Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DANTIWADA
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
NAME –Ashish Ezhuva
CLASS – XIIth
ROLL NO -
SUBJECT – Biology
TITLE – Microbes In Human Welfare
SUBMITTED TO – Mr. Sunil Goswami
INDEX
S.No. Topic Page No.
1. Acknowledgement
2. Introduction
3. Presentation
4. Conclusion
5. Bibliography
Certificate
This is to certify that this project work has been
satisfactorily conducted under the guidance of Mr. Sunil
Goswami and Mr. R.K. Vyas and hence recorded here is the
bonafied work of Ashish Ezhuva ,Class XIIth (SCIENCE) of
K.V. BSF DANTIWADA during the academic year 2017-
2018.
Uses in Food
Microorganisms are used in brewing, winemaking, baking, pickling and other
food-making processes. They are also used to control the fermentation process
in the production of cultured dairy products such as yogurt and cheese. The
cultures also provide flavour and aroma, and inhibit undesirable organisms.
Fermentation in food processing typically is the conversion of carbohydrates to
alcohols and carbon dioxide or organic acids using yeasts, bacteria, or a
combination thereof, under anaerobic conditions. Fermentation in simple terms is
the chemical conversion of sugars into ethanol. The science of fermentation is
also known as zymology, or zymurgy. Fermentation usually implies that the
action of microorganisms is desirable, and the process is used to produce
alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, and cider. Fermentation is also employed
in the leavening of bread (CO 2 produced by yeast activity), and for
preservation techniques to produce lactic acid in sour foods such as sauerkraut,
dry sausages, kimchi and yogurt, or vinegar (acetic acid) for use in pickling
foods.
Algae fuel is an alternative to fossil fuel that uses algae as its source
of natural deposits. Several companies and government agencies are
funding efforts to reduce capital and operating costs and make algae fuel
production commercially viable. Harvested algae, like fossil fuel, release
CO 2 when burnt but unlike fossil fuel the CO 2 is taken out of the
atmosphere by the growing algae. High oil prices, competing demands
between foods and other biofuel sources, and the world food crisis, have
ignited interest in algaculture (farming algae) for making vegetable oil,
biodiesel, bioethanol, biogasoline, biomethanol, biobutanol and other
biofuels, using land that is not suitable for agriculture.
Importance in Ecology
Microbes are critical to the processes of decomposition required to cycle
nitrogen and other elements back to the natural world. Decomposition
(or rotting ) is the process by which organic substances are broken
down into simpler forms of matter. The process is essential for
recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biome.
Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death.
Although no two organisms decompose in the same way, they all undergo
the same sequential stages of decomposition.
The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as
taphonomy from the Greek word taphos , meaning tomb. One can
differentiate abiotic from biotic decomposition (biodegradation). The
former means "degradation of a substance by chemical or physical
processes, eg hydrolysis).
The latter one means "the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler
components by living organisms", typically by microorganisms.
Hygiene
Hygiene is the avoidance of infection or food spoiling by eliminating
microorganisms from the surroundings. As microorganisms, in particular
bacteria, are found virtually everywhere, the levels of harmful
microorganisms can be reduced to acceptable levels. However, in some
cases, it is required that an object or substance be completely sterile,
i.e. devoid of all living entities and viruses. A good example of this is a
hypodermic needle. In food preparation microorganisms are reduced by
preservation methods (such as the addition of vinegar), clean utensils
used in preparation, short storage periods, or by cool temperatures. If
complete sterility is needed, the two most common methods are irradiation
and the use of an autoclave, which resembles a pressure cooker.
There are several methods for investigating the level of hygiene in a
sample of food, drinking water, equipment, etc. Water samples can be
filtrated through an extremely fine filter. This filter is then placed in
a nutrient medium. Microorganisms on the filter then grow to form a
visible colony. Harmful microorganisms can be detected in food by placing
a sample in a nutrient broth designed to enrich the organisms in question.
Various methods, such as selective media or PCR, can then be used for
detection. The hygiene of hard surfaces, such as cooking pots, can be
tested by touching them with a solid piece of nutrient medium and then
allowing the microorganisms to grow on it. There are no conditions where
all microorganisms would grow, and therefore often several different
methods are needed. For example, a food sample might be analyzed on
three different nutrient mediums designed to indicate the presence of
"total" bacteria (conditions where many, but not all, bacteria grow),
molds (conditions where the growth of bacteria is prevented by, e.g.,
antibiotics) and coliform bacteria (these indicate a sewage contamination).
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY