FLUID POWER ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 2
HYDRAULIC PUMPS
5TH SEM.(MECH.)

BY

AJAY
CHAUHAN
 INTRODUCTION
• PUMP
1. A device which raises or transfer liquids at the expense of power
input.
2. A machines designed to elevate, deliver and move various liquids
3. A unit that transfer the mechanical energy of a motor or an engine
into hydraulic (kinetic and pressure ) energy of a liquid.
CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS
according to design and principle of operation, pumps can be
broadly classified as follows:
1. Dynamic pumps
2. Positive displacement pumps
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
 Centrifugal pumps belong to the category of dynamic pressure pumps
wherein the pumping of liquid or generation of head is affected by
rotary motion of one or more rotating wheels called the impellers.
 A centrifugal pump consists of the following main parts:
i. Impeller
ii. Casing
iii. Suction pipe
iv. Delivery pipe.
 Impeller:- an impeller is a wheel (or rotor) with a series of backward
curved vanes(blades). It is mounted on a shaft which is usually
coupled with electric motor or an internal combustion engine.by virtue
of force interaction between the vanes and the liquid, the mechanical
energy of the driver is transmitted into the energy of the flow.
 Casing:-
The casing is an airtight chamber surrounding the pump impeller. It
contain suction and discharge arrangements, supporting for bearings and
facilitates to house the rotor assembly. It has provision to fix stuffing box
and house packing materials which prevent external leakage.
Purpose of the casing are:
1. To guide water to and from the impeller,
2. To partially convert the kinetic energy into pressure energy
 Suction pipe:-
The pipe which connects the centre/eye of the impeller to sump
from which liquid is to be lifted is known as suction pipe. The pipe is
laid airtight so that there is no possibilities of formation of air pockets.
Suction pipe is provided with a strainer at its lower ends to prevent the
entry of solid particles, debries etc. into the pump. The lower end of the
pipe is also fitted with a non-return foot valve which does not permit the
liquid to drain out of the suction pipe when pump is not working ; this
also helps in priming.
 Delivery pipe:-
The pipe which is connected at outlet of the pump and delivers the
liquid to the required height is known as delivery pipe. A regulating
valve is provided on the delivery pipe to regulate the supply flow of
liquid.
 Classification of centrifugal pumps
Shape and Type of Casing:-
1. volute or diffuser cfp
2. vortex type cfp.
3. volute casing with guided blades cfp.
 Based on impeller design
1. Shrouded or closed impeller
2. Open impeller
3. Semi- open impeller
 Work done by the Centrifugal Pump
• The expression for work done or energy supplied by the impeller of a
centrifugal pump on the liquid flowing through the pump. The liquid
enters the impeller at its centre and leaves at its outer periphery.
Assumption
i. Liquid enters the impeller eye in radial direction, the whirl
component Vwl (of the inlet absolute velocity V1) is zero and the
flow component Vf1 =V1, α=90 degree.
ii. No energy loss in the impeller due to friction and eddy formation.
iii. No loss due to shock at entry.
iv. There is a uniform velocity distribution in the narrow passage
formed between two adjacent vanes.
• Let , D1 = diametNer of the impeller at the inlet
N = speed of the impeller in r.p.m.,
2𝜋𝑁
ω = angular velocity (= 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠)
60
u1 = tangential velocity of the impeller at inlet
𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 2𝜋𝑅1 𝑁
= = = ω𝑅1
60 60
D2= diameter of the impellet at outlet
𝑢2 = tangential velocity of impeller at outlet
𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 2𝜋𝑅2 𝑁
= = = ω𝑅2
60 60
V1=absolute velocity of water at inlet
𝑉𝑤1 = velocity of whirl at inlet
𝑉𝑟1 = relative velocity of liquid at inlet
𝑉𝑓1 = velocity of flow at inlet
α = angle made by absolute velocity at inlet
with the direction of motion of vane.
 θ = angle made by the relative velocity at inlet with the direction
of motion of vane, and
𝑉2 ,𝑉𝑤2 ,𝑉𝑟2 ,𝑉𝑓2 ,β and φ are the corresponding values at outlet.
while passing through the impeller, the velocity of whirl changes
and there is change of momentum of momentum.
Change of angular momentum is given by:
=𝑚 𝑉𝑤2 𝑟2 − 𝑉𝑤1 𝑟1
𝑤𝑄
=𝜌𝑄 𝑉𝑤2 𝑟2 − 𝑉𝑤1 𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑤2 𝑟2 − 𝑉𝑤1 𝑟1
𝑔
where Q is the volume of liquid entering and leaving the impeller
in a unit time,
From the momentum theorem , the change of angular
momentum equals the torque exerted by the impeller on the
liquid.
𝑤𝑄
Torque = 𝑉𝑤2 𝑟2 − 𝑉𝑤1 𝑟1
𝑔
• Now energy transfer = torque × rotational speed in rad/s
𝑤𝑄 𝑤𝑄
𝐸= 𝑉𝑤2 𝑟2 − 𝑉𝑤1 𝑟1 × 𝜔 = 𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑤1 𝑢1
𝑔 𝑔
The energy transfer per unit weight is referred to as Euler head,
He.
𝐸 1
𝐻𝑒 = = 𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑤1 𝑢1 …………………(a)
𝑤𝑄 𝑔
Euler momentum equation.
for an axial or radial fluid entry(fluid entering the impeller has no
whirl component).
𝐸 1
𝐻𝑒 = = 𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 ………………(b)
𝑤𝑄 𝑔
here Q = A1𝑉𝑓1 = 𝐴2 𝑉𝑓2
= 𝜋𝐷1 𝐵1 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝜋𝐷2 𝐵2 𝑉𝑓2
equation (b) stipulates that for delivering high heads the peripheral
velocity u2 must be high and the vector 𝑉𝑤2 must be large enough.
• From outlet velocity triangle, we have
Vr 2  V f 2   u2  Vw 2  V f 2  Vr 2   u2  Vw 2 
2 2 2 or 2 2 2 …….(i)

V f22  V22  Vw22 ……………(ii)

From (i) and (ii)
u2Vw 2 

V22  u22  Vr22 
2
similarly from inlet triangle, we can obtain:

u1Vw1 
V1
2
 u12  Vr21 
2
Work done per second per unit weight of liquid
= V 2
 V 2
u 2
 u 2
V 2
 V 2
2 1
 2 1
 r1 r2
2g 2g 2g
Q.1 The impeller of a centrifugal pump has an external diameter of
450 mm and internal diameter of 200mm and it runs at 1440 r.p.m.
assuming a constant radial flow throughout the impeller at 2.5 m/s
and that the vanes at exit are set back at an angle 25 , determine
i) Inlet vane angle,
ii) The angle, absolute velocity of water at exit makes with the
tangent
iii) The work done per N of water
 Head of a Pump
• The Head of a centrifugal pump may be expressed in the following
ways:
(i) Static head; (ii) Manometric head (iii) Total ,gross or effective head.
(i) Static head:- the sum of suction head and delivery head is known as
static head.
Hstat =hs+hd
(ii) Manometric head:- the head against which a centrifugal pump has to
work is known as the manometric head. It is the head measured across
the pump inlet and outlet flanges.
Hmano = head imparted by the impeller to liquid – loss of head in the
pump (impeller and casing)
𝟏
= 𝑽𝒘𝟐 𝒖𝟐 -( hli+hlc )
𝒈
(iii) Total , gross or effective head:- it is equal to the static head
plus all the head losses occurring in flow before , through and
after the impeller.

Losses and Efficiencies of a centrifugal pump

Losses in cfp :-
1. Hydraulic losses:-
a. Shock or eddy losses at the entrance to and exit from the impeller.
b. Losses due to friction in the impeller.
c. Friction and eddy losses in the guide vanes/diffuser and casing.
2. Mechanical losses:-
a. Losses due to disc friction between the impeller and the liquid which
fills the clearance spaces between the impeller and casing.
b. Losses pertaining to friction of the main bearing and glands.
 Efficiencies of a centrifugal Pump
i. Manometric efficiency(ηmano): The ratio of the manometric head
developed by the pump to the head imparted by the impeller to the
liquid is known as manometric efficiency.
H mano gH mano
mano  
 VW 2u2  Vw 2u2
 g 
 
ii. Volumetric efficiency(ηv): the ratio of quantity of liquid discharged
per second from the pump to quantity passing per second through the
impeller is known as volumetric efficiency.
𝑄
ηv =
𝑄+𝑞
Q= Actual liquid discharged per seconds at the pump outlet
q= Leakage of liquid per second from the impeller (through the
clearance between the impeller and casing).
iii. Mechanical efficiency(ηm):- The ratio of the power delivered by the
impeller to the liquid to the power input to the pump shaft is known as
mechanical efficiency.

w  Q  q   w2 2 
V u
m   g
P

iv. Overall efficiency(ηo):- The ratio of power output of the pump to the
power input to the pump is known as overall efficiency.
wQH mano
o 
P
o   mano v  m
Q.1 A centrifugal pump is to discharge 0.118 m3/s at speed of 1450 r.p.m
against a head of 25m. The impeller diameter is 250mm, its width at
outlet is 50mm and manometric efficiency is 75%. Determine the vane
angle at the outer periphery of the impeller.
Q.2 The impeller of a centrifugal pump having external and internal
diameters 500mm and 250mm respectively, width at outlet 50mm and
running at 1200 r.p.m. work against a head of 48m. The velocity of flow
through the impeller is constant and equal to 3m/s. the vanes are set back
at an angle of 40 degree at outlet. Determine :
i. Inlet vane angle
ii. Work done by the impeller on water per second
iii. Manometric efficiency.
 Minimum speed for starting a centrifugal
pump
• When a centrifugal pump is started, it will start delivering liquid only
if the pressure rise in the impeller is more than or equal to the
manometric head.
V22  V12 u22  u12 Vr21  Vr22
 
2g 2g 2g
u22  u12
=
2g
u22  u12
• Flow will commence only if ≥Hmano
2g
• For minimum speed ,we must have
u22  u12 = H
mano ……………(1)
2g
also ,
H mano gH mano
mano  
 VW 2u2  Vw 2u2
 g 
 
  Vw 2u2 
H mano   mano   
 g 
 D1 N  D2 N
u1  u2 
60 60
• Substitute the value in eqn. 1

1   D2 N    D1 N   Vw 2   D2 N 
2 2

      mano   
2 g  60   60   g  60 

N
120
 
D22  D12   mano  Vw 2  D2 

120 mano  Vw 2  D2
N min 
  D22  D12 
Q.1 A centrifugal pump working in a dock pump 1565 litres per second
against a mean lift of 6.1m when the impeller rotates at 200 r.p.m. the
impeller diameter is 1.22 m and area at outer periphery is 6450 cm2. if
the vanes are set back at an angle of 26 degree at the outlet, determine:
i. Manometric(hydraulic ) efficiency
ii. Power required to drive the pump
iii. Minimum speed to start pumping if the ratio of external to internal
diameter is 2.
 Slip in Centrifugal Pump
• Due to inertial effects, the liquid which is trapped between the
impeller vanes is reluctant to move round with the impeller. This
results in a difference of pressure force across the vanes; there being a
high pressure on the leading surface and low pressure on the trailing
surface. This difference of pressure is known as vane loading and it
increases with an increase in the number of vanes.
• Because of pressure variation, a velocity gradient exist across the
channel.
• On the high pressure side (leading surface) liquid follows the blade
contour; it leaves the blade tangentially.
• On the low pressure side, the liquid leaves the vanes with a certain
circumferential component. The liquid will thus discharged at a
certain average angle β2’ which is less than the geometric blade angle
β2 .
• Due to deviation in the flow path, the tangential components get
reduced from 𝑉𝑤2 to 𝑉𝑤2 ’.
• The difference or deviation (𝑉𝑤2 - 𝑉𝑤2 ’)is called slip of the impeller.
• The slip coefficient is then defined as = V'w2
Vw 2
Effect of variation of Liquid Flow rate on the
Head
• When pump operates and discharges the liquid at its designed speed,
the efficiency is maximum. If there is variation in flow rate , its
efficiency reduced due to shocks occurs at entrance to the impeller,
resulting loss of head.
1. When discharge is decreases , the flow velocity decreases Vf1 to Vf1‘.
If the tangential velocity is constant(pump running at same speed)
then u1 unchanged. In the new velocity triangle, new relative velocity
component is not follow the path(contour) of vane with angle β1 .
Therefore shock occurs at entry to impeller. But when the Vf1‘ is
fixed and flow taking place along the vane, then it sudden decreases
the tangential velocity brings about shock and resulting there is loss
of head.
Q.1 A centrifugal pump has an impeller of 100cm in diameter(external)
and it delivers 1200 lit/s against a head of 100m. The impeller runs at
980 rpm and width at outlet is 8.5 cm. if leakage loss is 3% of discharge ,
external mechanical loss is 9 kw and the hydraulic efficiency is 79%.
Calculate
1. Blade angle at outlet
2. The power required to drive the pump
3. Overall efficiency of the pump.
 Design consideration of Centrifugal Pumps

1. Speed ratio: it is the ratio of peripheral speed at exit (u2) to the

theoretical velocity of jet corresponding to manometric head(Hmano).
u2 ; varies from 0.95 to 1.25
Ku  Ku
2 gH mano
2. Flow ratio: it is the ratio of the velocity of flow at exit to the
theoretical velocity of the jet corresponding to manometric
head(Hmano ).
Vf 2 ; varies from 0.1 to 0.25
Kf  Kf
2 gH mano
 Specific speed
• The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is defined as the speed of a
geometrically similar pump which would deliver unit quantity( one
cubic meter of liquid per second) against a unit head ( one meter). It is
denoted by Ns. The specific speed is a characteristic of a pumps which
can be used as a basis for comparing the performance of different
pumps.
The discharge through impeller is given by=area×velocity of flow
𝑄 = 𝜋𝐷1 𝐵1 𝑉𝑓1 =𝜋𝐷2 𝐵2 𝑉𝑓2
𝑄 ∝ 𝐷𝐵𝑉𝑓 , 𝑄 ∝ 𝐷2 𝑉𝑓 (Q 𝐵 ∝ 𝐷)……………..(i)
The tangential speed of impeller is given by

𝑢=
𝜋𝐷𝑁  𝑢 ∝ 𝐷𝑁 ……………..(ii)
60
but 𝑢 = 𝐾𝑢 2𝑔𝐻𝑚 𝑢 ∝ 𝐻𝑚 ………....(iii)
 and 𝑉𝑓 =𝐾𝑓 2𝑔𝐻𝑚  𝑉𝑓 ∝ 𝐻𝑚 ……………(iv)
From eqn. (ii) and (iii) we get
𝐻𝑚
𝐷𝑁 ∝ 𝐻𝑚  𝐷∝ 𝑁
………………..(v)
Putting eqn. (iv) and (v) in eqn. (i)
2 3
𝐻𝑚 𝐻𝑚 2 𝐻𝑚 3/2
𝑄∝ 𝐻𝑚 𝑄∝ 𝑁 ∝
2
𝑁 𝑁2 𝑄
 𝐻𝑚 3/4
𝑁=𝐶 where C is constant.
𝑄
When Q=1m3/s, Hm= 1m then C=N which is known as specific speed Ns

𝑁 𝑄
𝑁𝑠 =
𝐻𝑚 3/4
Q.1 A multi-stage boiler feed pump is required to pump 115×10^3 kg of
water per hour against a pressure difference of 3150 kN/m2. when
running at a speed of 3000rpm. The density of preheated feed water is
950 kg/m3. if all the impeller are identical and the specific speed per
stage is not to be less than 22, calculate
1. The least number of stages and head developed per stage
2. The diameter of the impeller
3. The shaft power required to drive the pump . It may be assumed that
overall efficiency is 77% and peripheral velocity of impeller is given
by 𝑢 = 0.96 2𝑔𝐻𝑚 , where Hm is the head per stage.
 Maximum suction lift or suction height
 consider a centrifugal pump which lifts a liquid from a sump. The
free surface of liquid is at depth of hs below the centre of impeller.
 Applying energy eqn. at free surface
of liquid and inlet of impeller.

2
patm Vatm p1 V12
  zatm    z1  h fs
 g 2g  g 2g
patm p1 Vs2
   hs  h fs
 g  g 2g
Q Vatm  0, zatm  0,V1  Vs , z1  hs 
p1 patm  Vs2 
     hs  h fs 
g g  2g 
• For finding the maximum suction lift( hs), one has to consider the
pressure at the inlet of the pump should not be less the vapour
pressure of the liquid so that the pump will work without cavitation.
• Limiting condition is p1= pv

pv patm  Vs2 
    hs  h fs 
g g  2g 
But p vapour pressure head =Hv
v

g
patm = atmospheric pressure head = Hatm
g

Vs2
hs  H atm  H v  h fs 
2g
 NPSH
 Net positive suction head defined as “the difference between the net
inlet head and the head corresponding to the vapour pressure of the
liquid.
 NPSH may also be defined as the net head(in metres of liquid) that is
required to make the liquid flow through the suction from the sump to
the impeller.
 NPSH=(absolute pressure head at inlet of pump)-(vapour pressure
head)+( velocity head at inlet of pump)
p1 pv VS2 but
  
g g 2g
patm  Vs2  pv VS2
NPSH     hs  h fs   
g  2g   g 2g
NPSH= H atm  hs  h fs  H v
 NPSH= Total suction Head
NPSH is total suction head and it is given by the manufacturer. For any
pump installation , distinction need to be made between the required
NPSH and available NPSH. The required NPSH varies with the pump
design , speed and capacity of pump. When the pump is installed , the
available NPSH is calculated from the eqn.
Vs2
s  H atm free
In order to have hcavitation Hv  h fs  of centrifugal pump, available
operation
2g
NPSH > required NPSH
 Cavitation in Centrifugal pump
 Cavitation begins to appear in centrifugal pumps when the pressure at
the suction falls below the vapour pressure of the liquid. The intensity
of cavitation increases with the decrease in value of NPSH.
 In a centrifugal pump , the pressure is lowest at the inlet of the
impeller and hence vapour bubbles are formed in the suction region.
 These bubbles are carried along with the flowing liquid to higher
pressure region near the exit of impeller where these vapour bubbles
collapse.
 Due to sudden collapsing of bubbles on metalic surface the high
pressure is created, which cause pitting action on metalic surface and
produces noise and vibrations.
• Factors responsible for cavitation
i. High impeller speed
ii. Small diameter of suction pipe and inlet of impeller
iii. Too high specific speed
iv. Required NPSH > Available NPSH
v. High temperature of flowing fluid
The harmful effects of cavitation are:-
i. Pitting and erosion of surface
ii. Sudden drop in head, efficiency
iii. Noise and vibration.
Thomas cavitation factor is used to indicate the onset of
cavitation.
NPSH H atm  H v  H s
 
H mano H mano
Vs2
H s  hs  h fs 
2g
H atm  atmospheric pressure head at the liquid surface
• The value of  c (critical cavitation factor) depends upon Ns of the
pump and given by
 c  1.03 10 3
 NS 
4/3

Q.1 A centrifugal pump delivers 0.3 m3/s of water aginst the head of
50m. The pump is running at 1000rpm. The atmospheric pressure is
101.3 kPa and the vapour pressure at the temperature of water pumped is
3.2 kPa. Calculate
i. Minimum NPSH
ii. Maximum allowable height of the pump from the free surface of
water in sump
Assume the head loss in the suction pipe is 0.25m of water and critical
 c  1.03 10  NS 
3 4/3
cavitation factor
 Reciprocating pump
• The reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump as it sucks
and raises the liquid by actually displacing it with a piston/plunger
that executes a reciprocating motion in a closely fitting cylinder.
• The amount of liquid pumped is equal to the volume displaced by the
piston.
• Application:- light oil pumping, feeding small boilers condensate
return, pneumatic pressure system, oil drilling operations.

Reciprocating Pump

Single Acting Pump Double Acting Pump

 Single –Acting Pump
Main parts of a reciprocating pump are:
1. Cylinder 2. Piston 3. Suction valve 4. Delivery valve
5. Suction pipe 6. Delivery pipe 7. Crank and connecting rod
mechanism operated by a power source.
 Working of a single-acting pump
 A single acting reciprocating pump has one suction pipe and one
delivery pipe. It is usually placed above the liquid level in the sump.
When the crank rotates the piston moves backward and forward inside
the cylinder.
 Initially the crank is at the inner dead centre (I.D.C.) and crank rotates
in the clockwise direction . As the crank rotates , the piston moves
towards right and a vacuum is created on the left side of the piston.
This vacuum causes suction valve to open and consequently the liquid
is forced from the sump into the left side of the piston.
 When the crank is at the outer dead centre (O.D.C.) the suction stroke
is completed and the left side of the cylinder is full of liquid.
 When the crank further turns from O.D.C to I.D.C. the piston moves
inward to the left and high pressure is built up in the
 In the cylinder . The delivery valve opens and the liquid is
forced into the delivery pipe.
 The liquid is carried to the discharge tank through the delivery
pipe. At the end of delivery stroke the crank comes to the I.D.C.
and the piston is at the extreme left position.

Working of a
Double-Acting
pump
 Discharge, Work done and Power Required
Single-acting reciprocating pump:-
Volume of liquid sucked in during suction stroke= A×L
𝜋
A= cross section area of the piston/cylinder = × 𝐷2 , m2
4
L= length of the stroke =2r, m
𝑁
Discharge of the pump per second , 𝑄 = 𝐴 × 𝐿 ×
60
𝑤𝐴𝐿𝑁
Weight of water delivered per second 𝑊 = 𝑤𝑄 =
60
Work done per second = weight of water lifted /sec. × total height
through which liquid is lifted
𝑤𝐴𝐿𝑁
=𝑊 ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑑 = ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑑
60
𝑤𝐴𝐿𝑁
Power required to drive the pump = ℎ𝑠 + ℎ 𝑑
60
 Double-Acting Reciprocating pump:-
𝜋
Area on one side of the piston= × 𝐷2
4
Area on other side of the piston where piston rod is connected to the
piston,
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐴′ =𝐴 − 𝐴𝑝𝑟 = × 𝐷2 − × 𝑑2 = × 𝐷2 − 𝑑2
4 4 4
Volume of liquid delivered in one revolution of crank=
′ 𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝐿 + 𝐴 L= × 𝐷2 + × 𝐷2 − 𝑑2 L
4 4
Discharge of the pump per second
𝜋 𝜋 𝑁
= × 𝐷2 + × 𝐷2 − 𝑑 2 L×
4 4 60
If the diameter of the piston rod ‘d’ is very small as compared to the
diameter of the piston ‘D’ then it can be neglected and hence discharge
of the pump per second will become
𝜋 𝜋 𝑁 𝑁
Q= × 𝐷2 + × 𝐷2 L× =2×𝐴×𝐿×
4 4 60 60
 𝑤×2𝐴𝐿𝑁
Work done per second = ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑑
60
Power required to drive the pump
𝑤×2𝐴𝐿𝑁
= ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑑 kW
60×1000