is not capable of undertaking the contract by administration
except:
a. In times of emergencies arising from natural calamities where immediate action is necessary to prevent
imminent loss of life and/or property or to restore vital public services, infrastructure and utilities such as
collapsed bridges, cut road sections, breached dikes, unroofed buildings and other severely damaged
vital facilities.
b. Where the subject contract is adjacent or contiguous to an ongoing contract and it could be
economically prosecuted by the same contractor provided that subject contract has similar or related
scope of works and is within the contracting capacity of the contractor,
c. Failure to award the contract after three (3) public biddings for valid cause or causes
d. None

7. The following shall part of the contract for compromising except:

a. Conditions of Award
b. Drawings/Plans
c. Instructions to Bidders
d. None

8. To facilitate the approval of the contract, the following supporting documents shall be submitted except:
a. Certificate of Availability of Funds
b. Resolution of the BAC or designated procurement unit recommending Contract
c. Concurrence of Lending Institution in case of Foreign-assisted contracts

9. Contracts should normally be approved/disapproved by the head of office/agency/corporation

concerned in accordance with existing laws, rules and regulations within fifteen (15) calendar days from
the date the successful bidder
a. Approval of contract b. Monitoring of contract awards process
c. Supporting documents d. None

10. Work under detailed engineering shall include but not necessarily be limited to the following except:
a. Design Standards b. Budget for the contract
c. Construction Plans d. None
Design Services for Construction Projects
1. These services involve full or part time teaching or training of prospective professionals and also the
upgrading of knowledge and skills of fellow professionals.
a. Construction Services
b. Academic Services
c. Study and Report Phase
d. Special Services
2. Which among the group is not considered as a type of * infrastructure under the domain of civil
engineering.
a. Streets and bridges
b. Tunnels
c. Airports
d. None of the above
3. This phase involves the establishment of the general size and scope of the project and its location on the
selected site.
a. Study and Report Phase
b. Preliminary Design Phase
c. Operation Phase
d. Final Design Phase
4. The following statements are true except:
a. Civil engineer may engage in construction contracting after being licensed as a contractor by the
Contractor’s Accreditation Board.
b. It is ethical for the civil engineer to allow use of his license by other construction company except his
own
c. Registered Civil engineer may provide services of a supporting technical employee as required of a
construction company
d. None of the above
5. It is the determination of project scope and economic and technical evaluation of feasible alternatives.
a. Preliminary Design Phase
b. Study and Report Phase
c. Consultations, Research, Investigations and Reports
d. Design services for construction projects
e. Construction services
6. Civil Engineer may be employed as an:
a. Construction engineer
b. Project Engineer
c. MC engineer
d. QC engineer
7. Special services for construction projects are of the following, except.
a. Geotechnical Engineering
b. Land surveys
c. Engineer Inspector
d. Value engineering
8. Is required by the professional services. In the general civil engineering practice it includes drafting, land
and construction surveying, and other data gathering activities for specialized purposes that usually
involves professional Civil Engineer for judgement and guidance.
a. Engineering Support Services
b. Construction services
c. Academic services
d. Design services for construction projects
9. Academic services involves the following, except:
a. Teaching civil engineering courses in engineering colleges/universities.
b. Lecturing in civil engineering courses designed by the PICE.
c. Writing technical articles and pamphlets.
d. None of the above.
10. Services as employee are the following, except:
a. A Civil Engineer is required to follow the codes of ethics for Civil Engineers
b. Civil Engineer employed as an individual consultant of any firm must comply the requirements and
standards established for a consulting Civil Engineering firm
c. A Civil Engineer in part time employment is considered an employee and at the same time a
consultant of the firm.
d. All Government Civil Engineers employed by the instrumentalities of the Government shall be
governed by existing ideals and regularities particularly prescribed by Civil Service Commission.
1. Which statement is not true?
a) The bidder shall certify under oath as to correctness of the statement made of the document
submitted.
b) The bidder is not allowed to submit his eligibility requirements electronically.
c) A bidder may modify his bid provided that it is done before the deadline for the receipts of bid.
d) A bidder submit his bid after the deadline shall not be accepted.

2. For Procurement of Goods and Infrastructure Projects, The BAC shall evaluate
a) Technical component
b) Financial component
c) Scope of services
d) Work program

3. A stage where the bidder with the lowest calculated bid, undergoes verification and validation whether he
passed all the requirements specified in the bidding document.
a) Bid evaluation
b) Preliminary examination of bids
c) Post qualification
d) Withdrawal of bids

4. The procurement process from the opening of bids up to the award of contract shall not exceed
a) 1 month
b) 2 months
c) 3 months
d) 4 months

5. It is a method of procurement that involves direct invitation to bid by the Procuring Entity from a set of
preselected suppliers with known experience and proven capability relative to the requirements of a
particular contract.
a) Limited source bidding
b) Direct contracting
c) Repeat order
d) Shopping

6. It is a method of procurement that does not require elaborate bidding documents.

a) Direct contracting
b) Repeat order
c) Shopping
d) Negotiated procurement

7. It is a method of procurement that involves a direct Procurement of Goods from the previous winning
bidder
a) Repeat order
b) Shopping
c) Negotiated procurement
d) Limited source bidding

8. It is a method of procurement whereby the procuring entity simply requests for the submission of the price
quotations for readily available off-the-shelf goods.
a) Shopping
b) Negotiated procurement
c) Limited source bidding
d) Repeat order

9. A method of procurement that may be resorted under the extraordinary circumstances and other
instances that shall be specified in the IRR, whereby the procuring entity directly negotiates a contract with
technically, legally and financially capable supplier, contractor or consultant.
a) Negotiated procurement
b) Limited source bidding
c) Repeat order
d) Direct contracting

10. The bids that passed the preliminary examination shall be ranked from lowest to highest in terms of their
corresponding calculated prices. The bid with the lowest calculated price shall be referred to as the
a) lowest calculated bid
b) lowest calculated responsive bid
c) highest rated bid
d) highest rated responsive bid